Chapter 7

1) B
2) B
3) B
4) C
5) A
6) B
7) B
8) B -> C
9) B
10) D -> B

### Multiple-Choice Questions

1. **Which of the following was a primary challenge faced by the United States in
the years following the Revolutionary War?**
- A. A strong and unified political system
- B. Economic instability and debt
- C. Rapid population growth
- D. A well-established foreign policy

2. **What was the main purpose of the Constitutional Convention of 1787?**

- A. To draft a new Declaration of Independence
- B. To address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
- C. To negotiate treaties with foreign nations
- D. To establish a system for electing a president

3. **Which of the following compromises addressed the issue of representation in

Congress?**
- A. The Three-Fifths Compromise
- B. The Connecticut Compromise
- C. The Missouri Compromise
- D. The Compromise of 1850

4. **What was the significance of the Federalist Papers?**

- A. They were a series of essays promoting the abolition of slavery.
- B. They were written to persuade states to reject the Constitution.
- C. They defended the principles of the Constitution and encouraged its
ratification.
- D. They outlined the arguments for maintaining the Articles of Confederation.

5. **Which of the following best describes the main difference between Federalists
and Anti-Federalists?**
- A. Federalists wanted a strong central government, while Anti-Federalists
advocated for states’ rights.
- B. Federalists supported slavery, while Anti-Federalists opposed it.
- C. Federalists were primarily rural, while Anti-Federalists were urban.
- D. Federalists were in favor of the Articles of Confederation, while Anti-
Federalists sought a new Constitution.

6. **Which document served as the first governing document of the United States?**
- A. The Constitution
- B. The Articles of Confederation
- C. The Bill of Rights
- D. The Declaration of Independence

7. **What was one major outcome of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?**

- A. It allowed for the expansion of slavery into new territories.
 - B. It established a process for admitting new states to the Union and
prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.
- C. It created a national bank.
- D. It outlined the powers of the federal government.

8. **Which founding father is known for his opposition to a strong central

government and his role in drafting the Bill of Rights?**
- A. Alexander Hamilton
- B. Thomas Jefferson
- C. James Madison
- D. John Adams

9. **What event highlighted the inability of the federal government under the
Articles of Confederation to maintain order?**
- A. The Boston Tea Party
- B. The Whiskey Rebellion
- C. The Battle of Saratoga
- D. The Battle of Yorktown

10. **How did the economic challenges faced by the United States after the
Revolutionary War contribute to the calling of the Constitutional Convention?**
- A. They made the Articles of Confederation seem more effective.
- B. They led to widespread calls for a national currency and federal
regulation of commerce.
- C. They resulted in a significant decrease in trade with Europe.
- D. They caused a complete collapse of the American economy.

Here’s an explanation for both questions and why the indicated answers are correct:

### Question 8: **Which founding father is known for his opposition to a strong
central government and his role in drafting the Bill of Rights?**

- **Answer: C. James Madison.**

#### Explanation:
1. **Opposition to a Strong Central Government:**
- While James Madison is often associated with the drafting of the Constitution
and is known as the "Father of the Constitution," he initially had reservations
about a strong central government, particularly during the debates that followed
the Constitution's drafting. He recognized the need to balance federal power with
state sovereignty and individual rights.

2. **Role in Drafting the Bill of Rights:**

- Madison became a strong advocate for the inclusion of the **Bill of Rights**
to address concerns raised by Anti-Federalists, who feared that the new
Constitution would grant too much power to the federal government at the expense of
individual liberties.
- He played a crucial role in drafting the Bill of Rights in 1789, which
consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution. These amendments were
designed to protect individual freedoms and limit government power.

3. **Contrast with Other Options:**

- **A. Alexander Hamilton:** He was a proponent of a strong central government
and opposed the inclusion of a Bill of Rights, believing it was unnecessary.
- **B. Thomas Jefferson:** He was an advocate for individual rights and limited
government but was not directly involved in drafting the Bill of Rights while he
was serving as the U.S. Minister to France at the time.
- **D. John Adams:** While he supported individual rights, he was not primarily
known for opposing a strong central government or drafting the Bill of Rights.
### Question 10: **How did the economic challenges faced by the United States after
the Revolutionary War contribute to the calling of the Constitutional Convention?**

- **Answer: B. They led to widespread calls for a national currency and federal
regulation of commerce.**

#### Explanation:
1. **Economic Challenges Post-War:**
- After the Revolutionary War, the United States faced significant economic
difficulties, including inflation, debt from the war, and a lack of a unified
economic policy. The Articles of Confederation had created a weak central
government that struggled to address these economic issues.

2. **Need for a National Currency and Regulation:**

- The absence of a national currency made trade between states complicated and
unreliable. Each state had its own currency, leading to confusion and hindering
economic growth.
- Additionally, states were imposing tariffs and trade restrictions on one
another, leading to conflicts and further economic fragmentation. This created a
strong desire for a federal system that could regulate commerce and establish a
stable national currency.

