BDwbU 8 Av`k© RxebPwiZ

f‚wgKv

†h-mKj gvby‡li RxebvPiY c×wZ, mvwaZ KvR I Zuv‡`i Rxeb-`k©b Ab¨ gvby‡li
RxebvPiY cÖwµqv I `k©b‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges Zv‡`i‡K gnr Kv‡R DØy× nIqvi †cÖiYv
†hvMvq, †m-mKj gvby‡li RxebB Av`k© Rxeb wnmv‡e cwiwPZ nq| GB me Av`k©
RxebPwi‡Zi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡q mvaviY gvbyl eyS‡Z †k‡L †h, ïay †L‡q-c‡i Avivg-Av‡q‡m
†eu‡P _vKvUvB cÖavb K_v bq| gvby‡li Rxe‡b eo j¶¨ _vKv PvB Ges †mB j¶¨ AR©‡b
Zuv‡K wbôvevb n‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bK Z¨vM ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z nq| gvbyl GI Abyfe Ki‡Z
cv‡i †h. ïay AvZ¥Kg© Kivi g‡a¨ †Kvb Z…wß †bB| G‡Z †KvbI †MŠieI †bB| mgvR I
iv‡óªi mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡jB Rxe‡b mv_©KZv Av‡m| Av`k© gnr Rxeb
gvbyyl‡K msKxY©Zv-¶z`ªZvi E‡aŸ© DV‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| RvMwZK I cvigvw_©K Kj¨vYjv‡f
gvbyl‡K cÖqvmx n‡Z †cÖiYv `vb K‡i|

GB BDwb‡U PviwU cv‡V ms‡¶‡c PviRb Av`k© gnvcyiæ‡li Rxeb I Kg© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡”Q| cÖ_g cv‡V Av‡jvwPZ n‡eb kªxK…ò, 2q cv‡V kªx‰PZb¨, Z…Zxq cv‡V kªxivgK…ò I PZz_©
cv‡V ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›`|

Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© GB BDwbUwU‡K †gvU PviwU cv‡V fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

cvV- 8.1: kªxK…ò

cvV- 8.2: kªx‰PZb¨
cvV- 8.3: kªxivgK…ò
cvV- 8.4: ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›`
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 8.1 kªxK…ò

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−

kªxK…‡òi Rxeb Kvwnbx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

kªxK…‡òi Kg© I mvabvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

kªxK…‡òi Av`k© eY©bv Ki‡Z I evYx¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

Øvci hy‡M g_yivq ivRv Ks‡mi †evb †`eKxi M‡f© kªxK…‡òi Rb¥ nq| wcZvi bvg emy‡`e|
kªxK…‡òi gvgv AZ¨vPvix ivRv Ksm ˆ`eevbx ïb‡Z †c‡qwQ‡jb †h †`eKxi Aóg M‡f©i mšÍvb
Zuvi g„Zz¨i KviY n‡e| G R‡b¨ ivRv Ksm kªxK…‡òi R‡b¥i wKQyKvj Av‡M †_‡KB †RVZz‡Zv
†evb †`eKx‡K emy‡`emn Kviviæ× K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| Kvivi AšÍiv‡jB wkï K…‡òi Rb¥ nq|
w`bwU wQj fv`ª gv‡mi K…ò c‡¶i Aógx wZw_| ˆ`ev‡`‡k wcZv emy‡`e KvivMvi †_‡K
wkïcy·K Zz‡j wb‡q †MvKz‡ji b›`iv‡Ri ¯¿x h‡kv`vi cv‡k iv‡Lb Ges h‡kv`vi m‡`¨vRvZ
kªxK…ò Kb¨v‡K G‡b †`eKxi cv‡k iv‡Lb| ciw`b Ksm GB Kb¨v‡K ea K‡ib| GB Kb¨vI
‰`eevYxi g‡Zv Ksm‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡q †Mj Ô†Zvgv‡i ewa‡e †h †MvKz‡j evwo‡Q †mÕ| GB evYx
ï‡b Ksm fxZmš¿¯Í n‡q DV‡jb| Ksm g_yivi mg¯Í wkï nZ¨vi wb‡`©k w`‡jb| cyZbv ¯Í‡b
wel †g‡L A‡bK wkï‡K nZ¨v K‡i| kªxK…ò cyZbvi ¯Í‡b Ggb K‡Vvifv‡e cvb K‡ib †h,
hš¿Yvq †m m‡½ m‡½ gviv c‡o| Ksm wbwðZ n‡jb, K…òB Zvi g„Zz¨i KviY n‡eb|

