TH 4 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR PHYSICS

PHYSICS
wilh An0op Sir
PHYSICS LIVE ONLINE CLASSES an innovative approach

r
Si
op

PHYSICS
no

NOTES
A

A
h

h
it
w
cs
CHAPTER -1
si
hy
FORCE
P

ICSE CLASS 10
r
Si
op
no
A

A
 TH 4 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR PHYSICSS

A PHYSICS LIVE ONLINE CLASSES

ICSE CLASS -10
PHYSICs
wilh An0op Sir
an innovative approach

r
FORCE
Si
Gravitational units of force
acceleration due to gravity = 8 The turning efect of force acting on a body|
op
mass of body = m about an aris is called the moment of force or
The force due to gravity on body mng torque.
F=
2 In M.K.S. system, eravitational unit of forece The moment of a force (or torque) is equal to
no

is kilogranme foree (kgf). the product of the magritude of the force arnd the
One kilogramme force is the force by which perpendicular distance of the ine of action of
earth pulis a mass of kilogrumume owards force from the aris of rotation.
A

A
itself.
1
kgf =force due to gravity on a mass of T kg Moment of force about the axis passing through
h

h
1
kgi = mng the point O
= Force x Perpendicular
distance

it
1
kgf =1 kg mass X acceleration due to gravity of force from the point O
1 kgf =1 kg x 9.8 m s2 F xOP

w
1 kgf=98 newton (or 9.8 N)
Factors affecting the turning of a body
En
C.GS. system, the gravitational unit of|

cs
force is the granne force (gt). (i) the magninude of the force applied, and
One gramme foree is the force by which earth (i) the distance of ine of action of the force jrom|

si
puils a mass of I gramme towards itsej. the axis of rotation.
1 gf = force due to gravity on a mass of 1Ig
hy
1gf lg mass x accelcration due to gravity g
1 gf = 1g mass x 980 cm s, for producing maxinum urning maximum torque of bod
1 gf = 980 dyne_ the force is applied at a point on body
P

for which the perpendicular distance of line of action

.1 kgf = 1000 gf of the force from the axis of rotation is maximum
IN=01kgf ar 1 N= 100 gf._
5 Obviously 1 kgf= 9.8 Nmeans that we have to
direction of turning (or rotation)
exert a force of 9-8N to hold a mass ofl kg on our 1 depends on the point of application of force
palm. 2 and on the direction of force.

TRANSLATIONAL ROTATIONAL
MOTIONS MOTIONs anticlockwise moment
When a force acts on if the body is pivoted if the furning effect on body is antictockwise,
a stationary rigid body at a point, the force 1s taken positive
which is free to move. applied on the body at
it
the body starts moving clockwise mornent
a suitable point rotates
in a straight path in the body. about the axis if turning effect on body is clockwise,
the
r

the dircction of force. passing through the it is taken negative.

Si

pivoted point.

MOMENT (TURNING EFFECT) OFA FORCE

perpendicular from OR TOROUE
op

fixed point O on line force applied F turns

of action of force or rotates, the body
PVOT about tho axis pasSing
body is pivoted through point 0, i.e. the
no

at a point force rotates the body

anticlockwise
line of action of forceF
foTce applied
A

A
 TH 4 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIRR PHYSICS

A PHYSICS LIVE ONLINE CLASSES

ICSE CLASS -10b
PHYSICs
wilh An0op Sir
an innovative approach

r
FORCE
Si
moment of force (or torque) is a veetor quantity. (49 In a bicycle,
1 Its magnitude is equal to the product of force toothed wheel is PEDAL
op
and the perpendicular distance, rotated by applying less
2 Its direction is normal to the plane force on the foot
containing
perpendicular distance and the force. pedal which is at a
large distance from
no

Uniis of noment of Jorce the axle of wheel

S.I. unit is newton x metre. (5) A spanner used to tighten or loosen nut,
a
A

A
C.G.S. unit is dyne x cm. has a long handle to produce larger
turning
momcnt. The force is applied normally
if force is measured in gravitational unit, at the end
then in M.K.S. unit is kgf x m of its handle so that the nut can easily be urned
h

h
with a less force
and in C.GS. system, unit is g x cm. The
spanner is turned anticlockwise to loosen

it
Thcse units are related as follows: a nut
while it is turned clockwise to tighten
a nut
INm 10 dyne x 10 cm

w
=
10' dyne cin
kgt xm =
98 N m

cs
= IFORCE
gfx em 980 dyne cm
COuple.
Some examples of turning elfect of Achually the turning is alweys produced by a

si
force pair of forces i.e the external applied force and
) To open or shut a door, we apply small
the force of reaction produced at the pivoted point.
hy
force normal to the door at its handle
which is at a larger distance from the hinges 2 The reaction force' at the pivot is equal in magnitude
to produce a greater but opposite in direction to the applied
force.
turning effect Both the forces trn the body
P

in the same direction.

