SALALE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 4th YEAR

FIRST ROUND MODEL EXAM IN 2017

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2017 E.C First Round Model Exam

Time allowed: 2:00hr

General Instructions: Choose the correct answer from the provided alternatives

1. What is the significance of genetic diversity within a species?

A. It reduces the potential for inbreeding.
B. It ensures all individuals are genetically identical.
C. It limits the ability to adapt to environmental changes.
D. It is irrelevant to species survival.
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of biodiversity hotspots?
A. Areas with low species richness
B. Regions facing exceptional threats of habitat destruction
C. Urban environments with high human population density
D. Agricultural lands with monocultures
3. Identify wrong statements regarding species diversity
A. Species diversity includes, number of species in the area and their distribution
B. Evenness indicates how individuals are distributed in the ecosystem
C. Species richness indicates how individuals are distributed in the ecosystem
D. Alpha diversity The number of species in a certain community or designated area

Which of the following is categorized under of ex-situ conservation?

A. Biosphere reserves
B. Seed banks
C. National parks
D. Marine protected areas
4. .Which international treaty focuses on preventing species from becoming endangered due to trade?
A. Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar)
B. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
C. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
D. Cartagena Protocol
6. If the species play key role in structure, function and productivity of the ecosystem, and saving the
species automatically saves many other species, which of the following indicates such species better.
A. Flagship species
B. Umbrella species
C. Keystone species
D. Indicator species
7. If you do biodiversity assessment in an area and you found high diversity, what does an area suggests?
A. Food webs which are relatively simple
B. The environment is quite stressful
C. Environmental change is less likely to be damaging to the ecosystem
D. relatively few successful species in the habitat

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 8. From the following Ethiopian ecosystem one is characterized by the presence of Unique species like:
Mountain niyala and Red fox
A. Moist Montane Forest Ecosystem
B. Afroalpine and Subafroalpine Ecosystem
C. Acacia-Commiphora Woodland Ecosystem
D. Combretum-Terminalia Woodland Ecosystem
9. In which of intervention activity, restoration is achieved by simply protecting the site from further
disturbances ?
A. Passive restoration
B. Re seeding
C. Enrichment planting
D. Direct seedling
10. Identify wrong statement/statements from the following alternatives
A. In restoration, socio economic activity of local people need to be considered
B. Remnant forest are to be considered as a baseline for restoration activities
C. Restoration should be started from slightly degraded area and followed by highly degraded areas
D. Financial resources need to be considered in forest restoration
11. From the following alternatives which one is correctly ordered from less expensive to expensive
degraded ecosystem management activities
A. Restoration----Rehabilitation--- Reclamation
B. Rehabilitation --- Restoration--- Reclamation
C. Rehabilitation----Reclamation--- Restoration
D. Restoration---- Reclamation—Rehabilitation
12. Of the following one is not the benefit of disturbance in forest ecosystem
A. Helps to predict what type of disturbance likely to occur in the future
B. Helps forest manager to take action in forest management
C. Helps in shaping and stabilizing forest ecosystem
D. Helps to remove some important trees from the forest
13. Which of the following term represents the system whose composition, structure and function are
different from historical past
A. Restoration
B. Nobel ecosystem
C. Rehabilitation
D. Bioremediation
14. From the following alternative identify the wrong statement/s
A. Large size and less isolated island supports more diversity
B. Small size and highly isolated island support less diversity
C. Species able immigrate to island, when it meet their needs in for survival
D. Isolated islands are not exposed for inbreeding depression
15. What is the central premises behind conservation role of None timber forest products

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 A. Long time availability of resources
B. Role of NTPs in improving GDP of the country
C. NTFPs improves social wellbeing of local community
D. Use of NTFPs for medicine
16. Of the following one is indigenous bamboo species in Ethiopia
A. Dendrocalamus giganteus
B. Dendrocalamus brandisii
C. Oxytenanthera abyssinica
D. All
17. Why mushrooms are considered as a key group in forest ecosystem maintenance.
A. It helps as food for human
B. It decomposes leaf litter, dead wood, and ally
C. It is very Usefull in fighting disease
D. Mushroom propagates by spore
18. Why non-timber forest products are more interested than timber production now days?
A. The poor were not the real beneficiaries of investment of timber production
B. Non timber forest product utilizations have several environmental damages than timber utilization
C. Timber utilization is compatible with forest conservation
D. Large investment of timber production is easy for local community living in rural areas
19. _____ is production method gum and resign by artificially injuring mother tree
A. Tapping
B. oozing
C. cutting
D. Removing
20. What do you describe the types of plants that do not have a woody structure and either die at the end of
the season?
A, trees B, shrubs C, herbaceous D, lianas.
21. For which of the following activities is dendrology mainly applicable accept one?
A. the study of trees and other woody plants
B. naming and classifying woody plants
C. Identification of different species of trees
D. specifically centred on estimation.
22. Which of the following is the correct taxonomic hierarchy of classification of woody plants (in
increasing order of generality)?
A. kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, and species
B. Species, Division, Order, Family, Genus, Class, Kingdom
C. Class Division, Order, Kingdom, Family, Genus, Species
D. Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Division, Kingdom
23. Which of the following is reproductive part found in ferns?
A. Flower B. Fruit C. Sori D. Seed cone