wPÎ 11: kªxK„ò

wn›`y ag© c„ôv- 97

wmGW †cÖvMÖvg ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

b›`ivR Ks‡mi AZ¨vPv‡ii f‡q K…ò‡K wb‡q †MvKzj †Q‡o e„›`veb hvb| kªxK…ò eo n‡Z
_vK‡j Ks‡mi fq ev‡o| wZwb Aµ‚i‡K w`‡q kªxK…ò‡K ivRmfvq Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| evjK
K…ò I fvB ejivg Ks‡mi mfvq Dcw¯’Z n‡q eo eo †hv×v‡`i wbab K‡i gvgv Ksm‡KI
nZ¨v K‡ib| Ks‡mi wmsnvmbP¨yZ wcZv DMÖ‡mb‡K Avevi g_yivi ivRv K‡i `yB fvB gv evevi
Kv‡Q †_‡K hvb| Ks‡mi g„Z¨y‡Z Ks‡mi k¦ïi RivmÜ kªxK…ò‡K nZ¨vi D‡Ï‡k¨ AvVvi evi
g_yiv AvµgY K‡ib| c‡i kªxK…ò fxg‡mb‡K w`‡q Zv‡K ea Kivb| hywawô‡ii ivRm~q h‡Á
fx®§ kªxK…ò‡K †kªô e¨w³i m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Ki‡j K…òwe‡ivax †Pw`ivR wkïcvj †i‡M K…ò
wel‡q Mvjg›` Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Gi Av‡M kªxK…ò Zv‡K G ai‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eûevi ¶gv
K‡ib| Gevi wZwb PµØviv wkïcv‡ji gv_v †K‡U ag©ivR¨ cÖwZôvi c_ myMg K‡ib| Ksm,
RivR›` I wkïcv‡ji g‡Zv AZ¨vPvix ivRv‡`i webvk NU‡jI ZLbI †ek wKQy †jvfx
AZ¨vPvix ivRv †_‡K hvq| G‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¶gZvkvjx ivRv wQ‡jb a„Zivóª I Zvi
kZcyÎ| a„Zivóª I cvÐ `yB fvB| a„ZivȪ Rb¥vÜ| ZvB †QvU fvB cvÐz ivRv nb| cvÐzi g„Zz¨i
ci ivR¨ `yfvM nj| a„Ziv‡óªi `y‡hv©ab, `zkvmb cÖf…wZ cy‡Îiv A‡a©K ivR¨ †c‡qI myLx bq|
†MvUv ivR¨ PvB| KcU cvkv †Ljvq hywawôi fxg BZ¨vw` c cvÐe‡K nvwi‡q Iiv Zv‡`i‡K
evi eQi ebevm I GK eQi AÁvZ ev‡m †h‡Z eva¨ K‡i| ag©civqY cvÐeMY cvkv †Ljvi
kZ©vbyhvqx e‡b Mgb K‡ib|

ebevm †k‡l cvЇeiv ivR¨ †dir PvB‡j hy‡h©vabiv Zv wdwi‡q †`‡ebv Rvbvb| cvЇeiv
AvZ¥xq kªxK…‡òi civgk© Pvb| kªxK…ò cvÐe‡`i c¶ n‡q mgm¨vi kvwšÍc~Y© mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨
`y‡h©va‡bi Kv‡Q hvb| `y‡h©vab K‡Vvi g‡bvfve †`Lv‡j hy× Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| `y‡h©vabiv
mes‡k wbab nq| hywawôi ivR¨ wd‡i †c‡q a‡g©i cZvKv E‡aŸ© Zz‡j a‡ib| D‡jøL¨ †h, hy×
ïiæi c~e©¶‡Y ARy©b Zvui i‡_i mviw_ eÜz kªxK…ò‡K e‡jb †h wZwb hy× Ki‡eb bv| KviY
G‡Z AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb, eû †jvKR‡bi Rxeb bvk n‡e| G‡Z †`k I mgv‡Ri AKj¨vY n‡e|
GwU n‡e Aagv©PiY| ZLb kªxK…ò †h mKj evYx †`b Zv kªxg™¢Me`&MxZvq AvVviwU Aa¨v‡q
msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi g~j evYx nj gvbyl wbwgË gvÎ| gvbyl‡K Kg© K‡i †h‡Z n‡e| Kg©
Ki‡Z n‡e wbivm³fv‡e, d‡ji AvKv•L¶v bv K‡iB| hy×I GKwU Kg©| Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨
Ck¦i jvf| K‡g©i gva¨‡g Ck¦‡ii mvwbœ‡a¨ Avmv mnR| Ck¦i‡K Ávb I fw³i gva¨‡gI jvf
Kiv hvq| Z‡e Zv GKUz KwVb| wb®‹vg K‡g©i gva¨‡g Áv‡bi D‡¤§l N‡U| Ávb †_‡K fw³i
m„w÷ nq| Ávb I fw³ mn‡hv‡M mvaK cig eª‡þi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq|

Kzi懶Πhy‡×i ci kªxK…ò ØviKvq `xN©w`b ivRZ¡ K‡ib| GKw`b Ak¦Ì e„‡¶i Zjvq e‡m
_vKv Ae¯’vq Zuvi PiY kiwe× nq| welv³ ki Qyu‡owQj Riv bv‡gi e¨va| Riv nwiY †f‡eB
Zxi Quy‡owQj| Zx‡ii AvNv‡Z AvnZ kªxK…ò ZLbB Bnjxjv mseiY K‡ib|

