Unit one: Study skills

1.1. Grammar focus: Modal verbs for giving advice

To give advice, we can use should, ought to and had better.

Positive form:

 S + should + verb
 S + ought to + verb
 S + had better + verb

Negative form:
 S + should not/ shouldn‟t + verb
 S + ought not to/ oughtn‟t to + verb
 S + had better not + verb

Example:

1. You should put cool water on a burn.

2. You ought to put cool water on a burn.
3. You had better put cool water on a burn.
4. You shouldn’t drink spoil water.
5. You ought not to go out at night alone.
6. You had better not come late to school.
 We use „‟ should/ ought to‟‟
1. To give advice which doesn‟t have negative consequences if we don‟t follow it.
2. To give advice from speakers point of view.
3. When we give advice with I or to give advice to ourselves
Example:
1. You ought to/should wear a warm jacket.
2. You ought to/should work very hard.
3. You should / ought to study harder.
4. Young children shouldn't / oughtn’t to watch violent TV show.
5. I should/ ought to live if I were you.
6. You should/ ought to wash your face every day.
7. You ought to/ should listen carefully. We ought to leave now. Lucy ought to go by herself.
People ought to be a bit nicer to us.
 We use “Had better”:
1. To give strong advice.
2. To give the advice, which has negative consequence if you don't follow it.
3. To give advice when there is the threat (risk) of danger if you do not follow the advice.

Example:

1. We'd better take something to eat or we will be hungry later.

2. It's getting late. You'd better leave now or you will miss your bus.
3. I'd better go to bed; I have to be up early tomorrow.
4. You had better slow down. You are driving too fast!

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 5. You had better not forget to pay your tuition. If you forget, the university will kick you out
6. You had better do your homework. If you do not do your homework, the teacher will give
you a low mark.
7. You'd better take an umbrella or you will get wet.
8. He'd better remember to wear a neck-tie or they won't let him in the restaurant.
9. I think I had better take them or they will get lost.
 In question and negative sentences, it is better using „should‟

Example:

1. Should I go in June or July?

2. Should I visit the north or south?
3. Should I fly or go by train?
4. Which food should I try?
5. Where should I stay?
6. How much money should I take?
7. Should I put cool water on a burn?

If we want to use them informally

You ought not to disturb your friends.
Ought I to put cool water on a burn? Had
better I put cool water on a burn?

Here below more examples about ways of giving advice:

 You should study harder.

 You should to study harder. Wrong!
 You had better slowing down. Wrong!
 She ought to to drink more water. Wrong!
 You had better try this ice cream! It's delicious. (= Wrong/Unnatural)
 John is a bad student. He has poor grades. His teacher can say: "You had better study!" because if John
doesn't, he might fail the course (this is the danger).
 You had better brush your teeth. (The danger: If you don't, may have teeth problems.)
 You have to brush your teeth. (This is an obligation. It doesn't suggest a danger.)
 You must brush your teeth. (This is an obligation. It doesn't suggest a danger.)
 You should brush your teeth. (This is just advice. You are saying it would be a good idea.)
 You had better not touch the alligator. (The danger: If you do, it will bite you.)
 You must not touch the alligator. (This is a rule.)
 means something is not necessary (but still an option). It doesn't make sense here.)
 You should not touch the alligator. (This is a simple advice)

Choose the right answer from the given alternatives for each of the following question

1. You eat fast food. Otherwise, you will gain pain.

A. shouldn‟t B. ought not to C. had better not D. had not better
2. I'm going to a party tonight. What wear: a dress or black pants?
A. should I B. ought to I C. had better I D. I should
3. Our car's gas tank is almost empty. We fill it up with gas soon or we will run out of gas!
A. should B. ought to C. had better D. had better to
4. If you are worried about getting fat, you eat at McDonald's every day. You eat healthy, low-fat
foods like fruits and vegetables.
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 A. shouldn‟t/should B. ought not to / ought to C. had better not /had better
5. It's really raining outside right now. I forget my umbrella or I'll get wet!
A. shouldn‟t B. ought not to C. had better not D. should not to