3. **Call for a Stronger Federal Government:**

- These economic challenges highlighted the inadequacies of the Articles of
Confederation, prompting leaders to call for a Constitutional Convention to create
a new framework of government that could effectively manage economic policy,
regulate interstate commerce, and provide for a unified currency.

4. **Contrast with Other Options:**

- **A. They made the Articles of Confederation seem more effective:** The
economic issues actually exposed the weaknesses of the Articles, not their
effectiveness.
- **C. They resulted in a significant decrease in trade with Europe:** While
trade challenges existed, the more pressing issue was the lack of a unified
national trade policy.
- **D. They caused a complete collapse of the American economy:** While the
economy faced severe challenges, it did not completely collapse; instead, it was
the struggle to stabilize it that motivated the call for the Convention.

1) B
2) B
3) B
4) D -> C
5) B
6) B
7) D -> A
8) B
9) A
10) B

### Additional Multiple-Choice Questions

1. **What role did Alexander Hamilton play in shaping the new American government?
**
- A. He opposed the ratification of the Constitution.
- B. He was a leading advocate for a strong central government and the first
Secretary of the Treasury.
- C. He focused solely on foreign policy as Secretary of State.
- D. He was a major proponent of states’ rights.

2. **Which of the following statements best describes the Federalists' view on the
Constitution?**
- A. They believed it was too strong and threatened individual liberties.
- B. They argued it created a necessary framework for a stable government.
- C. They thought it should be amended to include a Bill of Rights.
- D. They preferred the Articles of Confederation over the new Constitution.

3. **What was the primary purpose of the Bill of Rights?**

- A. To establish the framework of the federal government
- B. To protect individual liberties against government infringement
- C. To define the powers of the states
- D. To outline the responsibilities of citizens

4. **Which of the following issues was a key point of contention during the
ratification debates?**
- A. The length of the presidential term
- B. The method of electing senators
- C. The inclusion of a Bill of Rights
- D. The number of representatives per state

5. **What was the significance of the first census conducted in 1790?**

- A. It determined the location of the nation’s capital.
- B. It established the population and helped allocate seats in Congress.
- C. It marked the official start of American political parties.
- D. It outlined the nation’s foreign policy.

6. **Which group was primarily concerned about the potential for tyranny under a
strong central government?**
- A. Federalists
- B. Anti-Federalists
- C. Democratic-Republicans
- D. Loyalists

7. **What financial crisis did the United States face in the early 1780s?**
- A. High inflation due to excessive printing of money
- B. A surplus of gold and silver
- C. A balanced federal budget
- D. An immediate need for military funding

8. **Which of the following best describes the economic policy that Alexander
Hamilton advocated for?**
- A. Emphasis on agriculture and state control of the economy
- B. Establishment of a national bank and promotion of manufacturing
- C. Strict adherence to the Articles of Confederation
- D. Elimination of tariffs and trade barriers

9. **What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789?**

- A. It established the Supreme Court and the federal judiciary.
- B. It defined the powers of the President.
- C. It created a national army.
- D. It abolished slavery in the territories.

10. **How did the relationship between the United States and Native American tribes
change after the Revolutionary War?**
- A. Native Americans gained more autonomy and recognition.
 - B. The U.S. government sought to establish treaties that often resulted in
land loss for tribes.
- C. Native Americans were granted citizenship and voting rights.
- D. There was no significant change in the relationship.

The answer to the 7th question is **A. High inflation due to excessive printing of
money.** Here’s an explanation of why this is the correct answer:

### Explanation:

1. **Post-Revolution Economic Context:**

- After the Revolutionary War, the United States was struggling with significant
economic challenges. The war had left many states in debt, and the government had
financed the war largely by printing money. The lack of a strong central government
under the Articles of Confederation meant that states often acted independently,
leading to further economic instability.

2. **Excessive Printing of Money:**

- To pay off debts and fund government operations, many states printed large
amounts of paper money. This overproduction of currency led to **high inflation**,
where the value of money decreased relative to goods and services. As more money
flooded the economy, prices skyrocketed, making it difficult for citizens to afford
basic necessities.

3. **Public Response:**
- The inflation crisis caused widespread discontent among the populace. Farmers
and ordinary citizens found it increasingly difficult to make ends meet, leading to
protests and events such as **Shays' Rebellion** in 1786-1787, where angry farmers
in Massachusetts took up arms against the state government to protest high taxes
and aggressive debt collection.

4. **Economic Instability:**
- The high inflation created an unstable economy, undermining public confidence
in the currency and the government’s ability to manage economic affairs. This
financial crisis underscored the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and
contributed to the calls for the Constitutional Convention, where a stronger
federal government would be established.

### Contrast with Other Options:

- **B. A surplus of gold and silver:** This was not the case; the country was
dealing with a shortage of hard currency and valuable metals.
- **C. A balanced federal budget:** The U.S. was far from having a balanced budget;
the government was heavily in debt and struggling to fund its obligations.
- **D. An immediate need for military funding:** While there were issues with
funding the military, the more pressing problem was the overall economic
instability resulting from inflation and the inability to raise funds through
taxation or effective financial policies.

