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Topographical Landmarks

The document outlines various topographical landmarks used in radiographic positioning across different body regions, including cervical, thoracic, lower spine, and cranial areas. It provides specific anatomical references for each landmark, such as the levels of vertebrae and notable features like the mastoid process and jugular notch. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding these landmarks for accurate imaging and positioning adjustments.

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Elfa Mae Libanon
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7 views13 pages

Topographical Landmarks

The document outlines various topographical landmarks used in radiographic positioning across different body regions, including cervical, thoracic, lower spine, and cranial areas. It provides specific anatomical references for each landmark, such as the levels of vertebrae and notable features like the mastoid process and jugular notch. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding these landmarks for accurate imaging and positioning adjustments.

Uploaded by

Elfa Mae Libanon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topographical

Landmarks
Topic 2
Topographical
Landmarks

Variations are seen


Helpful when well-collimated
Provide useful, palpable between patients for
radiographic images are
guide points for different body habitus, but
required of specific
radiographic positioning these landmarks represent
vertebrae.
the anatomic relationships
of an average
patient
Cervical landmarks
Mastoid process (tip) = level of C1.
About 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the level
of the EAM (external acoustic meatus).

Gonion = level of C3

Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) is at


the approximate level of C5. Varies
between C4-C6

Vertebra prominens = C7
Thoracic landmarks
A. Jugular (suprasternal) notch = T2 or T3
T1 is about 1.5 inches (4 cm) superior to the
level of the jugular notch.
B. Sternal angle = T4 and T5
about 2 inches (5 cm) inferior to the
manubrial notch.
C. T7 = 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) inferior
to the jugular notch or 7 to 8 inches (18
to 20 cm) below the vertebra prominent
D. Xiphoid process (ensiform) = T9-10
Lower Spine landmarks
A. Superior margin of the symphysis
pubis= the prominence of the greater
trochanter
B. Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) =
the first or second sacral segment (S1-S2)
C. Iliac crest = the junction of the fourth
and fifth lumbar vertebrae (L4-L5)
D. Lowest margin of the ribs or lower
costal margin = L2-L3.
E. The xiphoid tip is approximately at the
level of T9-T10.
Cranial Topography
The superciliary ridge (arch) is the ridge
or arch of bone that extends across the
forehead directly above each eye.
Slightly above this ridge is a slight groove
or depression, the SOG.

NOTE: The SOG is important because it


corresponds to the highest level of the
facial bone mass, which is also the level
of the floor of the anterior fossa of the
cranial vault.
Cranial Topography
The glabella (glah-bel′-ah) is the
smooth, slightly raised triangular area
between and slightly superior to the
eyebrows and above the bridge of the
nose.

The nasion (na′-ze-on) is located at the


junction of the two nasal bones and the
frontal bone.
Cranial Topography
the tragus, the small cartilaginous flap
that covers the opening of the ear.

TEA refers to the superior attachment


of the auricle, or the part where the side
frames of eyeglasses rest. This is an
important landmark because it
corresponds to the highest level of the
petrous ridge on each side
Cranial Topography
Canthi (kan′-thi) = junctions of the
upper and lower eyelids.

Inner canthus (kan′-thus) = is where the


eyelids meet near the nose

Outer canthus = the more lateral junction


of the eyelids
Cranial Topography
The superior rim of the bony orbit of the
eye is the SOM
the inferior rim is the infraorbital margin
(IOM).
Midlateral orbital margin, which is the
portion of the lateral rim that is near the
outer canthus of the eye.

These three landmarks contribute to the


base of the orbit.
Cranial Topography
An average difference of 7° to 8° exists
between the angles of the OML and
IOML.
There is also an approximate 7° to 8°
average angle difference between the
OML and GML.
Knowing the angle differences between
these three lines is helpful in making
positioning adjustments for specific
projections of the cranium and facial
bones.
Abdominal
Quadrants and Regions

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