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 6. Where we have lunch today: at home or in a restaurant?
A. should B. ought to C. had better
7. I need a quiet place to study. Where go?
A. I should B. ought to C. should I
8. A: I think that the grade my teacher gave me on my test is wrong.
B: really? You to her after class today.
A. ought talk B. should to talk C. ought to talk D. had better talk
9. It is raining and I don‟t want to get my dress wet. I an umbrella.
A. Had better not bring B. had better to bring C. had better bring
10. A: I am very hot.
B: you your coat.
A. should take off B. ought take off C. better had D. had better
11. My doctor feels that I exercise more because I'm out of shape and want to lose weight. I think he's
right.
A. should to B. ought to C. had better D. may
12. You look tired. You take a rest.
A. should B. ought C. had better D. may
13. It is snowing, we go home.
A. should to B. ought to C. had better D. have to
14. The airline allows only two pieces of luggage. You pack too much or you will have to
talk some of it out at the airport.
A. had better not B. better not C. had not better D. should not E. ought not to
15. You to her after class.
A. ought talk B. should to talk C. ought to talk
16. You to wash your face every day.
A. should B. ought C. had better
17. Which one is grammatically correct sentence?
A. I ought to finished my work early morning.
B. You had better slowing down.
C. He should to bring his note books.
D. You had better do exercises regularly.
18. You had better me later.
A. call B. calling C. to call D. called
19. better buy some more milk.
A. She a B. She'd C. She's
20. We had better now before it gets too busy.
A. goes B. going C. go D. went
21. You ought a suit to the interview.
A. to wear B. wore C. wear
22. I should some weight before next summer.
A. lost B. loose C. lose
23. They'd better planning now or the project will be a failure.
A. starts B. start C. to start D. started
24. You eat this cake. It is very delicious.
A.
1.2. Grammar focus: present perfect tense vs simple past tense
 Present perfect tense
Form:
Subject + has /have + verb3 (past participle form of a verb)

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 Example:

Example:
 She has gone home.
 We have identified the issues.
Use: We use present perfect tense:
1. To describe action that happened at an unspecified time in the past or before the present. We don‟t
exactly when the action happened. The time is not given.
Example:
 He has broken the chair. (We don‟t know when he broke)
 They have bought new trousers. ( I don‟t know when they bought)
2. To describe past action which has present result
3. To describe past action which has influence on the present
Example:
 She has washed her dress. Her dress is tidy now.
 I have eaten pizza. I don‟t need anything to teat now. I am full.
 They have done their homework. They can play football now.
4. With words “just, already, since, for, yet, ever, so far, up to now, till now and never”
Example:
 Class has already started.
 Students have learnt here since 2010.
 The teacher hasn’t come yet.
 The cat has just left out.
 Simple past tense:
Form:

Subject + verb2 (simple past form of a verb)

Example:
 She went home.
 We identified the issues.
Use: We use simple past tense:
1. To describe action happened at a specified time in the past or before present. We know when the action
happened. The time is given.
Example:
 He broke the chair yesterday.
 They bought new trouser in 2014.
2. To describe actions that happened in the past orderly.
3. To say what happened in the past, often in sequential order.
Example:
 First, he went home and put off his uniforms and then he left out home by closing it behind.
4. To describe past action that happened after another past action occurred.

When + simple past + past perfect

After + past perfect + simple past 4
Before + simple past + past perfect
 Form:

Example:
 After they had seen me, they told to my parents.
 After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo.
 When Jane went to see the elephants, she had already seen the lions.
 We had studied hard before we joined a good department.
 When Jane saw the elephants, she was amazed. (at the same time)
 When Jane had seen the elephants, she wanted to see the giraffes. (second action happened
after the first action had been completed)
 When Jane went to see the elephants, she had already seen the lions. (second action had
been completed when the first action took place)
5. To describe past action that interrupted another progress past action.

While + past continuous + simple past

Form:
When + simple past + past continuous
Past continuous + when + simple past
Example:
 While we were studying, the light went off.
 When she was eating food, her phone rang.
 I was writing when my teacher asked me question.
6. With words “ago, yesterday, last week/year/month/Friday/Monday…….
Example:
 The director told us yesterday as he will go to London.
 My younger brother came to visit me two days ago.
 Why did you do your assignment last night?
NB: See the meaning of the following sentences.
 I have eaten my lunch. ( I am full)
 I ate my lunch. ( I am hungry)
 I have read this book last year.( wrong sentence)
 I loved you since I saw you. (wrong sentence)
 I read this book last year.(correct )
 I have loved you since I saw you. (correct)
Choose the right answer from the given alternatives

1. Peter football yesterday.

A. plays B. played C. has played D. have played
2. They the car. It looks new again.
A. clean B. cleaned C. has cleaned D. have cleaned
3. Last year, we to Italy.
A. are going B. have went C. have gone D. went
4. John and Peggy the book. Now they can watch the film.
A. read B. are reading C. have read D. has read
5. I my friend two days ago.
A. met B. meet C. have met D. have meet
6. We another country before.
A. never visit B. never visited C. have never visited D. are never visited
7. She a new car in 2011.
A. bought B.is buying C. has bought D. have bought

