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Chapter 1

The document discusses the rising prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Zimbabwe, particularly among vulnerable populations, and highlights the need for comprehensive prevention strategies. It outlines the project's aim to model STI prevalence in the Mudzi District and analyze contributing socio-economic and demographic factors. The project consists of five chapters, covering the introduction, literature review, methodology, results analysis, and conclusions with recommendations.

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Arnold Skyz Nyamande
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5 views2 pages

Chapter 1

The document discusses the rising prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Zimbabwe, particularly among vulnerable populations, and highlights the need for comprehensive prevention strategies. It outlines the project's aim to model STI prevalence in the Mudzi District and analyze contributing socio-economic and demographic factors. The project consists of five chapters, covering the introduction, literature review, methodology, results analysis, and conclusions with recommendations.

Uploaded by

Arnold Skyz Nyamande
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1

Introduction
Background
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) affects thousands of young and elderly people globally
every year The Global Strategy for Woman’s, Children’s and Adolescent’s Health (2016-2030).
HIV is one of the STIs on the rise since 1980, Nagelkerke NDJ, Arora P, Williams B (2014).
STIs increases the infectiousness of people who survive with HIV by increasing the viral
concentration in genital tract. They also increase HIV concentration and promote the
advancement of disease. Treatment of these STIs helps with the reduction of HIV in blood,
semen and vaginal discharges. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) reduces the infection of HIV and
also reduces the transmission of HIV infection in spite of associated or acquired STIs, Royce
RA, Sena A (1997).
There are other infections such as herpes, vaginal discharge, chlamydia and syphilis which are
increasing at an alarming rate in the whole world. These infections has consequences that arise
from STIs include pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy,
cervical cancer, and perinatal or congenital infections in infants born to infected mothers. STIs
can result in life loss .Ways like abstinence, comprehensive sexuality education and condom use
can reduce the prevailing rates of STIS.
Researches done worldwide included statistical modelling of social risk factors of STIs. In
Zimbabwe there are currently about 2.6 million men in the age group 15 to 49 years are most
vulnerable to HIV and other STIs. World Health Organisation estimated that each year in Africa
3.5 million cases of syphilis, 15 million cases of chlamydial diseases, 16 million cases of
gonorrhea and 30 million of trichomoniasis Looker K.J, Margaret AS, (2012). In Zimbabwe
numbers of people who get infected by STIs has risen significantly in most provinces. There is
need to explore the cause of this increase in STI infections and be able to consider socio-
economic and demographic factors which contributes to the rise in STIs amongst people.

Statement of problem
The recent rise of STIs infections among people in Zimbabwe due to many reasons. There are
many factors which contributes to the rise. There are demographic factors and socio economic
factors which are gender, age, marital status, education level and risk of getting STIs. These can
help to figure out the prevalence sensitivity of STIs in Zimbabwe.
The rise in STIs also reflect that people are becoming negligence with their lives by engaging in
licentious or immoral behaviors. There are several ways of preventing STIs such as
comprehensive sexuality education, STI and HIV pre and post - test counselling, condom
promotion, STI intervention targeted to key population such as sex workers and abstinence.
Despite that, this education is given for free, some people are ignorant and they are resistant to
change. Also in remote area there is inadequate education on how people can protect and prevent
their selves from STIs and the knowledge on how to access treatment as well.
Aims and Objectives

The main aim of this project is to develop a tentative model used to determine the prevalence
levels of the major STIs affecting people in Zimbabwe.
The main objectives of the project are
i) Model the prevalence of STIs in Mudzi District so that we can be able to observe its
sensitivity.
ii) Carry out sensitivity analysis for each of the models.
iii) To fit logistic regression models
iv) To use odds ratios to explain how each independent variable is distributed
v) Prediction of future prevalence levels.
vi) To advise the Mudzi Districts Health workers the measures to combat the prevalence
rate of STIs.

Significance of the project

The goal of this project is to address the issue of the rise of STIs in Zimbabwe. Adolescents
represents the second highest group contracting STIs like chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea and
vaginal discharge out of all age groups. These rise provide evidence that there is need for
improvement in protective and preventive measures. These increase does not even consider the
cases that are not reported, thus increasing the numbers are even higher. After modelling the
prevalence of STIs and determining the factors which contributes to these rapid rise of STI
infections among the young and elderly will help us to find ways to combat and reduce STIs
infections among people since we will able to model STI prevalence.
Project layout
This project comprises of 5 chapters. In Chapter 1 there is introduction of the project and the
background of the project is illustrated. We also find the aims and the objectives of the project.
Also in Chapter 1 there is significance and justification of the project. In chapter 2 we have our
literature review. In this chapter this where we discuss the statistical theory on logistic regression
and other statistical techniques for our data analysis. We also find the past studies concerning our
topic. Chapter 3 is the methodology where we discuss data collection method of this project and
how data is analyzed to come up with results. Chapter 4 is analysis and presentation of results.
Chapter 5 is conclusion and recommendations.

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