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 24. A collection of dried plant specimens arranged according to an accepted system of classification
is__________
A, Dichotomous Key B. yoked key C, classification D. herbarium
25. For which of the following activities is plant morphology not mostly relevant?
A. It is studying the external structures of plants
B. it is studying the vegetative and reproductive characters of plants
C. it is understanding how plants are adapted to live on land
D. is the study of the internal plant structure, mostly at the cellular level.
26. What do you call types of a forest fire prevention within which it cleared strip of land designed to stop
or slow the spread of fire.
A, Mop up B. Fire break C. Felling snags D. fire front
27. Which of the following statements is not true about the different terminology of forest fire?

A. Uncontrolled, non-prescribed burning of vegetation in natural areas is wildfire

B. Burns in organic matter below the surface is underground fire

C. Spreads rapidly from tree top to tree top, often more intense is crown fire

D. A slow-moving fire that spreads low to the ground is creeping fire

E. Sudden and dramatic increase in fire intensity and spread, posing significant danger is blow-up fire

28. Which of the following is true about stages in disease development (disease cycle)

A. Inoculation-Penetration-Infection-Dissemination of the pathogen-Survival of the pathogen

B. Dissemination of the pathogen-Survival of the pathogen- Inoculation-Penetration-Infection
C. Penetration- Inoculation- Infection-Dissemination of the pathogen-Survival of the pathogen
D. Inoculation-Penetration-Dissemination of the pathogen-Survival of the pathogen –Infection
29. For which of the following statement is false about symptoms and signs of tree diseases
A. symptoms are the tree's visible responses to an illness
B. signs are the physical evidence of the pathogen itself
C. symptoms are the physical evidence of the pathogen itself
D. Root rot is symptoms, while Mushroom or fruiting bodies growing from the tree is signs
30. For which of the following is true about step of disease management action

A, Eradication-Protection-Resistance-Therapy-Avoidance-Exclusion
B, Avoidance-Exclusion-Eradication-Protection-Resistance-Therapy
C, Therapy-Avoidance-Exclusion-Avoidance- Resistance-Exclusion
D, Avoidance-Exclusion-Eradication-Resistance-Protection –Therapy
31. The following is/are root diseases caused by fungi accept one?
A, armillaria B, Phytophthora, C, Fusarium, D, Pseudomonas

32. Choose the incorrect statement based on impacts of insect pests on forest trees

A, tree mortality and a reduction in carbon uptake

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 B, defoliators and stem borers
C, disrupt nutrient cycling in the forest ecosystem by altering litter fall and nutrient uptake
D, habitat creation through decomposition and the removal of old or susceptible trees

33. Choose the correct statement based on phases of combustion in fire where fuel, heat, and oxygen come
into contact, setting the stage for ignition.