1) B -> A
2) C
3) C
4) B
5) A
6) A
7) B
8) C
9) C -> B
10) B -> C

### Additional Multiple-Choice Questions

1. **What was one of the main arguments made by Anti-Federalists against the
Constitution?**
- A. It provided for a strong executive branch.
- B. It included a Bill of Rights.
- C. It established a unicameral legislature.
- D. It favored the interests of small states over large states.

2. **Which prominent figure was a leading supporter of the Constitutional

Convention and later became the first President of the United States?**
- A. John Adams
- B. Thomas Jefferson
- C. George Washington
- D. Benjamin Franklin

3. **How did the issue of slavery influence the Constitutional Convention?**

- A. It was completely ignored by the delegates.
- B. It resulted in the immediate abolition of slavery in the Northern states.
- C. It led to compromises that allowed slavery to continue while balancing
representation.
- D. It prompted the creation of a separate constitution for slave states.

4. **What economic policy did Hamilton's financial plan include to raise revenue?**
- A. Implementation of income tax
- B. Establishment of tariffs on imported goods
- C. Decrease in trade with Europe
- D. Abolishment of state debts

5. **Which of the following was a consequence of the War of 1812 for the United
States?**
- A. The dissolution of the Federalist Party
- B. A significant increase in British trade
- C. The expansion of slavery in the South
- D. A stronger emphasis on foreign alliances

6. **Which treaty formally ended the War of 1812?**

- A. Treaty of Ghent
- B. Treaty of Paris
- C. Adams-Onís Treaty
- D. Treaty of Fort Jackson

7. **What was the purpose of the Jay Treaty of 1794?**

- A. To resolve conflicts with Spain over Florida
- B. To settle disputes with Britain and avoid war
- C. To establish trade relations with France
- D. To negotiate peace with Native American tribes

8. **How did the rise of political parties in the early 1800s impact American
politics?**
- A. It eliminated competition for political office.
- B. It created a more unified government.
- C. It led to increased voter participation and engagement.
- D. It allowed for a single-party system to dominate.

9. **Which amendment to the Constitution established the process for electing the
President and Vice President?**
- A. The First Amendment
- B. The Twelfth Amendment
- C. The Fifteenth Amendment
- D. The Seventeenth Amendment

10. **What was the primary focus of the Democratic-Republican Party in the early
19th century?**
- A. Strong central government and federal power
- B. Expansion of national banks and industry
- C. States' rights and agrarian interests
- D. Promotion of a strong military presence

Here’s an explanation for both questions and why the indicated answers are correct:

### Question 1: **What was one of the main arguments made by Anti-Federalists
against the Constitution?**

- **Answer: A. It provided for a strong executive branch.**

#### Explanation:
1. **Concerns About Centralized Power:**
- The Anti-Federalists were deeply concerned that the new Constitution
concentrated too much power in a central government, particularly in the executive
branch. They feared that this would lead to tyranny and the erosion of individual
liberties and state sovereignty.

2. **Executive Power:**
- The Constitution established a strong executive branch headed by the
President, which the Anti-Federalists argued could lead to a potential abuse of
power. They were particularly worried about the President having the ability to
enforce laws, command the military, and wield significant influence over domestic
and foreign policy without sufficient checks from the legislative and judicial
branches.

3. **Contrast with Other Options:**

- **B. It included a Bill of Rights:** While Anti-Federalists argued for the
inclusion of a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties, the initial draft of
the Constitution did not include it, which was a significant point of contention.
- **C. It established a unicameral legislature:** The Constitution actually
created a bicameral legislature (the House of Representatives and the Senate),
which was not a point of contention among the Anti-Federalists.
- **D. It favored the interests of small states over large states:** This was
not a central argument of the Anti-Federalists. In fact, the Great Compromise
addressed representation concerns between small and large states.

### Question 10: **What was the primary focus of the Democratic-Republican Party in
the early 19th century?**

- **Answer: C. States' rights and agrarian interests.**

#### Explanation:
1. **Core Philosophy:**
- The Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
in the early 19th century, championed the principles of states' rights and
agrarianism. They believed in limiting the powers of the federal government and
protecting the rights of individual states.

2. **Support for Agrarian Interests:**

 - The party was primarily composed of farmers and rural constituents who valued
agricultural interests over industrialization. They argued that the economy should
be based on agriculture and that a strong federal government could threaten the
agrarian lifestyle and local autonomy.

3. **Contrast with Other Options:**

- **A. Strong central government and federal power:** This was the stance of the
Federalist Party, which supported a strong central government.
- **B. Expansion of national banks and industry:** The Democratic-Republicans
were generally opposed to the establishment of a national bank and were skeptical
of the growing industrial economy.
- **D. Promotion of a strong military presence:** The Democratic-Republicans
advocated for a smaller military and more restrained foreign policy, contrasting
with the Federalists, who favored a strong military.