fMevb `y‡ói `gb, wk‡ói cvjb I ag© i¶vi Rb¨ kªxK…ò iƒ‡c c„w_ex‡Z AeZxY© n‡qwQ‡jb|
kªxK…ò ‡h mKj gnr Kg© mvab K‡i‡Qb Zv Ck¦‡ii jxjv| ZvB f‡³iv Zuv‡K ¯^qs fMevb
e‡j _v‡Kb|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv- 98
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mvivsk kªxK…ò Øvci hy‡M g_yivq †`eKxq M‡f© Rb¥ †bb| Zuvi wcZvi bvg emy‡`e| wKš‘ wZwb
jvwjZ nb †MvKz‡ji h‡kv`vi N‡i| AZ¨vPvix gvgv Ks‡mi f‡q wcZv emy‡`e Zuv‡K
h‡kv`vi cv‡k †i‡L wM‡qwQ‡jb| kªxK…ò evj¨ eq‡mB G‡K G‡K AZ¨vPvix ivRv Ksm,
RivmÜ, wkïcvj BZ¨vw` ivRvi webvk mvab K‡ib| `y‡ói `gb I wk‡ói cvjb K‡i wZwb
ag© i¶vi GK gnvb Av`k© Ges kªxg™¢Me`&MxZvq msKwjZ mygnvb evYx Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.1

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ:

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|

1| kªxK…‡ò Rb¥ nq †Kvb wZw_‡Z?

K. kªve‡bi ïK¬v cÂgx
L. fv‡`ªi ïK¬v cÂgx
M. fv‡`ªi K…òv Aógx
N. Avwk¦‡bi K…òv `kgx|

2| †K Rivm܇K ea K‡ib?
K. kªxK…ò
L. ejivg
M. fxg‡mb
N. emy‡`e|

3| kªxK…‡òi Pi‡Y †K Zxi we× K‡iwQj?

K. Riv
L. exiv
M. M¨aiv
N. axiv|

4| kªxK…‡òi Ræ`vÎx gvZvi bvg wK?

K. †`eKx
L. h‡kv`v
M. jxjv
N. `yM©v|

5| kªxK…‡òi gvgvi bvg wK?

K. RivmÜ
L. Ksm
M. wkïcvj
N. AR©yb|

wn›`y ag© c„ôv- 99

 wmGW †cÖvMÖvg ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

cvV 8.2 kªx‰PZb¨

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−

kªxˆPZ‡b¨i Rxeb Kvwnbx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

kªx‰PZ‡b¨i Kg© I mvabvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

kªx‰PZ‡b¨i Av`k© I evYx m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

kªx‰PZb¨‡`e 1486 mv‡ji 18 †deªæqvwii c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z beØx‡c Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi
wcZvi bvg cwÐZ RMbœv_ wgkª I gvZvi bvg kPx‡`ex| RMbœv_ wg‡kªi ˆcZ…K evox wQj
ZrKvjxb kªxnUª †Rjvi `w¶Y MÖv‡g| eZ©gv‡b Zv evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËi wm‡jU †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
RMbœv_ wgkª wQ‡jb kvš¿ ¯^fv‡ei avwg©K e¨w³| kPx‡`exI wQ‡jb fw³gZ©x| gv I evev
ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei bvg †i‡LwQ‡jb wbgvB| wbgvB‡qi `k GMvi eQi eq‡m RMbœv_ wgkª cÖqvZ
nb|

wPÎ 12: kªx ˆPZb¨|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv- 100

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

evjK wbgvB M½v`vm cwЇZi PZz®úvVx‡Z cov‡kvbv K‡ib| wZwb AmvaviY iƒcevb I †gavex
wQ‡jb| ¯^fv‡e wZwb wQ‡jb LyeB PÂj gwZi| evj¨eq‡m Zuvi AZzjbxq †gav mevB‡K
wew¯§Z K‡iwQj| wZwb ¯^íKv‡ji g‡a¨B e¨vKiY, AjsKvikv¯¿| mg„wZkv¯¿ I b¨vqkv‡¯¿
AMva cvwÐZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| †lvj eQi eq‡mB mviv‡`‡k wZwb cwÐZ wbgvB bv‡g mgv`„Z
nb| wZwb GB eq‡mB †Uvj Ly‡j Aa¨vcbv ïiæ K‡ib| mnmv Zuvi L¨vwZ me©Î Qwo‡q c‡o|
G mgq webv c‡Y wZwb j²x‡`ex‡K we‡q K‡ib|

cwÐZ wbgvB‡qi L¨vwZ Le© Kivi Rb¨ Kv¯§x‡ii cÖw_Zhkv cwÐZ †Kke wgkª beØx‡c Av‡mb|
Gi Av‡M wZwb Kvkx, KvÂx, `ªvweo, bvj›`v cÖf„Z ¯’v‡bi †kªô cwÐZ‡`i kv¯¿wePv‡i civwRZ
K‡ib| wbgvB cwÐZ †Kke wgkª‡K Abvqv‡m civwRZ K‡ib| G‡Z wbgvB‡qi L¨vwZ I
cÖwZcwË AviI †e‡o hvq|

wKQyw`b ci wbgvB eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k åg‡Y Av‡mb| G mgq Zuvi ¯¿x j¶¥x‡`exi kc©`sk‡b
g„Zz¨ nq| G‡Z Zuvi g‡a¨ msmvi a‡g©i cÖwZ weivM cÖej n‡q D‡V| ax‡i ax‡i wZwb a‡g©i
cÖwZ AwaK g‡bv‡hvMx n‡q I‡Vb| msmv‡ii cÖwZ AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ kPx‡`ex wbgvB‡K mbvZb
cwЇZi Kb¨v weòzwcÖqvi mv‡_ we‡q †`b|

