BUSINESS STATISTICS I

STATISTICS FOR FINANCE I

Unit 1.- One-dimension Frequency Distributions

1. In order to analyze the productivity of new machinery acquired by a company, data is obtained on the
number of hours it took to assemble the different parts that make up the finished product by 60
operators, as shown below:
4 5 5 1 7 4 4 3 6 5
3 2 4 4 3 6 6 4 5 5
6 4 3 3 4 5 4 3 2 4
5 2 4 7 3 6 2 2 4 1
2 1 3 7 3 1 5 1 7 2
4 4 2 4 5 3 6 3 5 3

a) Calculate the complete frequency table. Interpret the results.

b) Calculate the duration of the most frequent assembly.
c) Calculate the average time used by these operators. Interpret the result.
d) Obtain the median of the time taken to assemble the whole product.
e) Determine the number of operators who took less than 5 hours.
f) Calculate the percentage of operators who took between 3 and 5 hours (both inclusive) to assemble
the product.

2. The following data represent the accidents at work occurred in the construction sector in a given
community, during the last year.
Minor accidents: 801
Serious accidents: 180
Fatal accidents: 15
a) Obtain the frequency table.
b) Represent a rectangle diagram of the relative frequencies.
c) Represent a sector diagram.

3. The number of units of a certain product acquired annually by 45 interviewed consumers is distributed
according to the following table:

Number of Units Number of consumers

[20-22] 8
(22-24] 9
(24-26] 12
(26-28] 6
(28-30] 5
(30-32] 5

a) Calculate the mean, median, mode, variance and standard deviation and interpret its meaning.
b) Represent the distribution of purchased product (choose the most appropriate graph).
c) Analyze the symmetry and kurtosis of the product distribution.
d) According to the above results, what can be concluded from the distribution of this product?

4. A certain company has opted for a new training program for its employees. One year after the
implementation of the new program, it wishes to analyze the effect on the evolution of its sales revenue
obtained by those employees. The following table shows the sales made, in thousands of euros, in that
year by 30 employees:

1
 Sales revenue Number of
(thousands of €) employees
[0,25] 4
(25,75] 6
(75,120] 8
(120,150] 10
(150,200] 2

a) Calculate the complete frequency table.

b) Calculate the average, median and mode of sales revenue. Interpret the results.
c) The maximum sales revenue reached by the 60% of the employees who have obtained less revenue.
d) The minimum sales revenue achieved by the 20% of employees with the highest sales revenue.
Se va
acumulando 5. The percentage of participation in the European market of a certain product has experienced the
desde el following cumulative increases in the last 6 years: first year 8%, second year 12%, third year 18%,
principio, no fourth year 27%, fifth year 40.5% and this year 60.75%. Calculate the most appropriate average of the
sabemos percentage of average annual participation in the European commercial market for the product in
cuanto
question.
creció cada
año
6. Repeat the previous exercise assuming that for each of the first two years the percentage of participation
was 15 %, for each of the following three years 30 % and for the last year 70 %.

7. The university system of an Autonomous Community is made up of 4 universities.

nos dice a) Calculate the average annual growth rate for this group of universities if in the last 5 years there has
cuanto ha been a cumulative annual growth in the number of students enrolled in this system of 1%, 1.25%,
crecido cada 2%, 1.5% 1.3%.
año
b) If one of these universities has an annual growth rate of 1.5% for two years and 0.9% per year for
three years, calculate its average annual growth rate.
c) The four universities have a number of students of 10,000, 15,000, 30,000 and 35,000. For a given
year they have experienced a growth rate of 2%, 1%, 0.5% and 1.5%, respectively. Calculate the
growth rate for that year for all universities.

8. The profitability of two companies (A and B) measured through the Price/Earnings ratio are 30 and
1000 respectively. What is the average profitability of a fund if we invest 30% in company A and the
remaining 70% in company B?

9. A cyclist rides a certain route in two equal stages. The first stage is done at an average speed of 30km/h
and the second at an average speed of 20km/h. Calculate the average speed reached by the cyclist over
the entire route.