A. Incipient phases B. Decay phases C. Fully developed phases D. Growth phases

34. Which of the following is a not true about cause of forest fire by deliberateness?
A, Hunter, grasser, fire wood collectors goes to forest using fire for illumination
B, forest conversion into farm land and settlement using fire as cheap ways to clear land
C, forest conversion into plantation and land clearing using fires
D, Disappointment of community on plantation projects.
35. What do you call types of a diseases management strategies within which it remove and destroy
infected plant debris to prevent the spread of pathogens?
A. Dieback B, Sanitation C, Resistant cultivars D, Plant Spacing
36. In which of the following condition, direct sowing of seed on to pots cannot be applicable?
A. If germination per cent is known to be fairly high
B. If germination period is long
C. When transplanting would cause damage or deaths to seedlings
D. If there is a shortage of skilled workers to do the transplanting.
37. All of the following are disadvantage of potted seedling except:
A. Require regular root-pruning in the nursery
B. They are heavy to transport
C. Time-consuming
D. They are more expensive to raise in the nursery
E. Potted seedlings can be stored in the field for longer period of time
38. A seed treatment method which combines the effects of softening hard seed coats and leaching out
chemical inhibitors is:
A. Hot/Cold water treatment C. Chemical treatment/Acid treatment
B. Physical/ mechanical Methods D. Biological methods
39. Which one of the following is wrong about seed?
A. In gymnosperm a seed has no ovary.
B. Seed is a matured ovary that is the result of fertilization of the eggs in the ovule.
C. The ovary develops into the fruit.
D. Angiosperm seeds has ovary
40. Which one of the following type of bed is recommended in lowland area where the soil has low
moisture content?
A. Raised bed C. Level bed.

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 B. Sunken seed beds D. All except C
41. Which one of the following is not positive factor for plantation forestry development
A. Unsatisfactory natural regeneration and lack of management
B. Land availability
C. High productivity
D. None
42. Plantation forest is characterized by all of the following except:
A. More uniform product C. Regular arrangement
B. Ecological complexity D. Orderliness
43. Which one of the following soil mixing ratio is recommended to establish seedling pot?
A. 3:2:1, for local soil, compost soil/forest soil and sand soil respectively.
B. 1:2:3 for local soil, compost soil/forest soil and sand soil respectively.
C. 2:3:1 for local soil, compost soil/forest soil and sand soil respectively.
D. 3:1:2 for local soil, compost soil/forest soil and sand soil respectively.
44. Which one of the following is not correct about Orthodox seed?
A. Orthodox seed can be dried to low moisture content before they are stored
B. Orthodox seed stores best at moisture contents of 5-8%
C. Orthodox seed must retain high moisture contents to remain viable
D. The orthodox seed of many species can be stored for 1 year at room temperature
45. An activity of gradually imposing seedlings to harsher conditions so as to survive well under field
condition is:
A. Hardening-off C. culling
B. Lifting D. Grading
46. . Seed collection techniques depend on all of the following except:
A. Objective of seed collection C. Size of the fruit/ seed
B. The way a species disperses D. Tree morphological characteristic
47. A type of seed pre-treatment which used to treat dormancy especially for seeds that have been kept in
store for a long time is:
A. Physical/ mechanical Methods C. Chemical treatment/Acid treatment
B. Biological methods D. Hot/Cold water treatment
48. All of the following are indirect germination test except:
A. Cutting test C. Color observation test
B. Soaking test D. None
49. All of the following are seed collection from the ground except:
A. Collection after manual or mechanical shaking C. Collection after natural dispersal.
B. Collection from felled trees D. None
50. One of the following species is the dominant species in which majority of Ethiopian plantation forest
(about 56%) is made up of:

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 A. Eucalyptus species C. Juniperus procera species
B. Cupressus lusitanica species D. Pinus patula species
51. Which one of the following is wrong about plantation and natural forest?
A. Plantation forest has even aged stand than natural forest
B. Plantation forest has relatively better resistance to pest and dieses than natural forest
C. Natural forest has greater spices diversity than Plantation forest.
D. None
52. Which one of the following is wrong about planting technique?
A. None of the roots should turn upwards
B. Top soil should be inserted first for filling the hole.
C. The size of the Pit should be equal with the size of soil cylinder of the potted seedling.
D. The plastic tube should be removed away from potted seedling
53. For which of the following tree species does replacement planting can be done during the next
growing.
A. Juniperus procera C. Cupressus lusitanica
B. Eucalyptus globulus D. Pinus radiate
54. The intensity (degree) of thinning depends on
A. Species C. Intended frequency of thinning
B. Objectives of plantation D. All
55. Which one of the following is wrong about thinning?
A. Thinning reduces density of the stand
B. Thinning increases diameter of the remaining individual tree
C. Thinning increase basal area of the stand
D. None
56. For which of the following species does heavy thinning is required?
A. species with large crown C. Fast growing species
B. Conifer species D. Slow growing species
57. One of the following is not the result of increase in number of coppice rotation?
A. Reduction of soil nutrient C. Reduction of diameter of the stump
B. Increase of death of the stump D. Reduction in the yield of coppice crop
58. In which of the following condition does plantation establishment through direct sowing is not
recommended?
A. Site where competing vegetation is negligible.
B. Seeds of easily established and fast-growing species.
C. species with abundant seeds
D. Species with low germination capacity
59. Which one of planting technique is used for small seedlings with small root system?