K‡qK eQi ci wbgvB ci‡jvKMZ wcZvi AvZ¥vi m`&MwZi Rb¨ wcÐ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Mqvq
hvb| †mLv‡b wZwb Ck¦icyixi Kv‡Q `x¶v jvf K‡ib| GB `x¶v wbgvB‡qi g‡b Avg~j
cwieZ©b msNwUZ K‡i| wZwb Avi msmv‡i AvKl©Y †eva K‡ib bv| Aa¨vcbvqI Zuvi Drmvn
†bB| wZwb n‡jb K…òf³ GK gnvmvaK | beØx‡ci ˆeò‡eiv Zuvi mvwbœ‡a¨ Av‡mb Ges
kªxK…ò KxZ©‡b gv‡Zvqviv n‡q E‡Vb| kªxevm, M`vai, gyKz›`, A‰ØZvPvh© cÖgyL wQ‡jb
wbgvB‡qi cvl©`|

GKw`b kªxev‡mi Avw½bvq wbZ¨vb‡›`i mv‡_ cwiPq nq| wZwb wbgvB‡qi f‡³ cwiYZ nb|
cieZ©xKv‡j wbZ¨vb›`B wQ‡jb wbgvB‡qi cÖavb cl©`| G mgq mgv‡R eªvþY, Kvq¯’ I
k~`ª‡`e g‡a¨ eY©‰elg¨ cÖ_v Pvjy wQj| eªvþ‡Yiv wQj mgv‡Ri kvmK| mgv‡R ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨
ü`¨Zv, mnvbyf‚wZ wQ‡jv bv| D”Pe‡Y©i †jv‡Kiv wbæe‡Y©i †jvK‡`i N„Yvi †Pv‡L †`LZ| wbgvB
gywP, †g_imn wbæe‡Y©i mevB‡K ey‡K †U‡b wb‡jb| D”P I wbæe‡Y©i †f`v‡f` w`‡jb NywP‡q|
wbZ¨vb›` I nwi`vm cÖf…wZ cvl©‡`i gva¨‡g wZwb †cÖgfw³i ˆeòŸag© cÖPvi ïiæ K‡ib| Zuv‡K
A‡b‡Ki evavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| wKš‘ µ‡g mevB Zuvi †cÖgfw³i a‡g©i cÖwZ AbyivMx I
cÖ×vjxb n‡q I‡V|

K…ò‡cÖ‡g we‡fvi wbgvB wKQyw`b a‡i msmvi Z¨v‡Mi K_v fve‡Qb| gvN gv‡mi ïK¬c‡¶ wZwb
gv I ¯¿x‡K †Q‡o Mfxi iv‡Z M„nZ¨vM K‡ib| Kv‡Uvqvq G‡m wZwb †Kke fviZxi Kv‡Q
mbœ¨vm `x¶v jvf K‡ib| bexb mbœ¨vmxi bvgKiY Kiv nj kªxK…ò‰PZb¨, ms‡¶‡c kªx‰PZb¨|

Gici kªx‰PZb¨ e„›`ve‡b †h‡Z PvB‡jb| hvIqvi c‡_ f³‡`i Aby‡iv‡a wZwb kvwšÍcy‡i
A‰Ø‡Zi evwo Av‡mb| †mLv‡b gv kPex‡`exi mv‡_ Zuvi mv¶vr nq| gv‡qi Aby‡iv‡a wbwb
bxjvP‡j †_‡K gv‡qi Lei ivLvq m¤§Z nb| gvZ…f³ ˆPZb¨‡`e Rxe‡bi †klvevwa gv‡qi
†LvuRLei wb‡q‡Qb|

wn›`y ag© c„ôv- 101

 wmGW †cÖvMÖvg ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

ˆPZ¨v‡`e Rxe‡bi †kl AvVvi eQi KvwU‡qwQ‡jb Dwol¨vi bxjvP‡j| Gi Av‡M Zuvi ag©`k©b
cÖPv‡i wZwb cyix, `w¶YvZ¨ I e„›`ve‡b hvb| †mLv‡b wewkó cwÐZ‡`i mv‡_ gZvgZ wewbgq
K‡ib|

1533 mv‡ji Avlvp gv‡m GKw`b ˆPZb¨‡`e w`e¨fv‡e Avweó c‡q cÖfz RMbœv_‡`‡ei gw›`‡i
cÖ‡ek K‡ib| nVvr gw›`‡ii `iRv eÜ n‡q hvq| `iRv †Lvjv n‡j ˆPZb¨‡`e‡K Avi †`Lv
hvq bv|

ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei K‡qKwU evYx:

†hB f‡R, †mB eo, Af³ nxb Qvi|
K…ò fR‡b bvwn RvwZ Kzjvw` wePvi \
DËg nTv ˆeòe n‡e wbiwfgvb|
Rx‡e m¤§vb w`‡e Rvwb K…ò Awaôvb \