10. The commercial department of a given service company wants to analyze the number of visits that a
commercial agent has to make in order for customers to purchase a certain product. The data relating to
50 customers are shown in the following table:

Number of visits (Xi) Number of customers(ni)

1 8
2 6
3 2
4 12
5 8
6 10
7 4

a) The average number of visits made to capture the customer.

2
 b) The most frequent number of visits made by commercial agents for the client to purchase the
product.
c) The third and first decile of the number of visits made.
d) The number of visits that are exceeded by 35% of customers.
e) Calculate the variance and standard deviation.

11. The customer service department wants to make an analysis of the number of calls received per day to
ask for information about a certain product. For this purpose, the following information is available for
100 days:
Number of calls Number of days
0 6
1 10
2 20
3 15
4 8
5 4
6 15
7 3
8 5
9 3
10 11

a) Calculate the average number of calls, the median and the mode.
b) Calculate the quartiles. Explain their meaning.
c) What is the maximum number of calls on the 65% of the days that fewer calls are received?
d) Calculate the standard deviation and Pearson's coefficient of variation.
e) Analyze the shape of the distribution by calculating the corresponding coefficients.

12. A company wants to check which of the two training programmes carried out by its commercial agents
is the most advantageous for it. To this end, information is obtained regarding the sales made by 35
sales agents who have completed each of the training programmes required by the company. The results
are reflected in the following table:

Sales made (thousands of €) Program A Program B

[0,4] 10 5
(4,8] 5 9
(8,10] 9 7
(10,13] 7 12
(13,15] 4 2
Total 35 35

Taking into account this information provided by the marketing department answer the following
questions:
a) Which of the two distributions is more homogeneous?
b) Calculate the median and kurtosis for each of the training programs. What can we conclude?
c) What are the minimum sales exceeded by the top 20 % of sales agents for both programs?

13. In order to make a comparison of the age of the personnel hired in 2 companies in the audiovisual sector
(NEWSTV and Visual TV), 10 employees from each of these 2 companies are randomly selected and
their ages recorded. The data obtained from the sampling are shown in the following table:

NEWS_TV Visual TV
20 30
59 43

3
 53 55
54 57
50 33
49 31
57 50
46 31
51 27
53 56

a) Calculate the average and median age of the employees in the sample for each company.
b) Compare the representativeness of the average obtained for each company using the range of the
observations.
c) Compare the representativeness of the average obtained for each company using the Pearson
coefficient of variation.
d) Are the same conclusions obtained in (b) and (c)? Why?

14. At the end of last year, a bank had a composition of its shareholder base which is shown in the next
table:
Number of shares Shareholders
(0-20] 1030
(20-60] 380
(60-100] 180
(100-500] 50
(500-1000] 10
Total 1650

a) Calculate the average number of shares per shareholder and their standard deviation.
b) What is the maximum number of shares held by half of the shareholders?
c) Give a measure of the concentration of the shares and comment on the result obtained through the
data provided by the table.
d) What percentage of the total shares are held by the majority shareholders, knowing that the majority
shareholders are those who hold more than 500 shares.
e) What percentage of the minority shareholders owns 20% of the total shares?

15. In a Company, 20,000 producers are working, whose salaries, according to categories, are:

Wages Number of
(in thousands of €) Producers
[10-20] 12000
(20-40] 6000
(40-50] 1000
(50-100] 800
(100-200] 200
Total 20000

a) Determine the Gini concentration coefficient and interpret its result

b) What part of the total payroll does the top 5% of the staff receive?
c) What percentage of producers receive 50% of salaries?
d) Represent Lorenz curve.

16. The monthly salary of the 150 workers of an insurance company is given in the following table.

4
 Monthly salary (€) # of workers
[700, 900] 20
(900, 1100] 60
(1100, 1400] 30
(1400, 1800] 25
(1800, 2000] 15

a) Calculate the average monthly salary and the most frequent salary of that insurance company
b) Calculate the median of the salary variable, interpreting the result obtained.
d) Calculate the 72th percentile of the salary variable. Interpret the result.
e) Determine if there is equal distribution of the salaries by means of some statistical measure.
f) What percentage of the total salary is received by the 10% of the workers with the highest salary?