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 A. Mechanical Planting C. Notching
B. Pit planting D. Dibble planting
60. One of the following is not the main factors in Ethiopia which may limit tree growth and choice of
species.
A. Government policy C. High temperature
B. Seasonal deficiency of water D. Low temperature
61. One of the following is not a recommended characteristic of species for firewood and charcoal.
A. High calorific value C. Thickness and length of wood fibers
B. Rapid growth and high volume production D. Grow with a minimum of tending

62. Which one of the following is not the objective of ground preparation for plantation establishment?
A. To remove competing tree and grass vegetation C. To minimize risk of fire.
B. To facilitate mechanized tending operations D. To prevent tapering of tree
63. The chemicals herbicide which is absorbed either through roots, foliage, stems or via the xylem or
phloem is:
A. translocation C. Pre-emergence
B. Contact herbicide D. Total weed killers
64. The decision on optimum spacing of plantation depends on:
A. Tolerance of the species to weed competition C. species to be planted
B. Objective of plantation D. Cost of site preparation
65. Which one of the following is correct about measuring DBH of a tree leaning on the sloping ground?
A. Measure the diameter at 1.3m being on the upper slope of the lean.
B. Measure the diameter at 1.3 being on the lower slope of the lean.
C. Measure the diameter at 1.3 of both upper and lower slope of lean tree and take the average value.
D. A&C
66. Which one of the following is taken as a response to reduce the effect of tapering in volume
calculation?
A. Basal area B. Tree height C. Form factor D. Diameter at breast height
67. Which one of the following levels of forest inventory is used to plan forest operations or to prepare
selling of standing timber?
A. Forest inventory at national level
B. Forest inventory at local level
C. Forest inventory at international level
D. Forest inventory regional level
68. The distance between ground level and the terminal point of the last usable portion of the tree is
A. Total height B. bole height C. Merchantable height D. Stump height
69. Assume that you have a 200ha of forest land and you want to do forest inventory by taking 8 sample
plots of 20m by 20m. How many ha will be the size of your sample plot?

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 A. 0.42ha B. 0.32ha C. 400ha D.40ha
70. Which one of the following does not represent sampling units in forest inventory?
A. Stand B. Compartment C. Plot D. None
71. Which one of the following is not considered during measurement of volume of felled log?
A. Height B. Edge or middle diameter C. Form factor D. Diameter at breast height
72. What is the value of basal area of a tree if the circumference at breast height is 60 cm?
A. 0.6 B. 0.06 C.0.028 D.0.28
73. Which one of the following sampling method is recommendable if the forest is composed of
heterogeneous age classes?
A. Stratified Random Sampling C. Systemic Sampling
B. Simple Random Sampling D. None
74. Which one of the following is not correct about diameter tape?
A. Only one measurement needed C. Give more accurate results than calliper
B. Small & light easily practice D. Bigger trees can be measured with tapes easily
75. A type of log extraction in which tree segments/log are move along the ground from the stamp to a
landing area with help of a horse, wheel skidder or tractor is
A. Yarding B. Skidding C. Forwarding D. Aerial extraction
76. A preferred harvesting technique which is necessary for wildlife, habitat stability & aesthetics is:
A. Selective cutting B. Clear-cutting C. Shelter wood cutting D. Seed-tree cutting
77. Which one of the following forest harvesting system is preferred for the establishment of an even-aged
stand?
A. Selective cutting B. Clear-cutting C. Shelter wood cutting D. Seed-tree cutting
78. Which one of the following is a common component for both tactical and strategic harvesting plan?
A. Short term plan C. Map
B. Long term plan D. Written plan E.C & D
79. One of the following is wrong about the advantage of shelter wood cutting system
A. Soil is not completely denudated
B. The young crop is protected against adverse climatic factors.
C. Suitable system for regeneration of both light demanding and shade bearer species
D. Require less skill of silvicultural workers
80. Which one of the following represents the correct phase of logging/harvesting operation?
A. Felling__Log extraction__Log processing__Hauling
B. Felling__Log processing__Log extraction__Hauling
C. Felling__Haulling__Log processing__Log extraction
D. Hauling__Felling_Log processing_Log extraction
81. Which one of the following is/are objectives of harvesting plan?
A. To Provide efficient access to the forest for silvicultural, protection and transport purposes
B. To minimizing harvesting and transport costs.