1486 mv‡ji 18 †deªæqvwi c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z beØx‡c kªxˆPZb¨‡`e R¤§MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv
mvivsk cwÐZ RMbœv_ wgkª I gvZv kwP‡`ex| gv-evev Zuvi bvg †i‡LwQ‡jb wbgvB| wbgvB M½v`vm
cwЇZi †Uv‡j cov‡kvbv K‡ib, †lvj eQvi eq‡m wZwb †Uvj Ly‡j Aa¨vcbvq g‡bvwb‡ek
K‡ib| gvN gv‡mi ïK¬ c‡¶ wZwb msmvi Z¨vM K‡i Kv‡Uvqvi hvb Ges †KkefviZxq Zvi
byZb bvgKiY K‡ib kªxK…ò ˆPZb¨ ev ms‡¶‡c ˆPZb¨‡`e| wZwb †cÖgfw³i ˆeòe ag©
cÖPvi K‡ib Ges eY©‰elg¨ `~i Kivi cÖ‡Póv MÖnY K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.2

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ:

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|

1| RMbœv_ wg‡kªi ˆcZ…K wbevm †Kv_vq wQj?
K. Kvkx L. e„nËi wm‡jU †Rjv
M. e„›`eb N. Kvgvi cyKzi|

2| wbgvB Mqvq Kvi Kv‡Q `x¶v cvb?

K. †ZvZvcyix L. Ck¦icyix
M. †Kke wgkª N. P›`ªcyix|

3| kªxˆPZb¨‡`‡ei cÖavb wkl¨ †K wQ‡jb?

K. wbZ¨vb›` L. gyKz›`
M. M`vai N. RMvB|

4| kªxˆPZb¨‡`‡ei wcZvi bvg wK?

K. cwÐZ †Kke wgkª L. cwÐZ RMbœv_ wgkª
M. kªxevm cwÐZ N. cwÐZ wek¦bv_ wgkª|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv- 102

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 8.3 kªxivgK…ò

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV ‡k‡l Avcwb−

kªxivgK…‡òi Rxeb Kvwnbx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

kªxivgK…‡òi mvabRxeb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kªxivgK…‡òi Av`k© I evYx m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

kªxivgK…ò ûMjx †Rjvq Kvgvi cyKzi MÖv‡g 1836 mv‡ji 17 †deªæqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv
¶zw`ivg P‡Uªvcva¨vq| gvZv P›`ªgwY †`ex| Mqvavg Zx_© ågYKv‡j Zx_©‡`eZv M`vai
¶zw`ivg‡K ¯^‡cœ e‡jwQ‡jb †h wZwb Zuvi N‡i Avm‡Qb| ¯^cœK_v ¯§iY K‡i wkïi bvg ivLv
nq M`vai|

wPÎ 13: kªxivg K…ò|

my`k©b evjK M`va‡ii gyLgЇj memgq cÖmbœfve †`Lv †hZ| evjKwU wQ‡jb cÖK…wZ †cÖgx|
cÖK…wZi bvbv `„k¨ †`‡L wZwb we‡gvwnZ n‡Zb| fRb-KxZ©‡b Zuvi wQj cÖej AvKl©Y| VvKzi-
†`eZvi K_v fve‡Z wM‡q fv‡e I Av‡e‡k wZwb Av”Qbœ n‡q co‡Zb| †jvKgy‡L ï‡b ï‡b
evjK M`vai eû ¯Íe †¯ÍvÎ, ivgvqY-gnvfvi‡Zi Kvwnbx gyL¯Í K‡i †d‡jb| wKš‘ ¯‹z‡ji
†jLvcovq Zuvi gb em‡Zv bv G‡Kev‡iB|

wn›`y ag© c„ôv- 103

wmGW †cÖvMÖvg ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

wcZvi g„Zy¨i ci Zuvi g‡a¨ fvevšÍi m„wó nq| k¥kv‡b ev wbR©‡b e‡m wK †hb fv‡eb| KLbI
mvay-ˆeòe‡`i m½ K‡i Zuv‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY j¶¨ Ki‡Zb| Zuv‡`i KvQ †_‡K fRb
wkL‡Zb| eofvB ivgKzgvi M`vai‡K wb‡q RxweKvi mÜv‡b KwjKvZv Av‡mb| G mgq ivbx
ivmgwY `w¶‡Yk¦‡i Kvjx gw›`i cÖwZôv K‡ib| ivgKzgvi Kvjx gw›`‡ii cy‡ivwn‡Zi PvKzix‡Z
wbhy³ nb| M`vai GLv‡bI gv‡qi gw›`‡i ev wbR©b M½vZx‡i fv‡e Zb¥q n‡q _vK‡Zb|
ivgKzgv‡i g„Zz¨i ci gw›`‡ii †cŠivwn‡Z¨i fvi †`Iqv nq M`vai‡K|

M`vai gv feZvwiYxi c~Rvq †`ngb mgc©Y K‡ib| me mgh e¨vKzj n‡q gv‡K WvK‡ZB
_v‡Kb| GKw`b gv Zuv‡K `k©b `vb K‡ib| M`va‡ii Rxe‡b AviI cwieZ©b N‡U hvq|
w`e¨fv‡ei Av‡ek n‡Z _v‡K Nb Nb| G msev‡` wePwjZ nq gv P›`ªgwY Zuv‡K Kvgvi cyKz‡i
wdwi‡q G‡b mvi`vgwYi mv‡_ we‡q †`b|

we‡qi Aíw`bci M`vai Avevi `w¶‡Yk¦‡ii gw›`‡i wd‡i Av‡mb| 1861 mv‡ji †k‡l wm×v
ˆfiex †hv‡Mk¦ix `w¶‡Yk¦‡i Av‡mb| M`vai ˆfiex‡K ¸iæc‡` eiY K‡i Zvwš¿K mvabvq
wmw×jvf K‡ib| ˆfiex M`vai‡K AmvaviY †hvMx I AeZvi cyiæl e‡j MY¨ K‡ib|