5
# Solution
1 a)
Xi (Nº de Horas) ni (Nº de operarios) fi Ni Fi
1 5 8,33 5 8,33
2 8 13,33 13 21,67
3 12 20 25 41,67
4 15 25 40 66,67
5 10 16,67 50 83,33
6 6 10 56 93,33
7 4 6,67 60 100

b) Moda= 4 horas.
c) Media de X= 231/60=3,85 horas.
d) 60/2=30; Mediana=4 horas.
e) 40 operarios
f) 61,66% de los operarios tardaron entre 3 y 5 horas en ensamblar el producto.

2 a)

Xi ni fi Ni Fi
Leves 1 801 0,804 801 0,804
Graves 2 180 0,181 981 0,985
Mortales 3 15 0,015 996 1,000
N 996 1
b)

0,900
0,800
0,700
0,600
0,500
0,400
0,300
0,200
0,100
0,000
Leves Graves Mortales

c)

Leves
Graves
Mortales

6
3 a)

Media 25,2666667
Mediana 24,9166667 22,5 [24-26]
Moda 24,8 12 [24-26]
Varp 9,88444444
Desv 3,14395363

b)

14

12

10

6 Series1

0
20-22 22-24 24-26 26-28 28-30 30-32

14
12
10
8
6 Series1

4
2
0
20-22 22-24 24-26 26-28 28-30 30-32

c)

Asimetría: g1 = m3/S3 = 0,36276857 Asimétrico a la derecha

Apuntamiento:
g2 = m4/S4 – 3 = -0,88089385 Platicúrtica

4 a)

Li-1 Li xi ni Ni fi ci hi=ni/ci xi*ni

0 25 12,5 4 4 0,13333333 25 0,16 50
25 75 50 6 10 0,2 50 0,12 300
75 120 97,5 8 18 0,26666667 45 0,17777778 780

7
 120 150 135 10 28 0,33333333 30 0,33333333 1350
150 200 175 2 30 0,06666667 50 0,04 350
30 2830
𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟎
"=
b) 𝑿 = 𝟗𝟒, 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒆 €
𝟑𝟎
𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟓'𝟏𝟎
𝟐
= 𝟏𝟓; 𝑴𝒆 = 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟖
𝟒𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑, 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒆 €
𝟎,𝟎𝟒
𝑴𝒐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓, 𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒐𝒔
𝟎,𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟕+𝟎,𝟎𝟒

𝟔𝟎∗𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟖'𝟏𝟎
c) 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟏𝟖; 𝑷𝟔𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟖
𝟒𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒆 €

𝟖𝟎∗𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟒'𝟏𝟖
d) 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟐𝟒; 𝑷𝟖𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎
𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒆 €

5 𝐆 = 𝟖, 𝟐𝟑 %

6 𝐆 = 𝟗, 𝟐𝟓 %

7 a)

𝟓
𝟏 + 𝐆 = ?𝟏, 𝟎𝟏 ∗ 𝟏, 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝟏, 𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟏, 𝟎𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝟏, 𝟎𝟏𝟑 ; 𝐆 = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟓%

b)

𝟓
𝟏 + 𝐆 = A𝟏, 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐 ∗ 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟑 ; 𝐆 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟕%
c)

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎, 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟓 + 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟓

"=
𝑿 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖%
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎

8
𝟎,𝟑%𝟎,𝟕
Rentabilidad media = 𝟎,𝟑 𝟎,𝟕 =93,46%
%
𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

9
𝟐𝒅
Velocidad media = 𝒅 𝒅 = 24km/h
%
𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟎

10 a) Media = 4,04 visitas

b) Mo= 4 visitas
c) Q3= 6 visitas
3*50/4=37,5

D1= 1 visita
1*50/10=5

d) P65= 5 visitas
65*50/100=32,5
e) Varianza= 3,6384; Desviación típica=1,907459

11
Xi ni $)𝟑 𝒏𝒊 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
Ni Fi xini xi2ni (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 $)𝟒 𝒏𝒊
0 6 6 0,06 0 0 -493,87725 2148,36604

