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Subnetting yash

This document provides an overview of IP addressing and subnetting, including definitions of IP addresses, address classes, network addresses, and subnet masks. It explains how subnetting can help manage network traffic and improve performance, as well as how to calculate subnets and hosts for various network configurations. Additionally, it includes examples and answers to subnetting questions.

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yash gangan
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2 views

Subnetting yash

This document provides an overview of IP addressing and subnetting, including definitions of IP addresses, address classes, network addresses, and subnet masks. It explains how subnetting can help manage network traffic and improve performance, as well as how to calculate subnets and hosts for various network configurations. Additionally, it includes examples and answers to subnetting questions.

Uploaded by

yash gangan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SUBNETTING

This talk will cover the basics of IP addressing and sub


netting.
Topics covered will include:
What is an IP Address?
What are Classes?
What is a Network Address?
What are Subnet Masks and Subnet Addresses?
How are Subnet Masks defined and used?
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier for a node or
host connection on an IP network

An IP address is a 32 bit binary number usually represented as 4


decimal values, each representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known
as octets) separated by decimal points. This is known as "dotted
decimal" notation. Example: 140.179.220.200

It is sometimes useful to view the values in their binary form.


140 . 179 . 220 . 200
10001100. 10110011. 11011100. 11001000
Every IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and
one identifying the node. The Class of the address and the subnet mask
determine which part belongs to the network address and which part
belongs to the node address.
Address Classes
There are 5 different address classes. You can determine
which class any IP address is in by examining the first 4 bits
of the IP address.
Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 127 decimal.
Class B addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal.
Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal.
Class D addresses begin with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal.
Class E addresses begin with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal.
Addresses beginning with 01111111, or 127 decimal, are reserved
for loopback and for internal testing on a local machine.

You can test this: you should always be able to ping 127.0.0.1,
which points to yourself.

Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting.

Class E addresses are reserved for future use. They should not be
used for host addresses.
Example:
140.179.220.200 is a Class B address so by default the
Network part of the address (also known as the Network
Address) is defined by the first two octets (140.179.x.x)
and the node part is defined by the last 2 octets
(x.x.220.200).
In order to specify the network address for a given IP
address, the node section is set to all "0"s.
Subnetting an IP Network can be done for a variety of reasons,
including organization, use of different physical media (such as
Ethernet, FDDI, WAN, etc.), preservation of address space, and
security.

The most common reason is to control network traffic. In an


Ethernet network, all nodes on a segment see all the packets
transmitted by all the other nodes on that segment.

Performance can be adversely affected under heavy traffic loads,


due to collisions and the resulting retransmissions.

A router is used to connect IP networks to minimize the amount of


traffic each segment must receive.
The network bits are represented by the 1s in the mask, and the node
bits are represented by the 0s.

Performing a bitwise logical AND operation between the IP address


and the subnet mask results in the Network Address or Number.
Example:
10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 140.179.240.200 Class B IP Address 11111111
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.255.000.000 Default Class B Subnet Mask
--------------------------------------------------------
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000 140.179.000.000 Network Address
In this example a 3 bit subnet mask was used. There are
6 (23-2) subnets available with this size mask (remember
that subnets with all 0's and all 1's are not allowed).

This gives a total of 49,140 nodes for the entire class B


address subnetted this way. Notice that this is less than
the 65,534 nodes an unsubnetted class B address would
have. et has 8190 (213-2) nodes.
Subnet Mask
• Every device has an IP address with two pieces: the client or host address and
the server or network address. IP addresses are either configured by a DHCP
server or manually configured (static IP addresses).

• The subnet mask splits the IP address into the host and network addresses,
thereby defining which part of the IP address belongs to the device and which
part belongs to the network.

• The device called a gateway or default gateway connects local devices to


other networks. This means that when a local device wants to send
information to a device at an IP address on another network, it first sends its
packets to the gateway, which then forwards the data on to its destination
outside of the local network.

• A subnet mask is a 32-bit number created by setting host bits to all 0s and
setting network bits to all 1s. In this way, the subnet mask separates the IP
address into the network and host addresses.
1. The network address of 172.16.0.0/19 provides how many subnets and hosts?

2. How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network
192.168.98.0. 255.255.255.224?

3. How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network
10.0.0.0/20?

4. How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network
172.25.0.0 255.255.254.0?
Answers

1. 8 subnets, 8,190 hosts each


2. 8 subnets and 30 hosts
3. 4096 subnets and 4094 hosts
4. 128 subnets and 510 hosts

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