Gici M`va‡ii mvab Rxe‡b mbœ¨vmx †ZvZvcyixi AvMgb N‡U| M`vai‡K wZwb mbœ¨vmg‡š¿
`x¶v w`‡q Zuvi bvgKiY K‡ib kªxivgK…ò| †ZvZvcyixi mnvqZvq kªxivgK…ò wn›`ya‡g©i kv³,
ˆeòe, ˆe`vwš¿K BZ¨vw` mKj mvabvq wmw×jvf K‡ib| GQvov wZwb Bmjvg ag© I wLª÷vb
a‡g©i mvabvqI mdjZv jvf K‡ib| wZwb Dcjwä K‡ib Ck¦‡ii AbšÍ jxjv| wZwb mvKvi
Avevi wbivKviI| me c_ I g‡Z mvabv K‡i Ck¦‡ii mvwbœa¨ jvf Kiv hvq| wZwb ej‡jb,
ÔhZ gZ, ZZ c_Õ|

kªxivgK…‡òi DÌvbKv‡j fviZe‡l© GK hyMmsKU †`Lv w`‡qwQj| weªwUk kvm‡Ki Aaxb GB

Dcgnv‡`‡k RvZxq Rxe‡b e¯‘ev`x `„wóf³x I BD‡ivcxq ms¯‹…wZ cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| G‡`‡k
Bs‡iwR wkw¶Z be hye mgv‡R Zvi cÖfve c‡owQj †ewk| Zuviv ‡`kxq ag©-ms¯‹…wZi Dci
Av¯’v nvwi‡q †djwQj| G †`‡ki i¶Ykxj mgv‡RI PjwQj bvbv ai‡bi gZwe‡iva| G
mg‡q kªxivgK…ò †jvK¸iæi f~wgKvq AeZxY© nb| `‡j `‡j †jvK Zuvi Kv‡Q Qy‡U Avm‡Z
_v‡K Rxeb, RMr, ag© I gvbeZv m¤^‡Ü Dc‡`k †kvbvi Rb¨| KjKvZvi wkw¶Z mgv‡Ri
cÖwZwbwa gbxlx †Kke †mb, weRqK…ò, wkebv_ kv¯¿x, wMwik †Nvl, Ck¦iP›`ªwe`¨vmvMi,
b‡i›`ªbva `Ë cÖgyL e¨w³ Zuvi Kv‡Q Av‡mb| b‡i›`ªbv_ cieZx©Kv‡j kªxivgK…‡òi cÖavb
wk‡l¨ cwiYZ nb| b‡i›`ªbv‡_i mbœ¨vm Rxe‡b bvgKiY Kiv nq ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›`| kªxivgK…ò
†mB hyM-msK‡U me©ag© mgš^‡qi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z cwiYZ nb| wZwb civaxb fvi‡Zi gvbyl‡K
Ck¦‡ii cÖwZ AUj wek¦v‡m fi K‡i AvZ¥kw³ RvMi‡Yi c_ cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb| RvwZ‡f‡`
cÖ_vi ¶wZKi w`K wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb|

kªxivgK…ò 1886 mv‡ji 16 AvMó mgvwa‡Z wbgMœ nb| †mB mgvwa †_‡K wZwb Avi bk¦i
†`‡n wd‡i bv G‡m µ‡g Ag„Zav‡g hvÎv K‡ib|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv- 104

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

kªxivgK…ò 1836 mv‡ji 17 †deªæqvwi ûMjx †Rjvq Kvgvi cyKz‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb
mvivsk `w¶‡Yk¦‡ii Kvjxgw›`‡ii cy‡ivwnZ wQ‡jb| wZwb mKj ag© c‡_ mvabv K‡i wmw×jvf
K‡ib| wZwb me©ag© mgš^‡q ÔhZ gZ, ZZ c‡_iÕ K_v e‡jb| 1886 mv‡ji 16 AvMó
Zuvi gnvcÖqvY N‡U|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.3

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ:

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|

1| kªxivgK…‡òi bvg ivLv n‡qwQj-

K. †Mvcvj
L. M`vai
M. †Mvwe›`
N. †MvKzj|

2| `w¶‡Yk¦i Kvjx gw›`i cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb-

K. ivmgwY
L. †Kke›`ª
M. mvi`vgwY
N. †hv‡Mk¦ix|

3| kªxivgK…‡òi cÖavb wkl¨-

K. A‡f`vb›`
L. we‡eKvb›`
M. wMwik
N. we`¨vmvMi|

4| ÔhZ gZ, ZZ c_Õ- K_vwU †K e‡jwQ‡jb?