8
 1 10 16 0,1 10 10 -375,95375 1259,44506
2 20 36 0,2 40 80 -259,5575 609,960125
3 15 51 0,15 45 135 -36,905625 49,8225938
4 8 59 0,08 32 128 -0,343 0,12005
5 4 63 0,04 20 100 1,0985 0,714025
6 15 78 0,15 90 540 67,381875 111,180094
7 3 81 0,03 21 147 55,828875 147,946519
8 5 86 0,05 40 320 243,135625 887,445031
9 3 89 0,03 27 243 301,633875 1402,59752
10 11 100 0,11 110 1100 1983,98338 11209,5061
100 1 435 2803 1486,425 17827,1031

" = 𝟒/ 𝟑𝟓 𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒔; Mediana= 3 llamadas; Moda= 2 llamadas.

a) 𝑿
𝟏𝟎𝟎
b) 𝟒 = 𝟐𝟓 → 𝟏º𝑪𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒍 = 𝟐 𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒔
𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝟐
= 𝟓𝟎 → 𝟐º𝑪𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒍 = 𝟑 𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒔 = 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒂
𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝟑
𝟒
= 𝟕𝟓 → 𝟑º𝑪𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒍 = 𝟔 𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒔
𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝟔𝟓
c) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟔𝟓 → 𝑷𝟔𝟓 = 𝟔 𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒔
d) Varianza= 9’1075, Desviación típica=3’01786348, Coeficiente de Variación=0’69376172.
e) Coeficiente de Asimetría= 0’5408094 Asimetría a la derecha
Coeficiente de Curtosis= -0’85077236 Platicúrtica.

12 PROGRAMA A:

Li-1 Li ni xi xini Xi2ni ci hi Ni

0 4 10 2 20 40 4 2,5 10
4 8 5 6 30 180 4 1,25 15
8 10 9 9 81 729 2 4,5 24
10 13 7 11,5 80,5 925,75 3 2,33333333 31
13 15 4 14 56 784 2 2 35
35 267,5 2658,75

Media (A)= 7,64285714 miles de €

Varianza (A)=17,55102041
Desviación Típica (A)=4,1893938
CV (A)=0,548144983

PROGRAMA B:

Li-1 Li ni xi xini Xi2ni ci hi Ni

0 4 5 2 10 20 4 1,25 5
4 8 9 6 54 324 4 2,25 14
8 10 7 9 63 567 2 3,5 21
10 13 12 11,5 138 1587 3 4 33
13 15 2 14 28 392 2 1 35
35 293 2890

Media (B)= 8,371428571 miles de €

Varianza (B)= 12,4906122
Desviación Típica (B)= 3,534206

9
 CV (B)= 0,42217478

b) Mo(A)= 9,302325581 miles de € Me(A)= 8,555555556 miles de € ; N/2=17,5

Mo(B)= 10,66666667 miles de € Me(B)= 9 miles de €

c) P80(A)=11,71428571 miles de €
N*r/100=28
P80(B)=11,75 miles de €

13
NEWS_TV Visual Television
a) Media 49,2 41,3

b) Mediana 52 38

c1) Recorrido 39 30

Representatividad (CV) 0,792682927 0,726392252

c2) Var 107,56 134,21

Desv. Típica 10,37111373 11,58490397

Representatividad 0,210794995 0,280506149

El rango no tiene en cuenta la distribución de los datos dentro de ese rango, sino
solamente los valores mínimo y máximo, por lo que diferentes distribuciones del mismo
número de datos dentro del mismo rango proporcionarían el mismo valor de dispersión
(rango).

La varianza en cambio sí tiene en cuenta la distribución de las observaciones (con

respecto a la media) por lo que incorpora más información que el rango y es más
idónea.Por ello normalmente se utiliza como medida de representatividad el CV de
perarson.