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 C. To identifying opportunities to coordinate timber harvesting with the collection of non-timber
forest products.
D. To protect the health and safety of workers and the public E. All.
82. Assume that you are a quality inspection expert at Menegesha Suba forest enterprise and you observed
defects like checks, splits, warp and honeycombing on lumber. Under which type of defects you
classified such like defects?
A. Machine defects B, Seasoning defects C. Natural defects D. Growth stress
83. Which of the following is not true about heartwood?
A. Heart wood may be difficult to penetrate with liquids
B. Heartwood may be light in color than sapwood
C. Heartwood has a slightly higher weight per unit volume than sap wood
D. Heart wood may be highly decay and insect resistance
84. Which of the following is the unique feature that separates hardwoods from softwoods?
A. The presence tracheid cells in hardwood
B. The presence of vessel elements in hardwood
C. The presence of fibers in softwood
D. All
85. Assume you are wanted to established wood processing industries in Ethiopia, which of the following
tree species you are going to recommend as the source of raw material for furniture industries?
A. Ficus sur B. Cordia africana C. Croton macrostachyus D. Acacia decurrens
86. Which of the following chemical constituent of wood is responsible for odor, color and decay
resistance?
A. Lignin B. Hemicellulose C. Cellulose D. Extractive
87. When the liquid water in the lumens has been removed but the cell wall still saturated is termed as
A. Equilibrium moisture content B. Hygroscopic C. Fiber saturation point D. Anisotropic
88. The oldest wood working machine that used for turning pieces of wood on its axis to produce various
cylindrical and circular shapes

A. Tenoning machine B. Jointer machine C. Lathe machine D. Shaper machine

89. The machine type used to saw irregular shapes, circle and rip straight pieces which equipped with
lower and upper wheels that used for clock wise rotation of the blades is?
A. Band saw machine B. Jointer machine C. Thicknesser machine D. shaper machine
90. Which of the following not correct about commercially important softwood and hardwood species in
Ethiopia?
A. Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus, Cupressus lustanica and Pinus patula are the known
softwoods.
B. Eucalyptus species, Cordial africana, Croton macrostache, Prunus africana and Hyginia abyssinica
are the known hardwoods.
C. Juniperus procera , Podocarpus falcatus, Cordial africana, Croton macrostache are the known
softwoods

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 D. All of the above
91. Which tree part listed below is considered non-living?
A. Cambium B. Heartwood C. Inner bark D. Sapwood
92. The ability of the wood to resist external forces or load tending to change its size and alter its shape is?
A. Stress B. Strain C. Deformation D. Stiffness
93. The process of refining and protecting a wood surface from biodegradable is
A. Wood planning B. Wood finishing C. Wood sizing D. Wood joining
94. Which of the following adhesive is used widely in Ethiopia for production of plywood and particle
boards?
A. Phenol formaldehyde B. Urea formaldehyde C. Melamine formaldehyde D. Resorcinol
95. Which type of machine is frequently used for ripping, cross cutting, dados and rabbet making using
different sizes of saw blades in furniture industry?
A. Radial arm saw machine B. Band saw machine C. Circular saw machine D. Jointer machine
96. Which of the following step is true layers of trees in a tropical rain from down to up
A. emergent, upper canopy, understory, forest floor
B. emergent, upper floor, forest floor, understory
C. forest floor, understory, upper canopy, emergent
D. forest floor, understory, emergent, upper canopy
97. Which of the following NOT true about the characteristics of primary forests?
A. Varying species composition on a small area even on uniform sites
B. Extreme heterogeneity, on a small area, regarding tree dimension
C. Stand structures are most closely described as over selective.
D. Because of succession, the natural production changes over time
98. What do you describe the types of silvicultural systems is/are within which the mature stand is
removed in a series of partial cuts, and new regeneration occurs under the protection of a partial forest
canopy?
A. Shelter wood Method B. Selection Methods C. Shelter wood Method D. Clear Cutting Method
99. The knowledge of the nature of forests and forest trees, how they grow, reproduce and respond to
environmental changes is ________________
A. Silviculture B. Silvices, C. silvicultural systems D. Tending
100. What do you call the phases of climax forest dynamics within which it varies in accordance with the
initial size of the gap, and its possible expansion, the combination of young individuals present and a
number of other variables?
A. The regeneration phase
B. The establishment/build-up phase
C. The mature or optimal phase
D. The decline phase

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