K. we‡eKvb›`
L. ¯^iƒcvb›`
M. kªxivgK…ò
N. weRqK…ò|

wn›`y ag© c„ôv- 105

 wmGW †cÖvMÖvg ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

cvV 8.4 ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›`

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−

we‡eKvb‡›`i Rxeb Kvwnbx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

we‡eKvb‡›`i mvab Rxeb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

we‡eKvb‡›`i Av`k© I evYx m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

KwjKvZvq wkgywjqvq 1863 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi we‡eKvb›` Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv wek¦bv_
`Ë| gvZv fze‡bk¦ix †`ex| wcZv wQ‡jb nvB‡Kv‡U©i DwKj| wcZvgvZv Zuvi bvg †i‡LwQ‡jb
b‡i›`ªbv_| Zuvi AviI GKwU bvg wQj| Zv nj ex‡ik¦i| wKš‘ mevB WvK‡Zv Ôwe‡jÕ e‡j|

wPÎ 14: ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›`|

we‡j †QvUKv‡j wQ‡jb `yišÍ| eo GK‡ivLv| hv ai‡eb Zv †kl K‡i Qvo‡ebB| `yišÍ n‡jI
cov‡kvbvq wQ‡jb g‡bv‡hvMx| wk¶K c‡o †M‡jB Zv Zvi gyL¯Í n‡q †hZ| ivgvqY-
gnvfvi‡Zi K_v Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡Zb| cÖvqB Avm‡b e‡m Ôa¨vb-a¨vbÕ †Lj‡Zb|
evjK eq‡mB wZwb wQ‡jb mZ¨ev`x I wbf©xK| 1879 mv‡j b‡ib cÖ_g wefv‡M cÖ‡ewkKv

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv- 106

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cix¶vq DËxY© nb| 1881 mv‡j Gd, G, Ges 1884 mv‡j wZwb we, G, cix¶v cvk K‡ib|
G mgq ag© I Ck¦i wK Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ wZwb e¨vKzj n‡q D‡Vb| c‡i VvKyi kªxivgK…‡òi mv‡_
cwiPq NU‡j wZwb Zuvi Kv‡Q Qy‡U hvb|

kªxivgK…ò wQ‡jb `w¶‡Yk¦‡ii ivbx ivvmgwY cÖwZwôZ Kvjx gw›`‡ii cy‡ivwnZ I cig mvaK|
kªxivgK…‡òi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m b‡i›`ªbv‡_i Rxeb I `k©b cÖfvweZ nq| kªxivgK…‡òi K…cvq ag©
I Ck¦i m¤^‡Ü Zuvi g‡bi Ø›Ø Ny‡P hvq| b‡ib kªxivgK…‡òi `x¶v jvf K‡ib Ges Zuvi cÖavb
wkl¨ wnmv‡e MY¨ nb| VvKzi ej‡jb, Ôb‡ib †jvKwk¶v w`‡eÕ| b‡ib mgvwa‡Z Wz‡e _vKvi
evmbv cÖKvk Ki‡j VvKzi Zuv‡K wZi¯‹vi K‡ib| wZwb ej‡jb, Ô†Zvi Qvqvq nvRvi nvRvi
gvbyl Avkªq cv‡e, Zv bv n‡q ZzB wKbv wb‡Ri gyw³ Pvm|Õ kªxivgK…ò b‡i‡bi mbœ¨vm Rxe‡bi
bvgKiY K‡ib ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›`| wZwb ¯^vgxRx iƒ‡cB we‡kl cwiwPZ| VvKz‡ii wb‡`©‡k wZwb
Zuvi Kg© I `k©b m¤^‡Ü c_ wVK K‡i †bb|

we‡eKvb›` wb‡Ri †Pv‡L fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ ¯’vb †`Lvi Rb¨ †ewi‡q c‡ob| mviv fviZel©
Nyi‡jb| mKj m¤úÖ`v‡qi †jvK Ges abx I `wi‡`ªi mv‡_ wgk‡jb| wZwb mviv †`‡k `vwi`ª¨
†`L‡jb| †`L‡jb Awk¶v, Kzwk¶v| G mKj gvbyl‡K `vwi`ª¨gy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| gvby‡li g‡a¨
AvZ¥wek¦vm wdwi‡q Avb‡Z n‡e| †`‡ki gvby‡li GB Ae¯’vi K_v ewnwe©‡k¦i gvby‡li Kv‡Q
Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e|

we‡eKvb›` 1893 mv‡j Av‡gweKvi wkKv‡Mv kn‡i wek¦ ag© m‡¤§j‡b †hvM †`b| †mLv‡b
wZwb fvi‡Zi agx©q I mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ wel‡q AZzjbxq fvlY `vb K‡ib| wZwb D`vËK‡Ú
mevB‡K Avnevb Rvjv‡jb, hy× bq, aŸsm bq, kvwšÍ PvB| `vwi`ª¨ gy³ wek¦, kvwšÍgq wek¦
m„R‡b wZwb mevi Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Rvbvb| ag© m‡¤§j‡b wZwb †kªô e³v we‡ewPZ nb| Gici
wZwb jÛb, d«vÝ, BUvwj mn eû †`k cwiågY K‡ib| A‡b‡K Zuvi wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Gi
g‡a¨ gvM©v‡iU †bvej weL¨vZ| ¯^vgxwRi `xw¶Z GB bvix cieZ©xKv‡j fwMbx wb‡ew`Zv
wnmv‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib|