En relación con el ejercicio, la empresa NEWS_TV "gana" dispersión cuando se mide

mediante rango en vez de mediante varianza (desviación típica) con respecto a la otra
empresa porque su recorrido es mayor al tener un valor outlier en 20 (recorrido de 39
frente al recorrido de 30 de la otra empresa), y por eso pasa a tener un valor de CV
mayor que la empresa VISUAL TELEVISIÓN al emplearse el recorrido (es decir, menos
representatividad).

14
a)
Li-1 - Li ci xi ni xini Xi2ni Ni %𝒑𝒊 % 𝒖𝒊 = 𝒙𝒊 𝒏𝒊 %𝒒𝒊
𝑵𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒏𝒊 acumulada 𝒖𝒊
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵 ∑𝒊#𝟓 𝒙𝒊 𝒏𝒊 𝒖𝒌
0-20 20 10 1030 10300 103000 1030 62,42 0,17 10300 16,51
20-60 40 40 380 15200 608000 1410 85,45 0,24 25500 40,87
60-100 40 80 180 14400 1152000 1590 96,36 0,23 39900 63,94
100-500 400 300 50 15000 4500000 1640 99,39 0,24 54900 87,98

500- 500 750 10 7500 5625000 1650 100 0,12 62400 100
1000
Total 1650 62400 11988000 1

10
 " = 𝟑𝟕, 𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂; 𝑺𝟐𝒙 = 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟓, 𝟎𝟗; 𝑺 = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟑𝟗
𝒙
𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟎
'𝟎
b) 𝑴𝒆 = 𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟐
20=16,0194 acciones.
c) IG=0,3909; Está próximo a 0,4 luego el reparto de acciones no es del todo equitativo.
d) Los accionistas mayoritarios (más de 500 acciones) poseen el 12% de la totalidad de las acciones: (100-
87,98)%=12%.
e) Realizamos una interpolación:
𝒙 − 𝟔𝟐, 𝟒𝟐 𝟖𝟓, 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟔𝟐, 𝟒𝟐
= → 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟓, 𝟕𝟔𝟐%
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟔, 𝟓𝟏 𝟒𝟎, 𝟖𝟕 − 𝟏𝟔, 𝟓𝟏

El 65,762% de accionistas minoritarios posee el 20% del total de las acciones.

15 a)
Li-1 - Li ci xi ni Ni xini 𝒖𝒊 = 𝒙𝒊 𝒏𝒊 %𝒑𝒊 %𝒒𝒊 pi-qi
acumulada 𝑵𝒊 𝒖𝒊
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵 𝒖𝒌
10-20 10 15 12000 12000 180000 180000 60 36,36 23,64
20-40 20 30 6000 18000 180000 360000 90 72,73 17,27
40-50 10 45 100 19000 45000 405000 95 81,82 13,18
50-100 50 75 800 19800 60000 465000 99 93,94 5,06
100-200 100 150 200 20000 30000 495000 100 100 -
Total 20000 495000 344 284,85 59,15

IG=59,15/344=0,1720. Como este coeficiente está próximo a 0, la masa salarial está bastante bien repartida.
b) ¿Qué parte de la nómina percibe el 5% del personal mejor pagado? Como el 95 % de los peor pagados
cobran el 81,82 %, el restante 5 % de los que más cobran reciben el 18,18 % de la renta (100-81,82 = 18,18 %).
c) ¿Qué porcentaje de productores perciben el 50% de los salarios?
𝟗𝟎%'𝟔𝟎% 𝟗𝟎%'𝒙
Resolviendo la ecuación 𝟕𝟐,𝟕𝟑%'𝟑𝟔,𝟑𝟔% = 𝟓𝟎'𝟑𝟔,𝟑𝟔% x= 90 % - 11,25 % = 78,74 % de los trabajadores perciben
el 50% de la nómina.

16 a) El salario mensual medio es de 1213,33 € y la moda es de 1000 €

b) Salario mediano es 1083,3 €
c) El percentil 72 es de 1.380 €/mes
d) IG = 32,75/230 = 0,1424 está bastante próximo a 0 y por tanto bien distribuida.
e) El 15,66 % del salario

11