Integration Techniques Cheat Sheet Edexcel FP2

You have seen that integration is useful for finding areas under graphs, as well as volumes of revolutions. Integration can
also be used to find lengths and surface areas of lines and 3D solids defined in Cartesian coordinates. We will now explore Arc length Area of a surface of revolution
new techniques for evaluating different families of integrals, whose integrands are parametrised by the index n. Integration can be used to find the length of a curve between two points on this curve, which is referred to as the arc If a curve 𝐶𝐶 with equation 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) or 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦) is rotated 2𝜋𝜋 radians about the 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑦𝑦-axis respectively, then it
length. This isn’t to be confused with the arc length of a circle- although they refer to the same concepts, in this chapter traces out a solid, the area of which is called the surface of revolution, denoted 𝑆𝑆. (A capital 𝑆𝑆 denotes an area,
Reduction Formulae ‘arc length’ is used to refer to the length of any continuous part of a curve and is denoted 𝑠𝑠. whereas 𝑠𝑠 denotes an arc length)
When evaluating integrals such as ∫ sin2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, you have seen how useful trigonometric identities can be, and when
evaluating integrals in the form ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 how integration by parts can be used. However, as the indices increase, for For a curve in Cartesian form, the arc length between points 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 , 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 ) and 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 , 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 ) on the graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is given by For a curve with Cartesian equation 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) between the points (𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 , 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 ) and (𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 , 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 ) that is rotated 2𝜋𝜋 radians about
example to ∫ sin5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 or ∫ 𝑥𝑥 6 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, then the calculations can become long and complicated. It can be useful to rewrite the 𝑥𝑥-axis, the area of the resulting surface of revolution is given by:
these integrals in terms of similar ones of lower powers, forming a relationship called a reduction formula: 2 2
𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• A reduction formula allows a recurrence relationship to be written for an integral 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑛𝑛)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 in terms 𝑠𝑠 = �1 +��1 +�� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ,
𝑠𝑠 = � or = ��1�+1 �+ � � �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠 =𝑠𝑠 �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2
� �𝑦𝑦�𝑦𝑦1�+1 �+ �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐵𝐵
of related integrals 𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴
𝑆𝑆 =𝑆𝑆 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Reduction formulae are formed by applying the formula for integration by parts: ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
If the equation of the curve is given parametrically, then the arc length between the points 𝐴𝐴�𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴 ), 𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴 )� and
𝐵𝐵(𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵 ), 𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵 )) on the curve with parametric equations 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡), 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡), then For a curve with Cartesian equation 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦) between the points (𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 , 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 ) and (𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 , 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 ) that is rotated 2𝜋𝜋 radians about
Example 1: Given that 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, where 𝑛𝑛 is a positive integer, find a reduction formula for 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 . Use the reduction the 𝑦𝑦-axis, the area of the resulting surface of revolution is given by:
2 2
formula obtained to evaluate ∫ 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵 𝑡𝑡
𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2
𝑠𝑠 = � � ����𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � �+ +� �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆 =𝑆𝑆2𝜋𝜋 � �𝑥𝑥 �1 +1�+ ��𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥� �� 𝑥𝑥�
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆==2𝜋𝜋2𝜋𝜋 𝑥𝑥�
1 1++� �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, or � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
𝐴𝐴
Apply the integration by parts formula 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 , = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1 , 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴
𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴
𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 If the curve is given in polar form, the arc length between the half-lines 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛼𝛼, 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛽𝛽 on the curve with polar equation
So,
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃), then If the curve with parametric equations 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡) between the points (𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 , 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 ) and (𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 , 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 ) is rotated 2𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛽𝛽 𝛽𝛽
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2 2 radians about the co-ordinate axes, then the areas of the resulting surfaces of revolution are given by:
𝑠𝑠 = � ��𝑟𝑟�2𝑟𝑟+
𝑠𝑠 = 2+� � � �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Rotation around the 𝑥𝑥-axis:
Take the factor of 𝑛𝑛 out of the integral 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛼𝛼 𝛼𝛼

Notice that the integral is the same as the original 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑛𝑛𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−1 These formulae are NOT found in the formula booklet- make sure you are familiar with them 𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2