c„w_ex Rq K‡i we‡eKvb›` †`‡k wdi‡jb Ges ¯^‡`‡ki †mevq wb‡R‡K m¤ú©Y Ki‡jb| wZwb
ej‡jb Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× jo‡Z n‡e| mg¯Í Kzms¯‹vi aŸsm Ki‡Z n‡e| me gvbyl‡K GK
n‡Z n‡e| kw³ I mvnmB nj ag©| `ye©jZv I KvcyilZvB cvc| ¯^vaxbZvB ag©, civaxbZvB
cvc| gyby‡li †mevi gva¨‡g Ck¦‡ii †mev Kiv nq| †mevi Av`k© wb‡q wZwb †ej~‡o cªwZôv
K‡ib ivgK…ò gV I wgkb|
Kg©exi, AK…Z`vi mbœ¨vmx ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` gvby‡li Kj¨v‡YB meUzKz mgq e¨q K‡i †M‡Qb|
KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Zuvi kixi †f‡O c‡o| 1902 mv‡ji 4 RyjvB †ej~o g‡VB GB
gnvgvb‡ei gnvcÖqvY N‡U|
¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›`i K‡qKwU evYx:

c‡ivcKviB ag©| cicxobB cvc|

fz‡jv bv- wbPy RvwZ, g~L©, `wi`ª, AÁ, gywP, †g_i †Zvgvi i³, †Zvgvi fvB|

mZ¨B mKj a‡g©i wfwË|

mr nIqv Avi mr Kg© Kiv- GB `y‡qi g‡a¨B mgMÖ ag©|

wn›`y ag© c„ôv- 107

 wmGW †cÖvMÖvg ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` KwjKvZvi wkgywjqvq 1863 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb
mvivsk AZ¨šÍ †gavex wQ‡jb| we, G, cvk Kivi ci Zuvi g‡a¨ ag© I Ck¦‡ii wel‡q cÖkœ Rv‡M| wZwb
kªxivgK…‡òi wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| civaxb fvi‡Zi gvby‡li Ae¯’v Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡gwiKvi
wkKv‡Mvq AbywôZ ag©m‡¤§j‡b †hvM †`b| Gici eû †`k ågY K‡ib| †`‡k wd‡i gvby‡li
†mevq AvÍwb‡e`b K‡ib| †mevi Av`k© mvg‡b †i‡L wZwb †ejy‡o ivgK…ò gV I wgkb cÖwZôv
K‡ib| GB g‡VB 1904 mv‡ji 4 RyjvB †`nZ¨vM K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.4

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ:

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|

1| ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›`i Rb-

K. 1863 mv‡j
L. 1860 mv‡j
M. 1965 mv‡j
N. 1968 mv‡j|

2| ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›`i wcZvi bvg-

K. wek¦bv_
L. RMbœv_
M. wek¦wRr
N. ex‡ik¦i|

3| ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›`i mbœ¨vmc~e© bvg-

K. ex‡i›`ª
L. ˆk‡j›`ª
M. b‡i›`ª
N. my‡i›`ª|
4| ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` Av‡gwiKvi wkKv‡Mv ag©mfvq †hvM †`b †Kvb mv‡j?
K. 1863
L. 1873
M. 1883
N. 1893|
5| ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` †Kvb mvabvi Dci †ewk †Rvi †`b?
K. Ávb
L. fw³
M. Kg©
N. †mev|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv- 108

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Av) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:

1. kªxK…‡òi Rxeb Kvwnbx ms‡¶‡c ejyb| (cvV- 1 †`Lyb)

2. kªxˆPZ‡b¨i Kg© I mvabvi eY©bv w`b| (cvV- 2 †`Lyb)
3. kªxivgK…ò m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c wjLyb| (cvV- 3 †`Lyb)
4. ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c wjLyb| (cvV- 4 †`Lyb)

B) ms‡¶‡c DËi w`b:

K. kªxK…ò †Kv_vq Ges †Kvb wZw_‡Z Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib?

L. kªxK…ò wKfv‡e Bnjxjv Z¨vM K‡ib?
M. kªxˆPZb¨ KZ mv‡j †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
N. kªxˆPZ‡b¨i wcZv I gvZvi bvg wK?
O. j¶¥x †`exi wKfv‡e g„Zz¨ nq?
P. kªx ivgK…ò †Kv_vq Ges KLb Rb¥cÖnY K‡ib?
Q. †QvU †ejvq kªxivgK…ò †Kgb wQ‡jb?
R. evevi g„Zz¨i ci kªxivgK…ò wK Ki‡Zb?
S. †K M`vai‡K mb¨vmx g‡š¿ `x¶v †`b?
T. b‡ib Kvi KvQ †_‡K `x¶v jvf K‡ib?
U. ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` KZ mv‡j wkKv‡Mv hvb?
V. wkKv‡Mv‡Z ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` wK wel‡q fvlY †`b?
W. †Kv_vq Ges KZmv‡j ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›`i gnvcÖqvY N‡U?

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ 8.1

1. M; 2. M; 3. K; 4. K; 5. L

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ 8.2

1. L; 2. M; 3. K; 4. L

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ 8.3

1. L; 2. K; 3. L; 4. M

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ 8.4

1. K; 2. K; 3. M; 4. N; 5. N

wn›`y ag© c„ôv- 109