if we apply force at the hinge Such a pair of forces is called a
couple
we will ot be able to open Thus two equal and opposite parallel forces not
| the door even with large force T90 acting along the same line, form a couple.
A Coupie is always needed to produce
the rotano.
force 3when we require a larger turning of a body
F the two forces equal in magnitude and oppositein
directions, are applied on the body expliciriy.
(2) The upper circular stone handle.
of a hand flour grinder is For example,
force
provided with a bandle
1 to open the ut of a car wheel, the wrench which
near its rim so that it can
we use, has two arms and we apply equal forces
be rotated easily about
each F, at the ends of its arms in opposite
pivot at its centre byy
directions
a small force applied WAENGH
r

at the handle.
Si

() For urning a stecring wheel, a force is

applied tangentially on the rim of the wheel.
rotation of wheel is changed by changing
point of application of force without the 2 3
op

changing
the direction of foree
no

tightening the cap

(b) CLOCKWISE
() ANTIKLDCKWISE ROTATICN
turning a water tap
HOTATtON
of an inkpot
A

A
 TH 4 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR
A
PHYSICS
PHYSICs
wilh An0op Sir
PHYSICS LIVE ONLINE CLASSES an innovative approach

ICSE CLASS -10 3

r
FORCE
Si (i) Dynamic equilibrium:
op
When a body. remains in the same state of motion
(translational or rotational), under the intluence
of the
applied forces,
the body is said to be in dynamic equiihriun.
no

turning the steering

turming the key of a motor-car i

in the hole of a lock Conditons for equlbriaum

(1) The esultant of all the forces acting on
A

A
action of a couplea the body should be equal to zero.
(2) The resultant moment of all the forces
h

h
acting om ihe body about the point of rotation
****
shaould be zero ie.,

it
Sum of the anticlockwise sun of the closikwise
moments about the axis maaents about the

w
a bar which is pivoted at a point O. At thc ends af rotation same axis. af ratation
A and B, twa cqual and opposite forces each of

cs
magnitude F have been applied. Thc perpendicular Examples of atic equilibriam
distance between the two forces is couple arm. Cqual force equal forcc
2 The two forces cannot produce the translational F<- F hc body remain at rest

si
motion as their resultant sum is zero. left ight reason
SButsameeach force has the turning etfect on the bar forces are equal and opposite
hy
in direction, so the two forces together form: along the same line, so thev
a coyple which rotates the bar about the point O. balance each other there is no
net horizontal force on body
Moment of force F at the cnd A
F vertically upwards
P

= Fx OA (anticlockwise) force of reaction

exerted by table
Moment of force F at the end B forces are
on the book
= F* OB (anticlockwise) T equal and opposite
Thus, the book is
Total moment of couple (i.e., moment of both
f weight of book in statie eauilibriun
the forces) = Fx CA + Fx 0B
= Fx (OA + OB) = Fx AB exerted on table
= F*d (anticlockwise) vertically downwards
= Either force x perpendicular in horizontal position,
distance between the two forces
(or couple arm)
3
EQUILIBRIUM OF BODIES beam balance
anticlockwise moment clockwise moment of force
When number of forces (two or more) are of force due to weights due to object on right pan
applied or acting on a body, such that they
0n left pan
r

do not produce any change in position or motion

Si

ie. the resuitant of all forces is zero so hey do Example of Dynamic equllibrium
not change the state of the body.
Sum of buoyant
The body is then said to be in equilibrium. force and force net force on drop is zero,
op