one but with a power of 𝑛𝑛 − 1 instead of 𝑛𝑛. This is 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑦𝑦�� � + � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
denoted 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−1 Thus we have obtained a reduction formulae for 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 . 1 3
𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴
Example 3: Find the length of the arc 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 on the curve with equation 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 , where the 𝑥𝑥-coordinates of 𝑃𝑃 and 𝑄𝑄 are 5
4
and 15 respectively to 3 d.p. Rotation around the 𝑦𝑦-axis:
To evaluate 𝐼𝐼3 , substitute 3 into the reduction 𝐼𝐼3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 3𝐼𝐼2
formula found Choose the appropriate formula. As the curve is
given in Cartesian form and in the form 𝑦𝑦 = (so
𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 22 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 22
Evaluate 𝐼𝐼2 by substituting into the formula, and 𝐼𝐼3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 3(𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 2𝐼𝐼1 ) 𝑠𝑠 = � �1 + � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 �𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 ��𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � + �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �
𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 �𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
continue until you reach 𝐼𝐼0 , this can be evaluated 𝐼𝐼3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 6𝐼𝐼1 it is easier to find ) we pick the one with in. 𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴
using previously seen methods. 𝐼𝐼3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 6(𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐼𝐼0 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 3
Find . 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝐼0 = � 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 4 If the curve with polar equation 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) between the points where 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛼𝛼 and 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛽𝛽 is rotated about the given lines,
This is an indefinite integral so remember the +𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 1 then the areas of the resulting surfaces of revolution are given by:
𝐼𝐼3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 8 Rotation about the initial line, 𝜃𝜃 = 0:
Substitute into the formula 15
3
𝑠𝑠 = � �1 + ( √𝑥𝑥)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Some questions may require a bit of manipulation in order to be able to apply integration by parts. 5 8 𝛽𝛽
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
1 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜃𝜃 �𝑟𝑟 2 + � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋
Evaluate the integral using substitution 15
9 2 𝛼𝛼 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example 2: Find a reduction formula for 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = ∫02 sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠 = � �1 + 𝑥𝑥� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5 64 𝜋𝜋
3 15 Rotation about the line 𝜃𝜃 = ± :
2
Separate the integrand into sec 𝑛𝑛−2
𝑥𝑥 and 𝜋𝜋
2
(9𝑥𝑥 + 64)2
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = � sec 𝑛𝑛−2 2
𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = � �
sec 2 𝑥𝑥. 108 𝛽𝛽
𝛽𝛽 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 22
0 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜃𝜃 �𝑟𝑟 2 + �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠 = 15.456
5
𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 �𝛼𝛼 𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜃𝜃 �𝑟𝑟 2 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢 = sec 𝑛𝑛−2 , = sec2 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝛼𝛼 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= (𝑛𝑛 − 2)sec𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥, 𝑣𝑣 = tan 𝑥𝑥 Example 4: A particle travels along the curve represented by the equations 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡 3 − 𝑡𝑡, 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡 , −1.5 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 1.5.
2
Example 6: A parabola has the equation 𝑦𝑦 2 = 12𝑥𝑥. The arc between the values of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = 3 is rotated 2𝜋𝜋 radians
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Assuming the particle travels the length of the curve exactly once, find an integral expression for the length travelled. about the 𝑥𝑥-axis. Find the area of the curved surface of the solid produced to 2 d.p.
Put into the formula for integration by parts Pick the appropriate formula
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = tan 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 − �(𝑛𝑛 − 2)sec 𝑛𝑛−2 tan2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑠𝑠 = � �� � + � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Select the appropriate formula. 𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑦𝑦�1 + ( )2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Find the derivatives 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡 3 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Use the trig identity tan2 𝑥𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = tan 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 − (𝑛𝑛 − 2) � sec 𝑛𝑛−2 (sec2 − 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Find the derivative. 𝑦𝑦 2 = 12𝑥𝑥
= 3𝑡𝑡 2 − 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Simplify 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = tan 𝑥𝑥 sec𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 − (𝑛𝑛 − 2) � sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 − sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2𝑦𝑦 = 12
𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 6
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = tan 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 − (𝑛𝑛 − 2) � sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + = −4𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦
Substitute into the formula 1.5
Substitute into the formula and 3
(𝑛𝑛 − 2) � sec𝑛𝑛−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠 = � �(3𝑡𝑡 2 − 1)2 + (−4𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
36
−1.5
evaluate the integral. 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑦𝑦�1 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = tan 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑥 − (𝑛𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 + (𝑛𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−2
𝑛𝑛−2 0 𝑦𝑦 2
Simplify 1.5

𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 + (𝑛𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = tan 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 + (𝑛𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−2 𝑠𝑠 = � �9𝑡𝑡 4 − 6𝑡𝑡 2 + 1 + 16𝑡𝑡 2 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑡𝑡2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
−1.5 𝑦𝑦 2 + 36
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = tan 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 + (𝑛𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛−2 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑦𝑦� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 (𝑛𝑛 − 2) 0 𝑦𝑦 2
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = tan 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝐼 Example 5: Find the length of the curve with polar equation 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑒𝑒 𝜃𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 𝜋𝜋
(𝑛𝑛 − 1) (𝑛𝑛 − 1) 𝑛𝑛−2 3
12𝑥𝑥 + 36
Pick the appropriate formula 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑦𝑦� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛽𝛽
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑠𝑠 = � �𝑟𝑟 2 + � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0
𝛼𝛼 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 1
• Although reduction formulae look very complicated, there are only a certain number of types of questions Find the derivative 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑒𝑒 𝜃𝜃 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 � (12𝑥𝑥 + 36)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
that you can actually be asked, with practise you will recognise the tricks needed, such as using algebraic or 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0
trigonometric identities. Often, the question will guide you towards the necessary ‘tricks’. = 𝑒𝑒 𝜃𝜃 3 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (12𝑥𝑥 + 36)2
• You may also be asked to compute a reduction formula for a definite integrals, so you must evaluate 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 Substitute into the formula 𝜋𝜋 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋 � �
𝑠𝑠 = � �𝑒𝑒 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝑒𝑒 2𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 18
between the given limits, and the answers will be in terms of numerical values and not functions of 𝑥𝑥.
0 0
𝜋𝜋 𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋(21.941)
𝜃𝜃
𝑠𝑠 = � √2𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑆 = 137.86
0
𝜋𝜋
𝑠𝑠 = �√2𝑒𝑒 𝜃𝜃 �0
𝑠𝑠 = √2(𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋 − 1)

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