Kinds of equilibrlum due to friction SO

two kinds (or viscosity) of A rain drop reaches
air is balanccd by the carth with a
) Statie equilibrium
When a body remains in the state of rest constant velocity.
weight of
no

under the influence of the applied forces, drop

the body is in static equlibrium.
A

A
 TH 4 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIRR PHYSICS

A PHYSICS LIVEONLINE CLASSES

ICSE CLASS -10
PHYSICS
wilh An0op Sir
an innovative approach

r
FORCE
Si
PRINCTPLE OF MOMENTS 1 CENTRE OF GRAVITY
When a number of forces act on a pivoted body, centre of gravity G of the body is
they tend to rotate it about n axis passing through a point about which
op
the pivot. entire weight W of the body
is considered to act such that
The resultant moment of all the forces about a point
is obtained by the algebraic sum, of the algebraic sum of moments
no

all anticlockwise moment taken positive due to weight w of each particle

while all clockwise moment taken negative
2 The body can be balanced by
w
A

A
According to the principle of moments, supporting it at the centre of gravity
G
if algebraic sum of momonts of all the forces acting 3 The posttion
of centre of gravity of a body of given
on the body about the axis of rotation is zero, the body mass depends on its
h

h
shape i.e. on the distribution
is in equilibrium. mass in it.
of

it
Sum of Sum of
anticlockwise moments clockwise moments
t is not necessary that the centre of gravity aways
be within the material of the body,

w
A physical balance (or beam balance) works 5 When abody is freely suspended from a point,
on the principle of moments. it comes to rest (or in balance) in such a positio

cs
that its centre of gravity lies vertically below the
point of suspension.
1)

si
mefer scale 100 Centre of gravity of some regular objects
cm 50 Cm
G
hy
Rod
l
Mid-point of rod.
G )
CIRCULAR RING |CIRCULAR DISG
P

Solid Goometic centre

Ceometricenre af ring|
r holiow
Wx,= Wa x4| sphere
centre of
the sphere (h beight of cone)

meter scale 00 /Ia h

cm 50 P Cytinder
Mid-point on
the axs Solid cone Hollow cone
Ata beight h4 from At a height h/3
the base, on its axis. from the base
W on its axis.

A
r

meter scale 3 PARALLELOGHAM SCUARE

Si

TRIANGULAR LAMINA
100 W =
The point of intersection
50 cm weight of
of nedi ans
meter scale
op

Dasses
through RECTANGE
centre of The point of intersection
W 2 gravity (50 cm) of the diagonals
W
no

W, *1, +W * = W2 x 2
A

A
 TH 4 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR PHYSICS

A PHYSICS LIVE ONLINE CLASSES

ICSE CLASS -10
PHYSICs
wilh An0op Sir
an innovative approach

r
FORCE
Si
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTHON
motion is said so be the unjorm circular motion, (iv) When a stone tied at the end of a string is
When a particle moves with a constant unifom
op
whirled in a circular path, the tension in the
speed in a circular path, But the direction of string holding the stone at the other end,
motian of paricle changes at each point of circular provides the centripetal force. If this force
path. is' not present, the stone wil not turn to
no

move in the circular path.

velocity of particle is not uniform( velocity is variable)
ie., the motion is accelerated.
3At any point, the direction of otion is along the
A

A
tangent drawn at that point of crcuiar path Centritugal force
4 motion in circular path is possible only under A force acting on a body away from the centre of
h

h
the action of a force called cenriperal force circular path is called the cenurifugal force.
This force is always directed towards the centre centrifugal
force is not a real force.

it
of circle
it is considered to describe a certain motion.|
2 this. force is variable because its direction
changesit is called fictiious force or virtual force.

w
at each point of circular path
it is not a force of reaction of centripctal force,
although
tangential

cs
its magnitude 18 sanme as that of the centripetal force
variable.
constart velocity
centripetal force
Seed Examples

si
B
man standing at centre of
a merry-go-around which
hy
rotates om is axis,
if he is holding the ball
in his hand for him
P

Difference between ball is stationary

now
uniform cireular motlon unlform linear motion:2he places the ball on disc
away
velocity is variable velocity is constant it is seen that the ball moves
speed is uniform and from the centre, along the radius
s0 it is an accelerated acceeration is zero because on
motion. it is an unaccelerated
a centrifugal force, acts ball away from the centre,
motion,
|Eramples of centripetal force 3 For a person standing on the eound
ball is seen to be moving in circular path so lone it
(1) n
an atom, an electron moves is in hand. of man an dis
around the nucleus in a circular path for because
which the centripetal force is obtained from man on disc provide the centripctal force required
the electrostatic foree of attraction on for circular motion
electron by the nucleus,
4whenman A paces thebal on rotating disc
r

i) A planet moves around the sun in a nearly the person standing on the ground, sees ball moving
Si

circular path for which the gravitational along a straight line tangential to its circular path
force of attraction on the planet by the sun becausSe
provides the necessary centripetal force. the centripetal farce is withdrawn and centrifugal force
does not exist for the person standing outside
op

1ii) The moon moves around the carth in

circular path for which the gravitational
a
force of attractión on the moon by the earth
no

provides the centripetal force.-

A