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8. The girls their lunch yet.
A. don‟t eat B. are not eating C. have not eaten D. didn‟t eat
9. They on holiday twice this year.
A. are B. were C. had been D. have been
10. We a lot of positive feedback so far.
A. don‟t have B. didn‟t had C. aren‟t having D. haven‟t had
11. I that movie twenty times.
A. see B. saw C. am seeing D. have seen
12. My English since I moved to Australia.
A. improves B. improved C. has improved D. have improved
13. A: Have you seen Kaleb?
B: Yes, I have seen him. He to shop. He will be back soon.
A. went B. is going to C. has gone D. has been
14. We to the park yesterday evening.
A. go B. went C. have gone D. had gone
15. The guests had eaten the cake by the time Sophia .
A. arrives B. arrived C. had arrived D. have arrived
16. I was a vegetarian when I younger.
A. am B. was C. had been D. have been
17. She'd published her first poem by the time she eight.
A. is B. had been C. was D. has been
18. I to visit her when she had just moved to Berlin.
A. go B. went C. had gone d. have gone
19. I had never met anyone from California before I Jim.
A. meet B. met C. have met D. am meeting
20. After the family had had breakfast, they to the zoo.
A. go B. went C. had gone D. have gone
21. She was working on an email when the fire alarm .
A. rings B. rang C. have rung D. was ringing
22. My parents while I was shopping.
A. arrive B. arrived C. have arrived D. had arrived
23. Emy in Portugal when she was young.
A. lives B. lived C. has lived D. had lived
24. She in seven different countries, so she knows a lot about different cultures.
A. lives B. lived C. has lived D. had lived
25. Ow! He my finger.
A. cut B. is cutting C. has cut D. cuts
26. I Paris 3 times.
A. visit B. am visiting C. have visited D. visited
27. My aunt when I was eight.
A. dies B. was dying C. died D. has died
28. I volley ball since I was a child.
A. play B. played C. have played D. was playing
29. I am sorry. John is not here now. He to shop.
A. goes B. is going C. went D. has gone E. has been
30. We our exams finally. We are so happy.
A. finish B. finished C. had finished D. have finished
31. We to London because the queen had invited us for tea.
A. go B. went C. have gone D. had gone
32. I had known him for a long time before I his family.

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 A. meet B. met C. have met D. am meeting
33. I was sitting in a café when you me.
A. call B. are calling C. called D. have called
34. He was taking a shower when his telephone .
A. rings B. rang C. has rung D. was ringing
35. I'm sorry, but I to do my homework.
A. forget B. forgot C. have forgot D. have forget

Unit two: Health and Fitness

2.1. Conditional sentences

 Conditional sentence is a sentence which starts with “if, when, even if, as long as, provided that and
unless”.

Example:

 If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

 Unless you work your homework, I will punish you.
 As long as you take enough exercise, you will stay healthy.
 Provided that you need help, I will be there for you.
 Even if study hard, you won‟t pass the exam.
 If it rains tomorrow, my parents will be pleased.
 Unless you study hard, you will fail the test.

 Conditional sentence is a sentence that presents one event as the condition for other event. The first
event by if clause. The second event by main clause.
 Conditional sentence has two clauses.

If clause: starts with if +subject.

Main clause: starts with subject + will.

 We use conditional sentences to talk about something that depends on something else.
 We use conditional sentences to talk about future possibilities.

Example:

 If I eat healthy food now, I will be healthier when I am older.

 If she studies harder, she will join to university.

 We use conditional sentences in present to talk about habits or truth

Example:

 If I wake up early, I eat breakfast before going to school.

 If we boil water, it evaporates.

 The two parts of conditional sentence can go either first or second in the same sentence.

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 Example:

 If you eat too many cakes, you will get fat.

 You will get fat if you eat too many cakes.

Types of conditional sentence

 There are 4 types of conditional sentence. These are:

1. First condition (predictive, likely, probable, possible) condition: is a conditional sentence which has
likely connection between if clause and main clause.

If clause main clause

Form: if + subject + verb1 subject + will + verb1
Tense: simple present simple future

Example:

 If you ask her, she will marry you.

 If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
 If we go to Arbaminch, we will see crocodiles.

2. Second condition (hypothetical, unlikely, improbable and unreal) condition: is a conditional sentence
which has unlikely connection between if clause and main clause.

If clause main clause

Form: if + subject + verb2 subject + would + verb1
Tense: simple past conditional tense

Example:

 If I got the job, I would go to London.

MEANING: I don‟t get job; as the result, I can‟t go to London.

 If I were you, I would go to Europe.

MEANING: I am not you; as the result, I can‟t go to Europe.

 If he called me, I would have helped him.

MEANING: He didn‟t call me; as the result, I would help him.

3. Third condition (impossible, counter factual) condition: is a conditional sentence which expresses
imaginary connection between event that is never happened and another event that also never happened.

If clause main clause

Form: if + subject + had + verb3 subject + would + have + verb3 8
Tense: past perfect future perfect
 Example:

 If I had had enough, I would have bought a car.

MEANING: I hadn‟t enough money; as the result, I couldn‟t buy a car.

 If we had gone to Bahir Dar, we would have visited lake Tana.

Meaning: we didn‟t got to Bahir Dar, so we didn‟t visit lake Tana.

4. Zero condition (real, factual) condition: is a conditional sentence which expresses fixed connection
between two events. It talks about facts or situations which are always true.

If clause main clause

Form: if/when + verb1 subject + verb1
Tense: simple present simple present

Example:

 If you heat ice, it melts.

 If you boil water, it evaporates.
 If you mix H2 and O2, it gives H2O.
 If you heat ice, it melts.
 When she is not in, her sister takes a message.
 If you don‟t water plants, they die.

Meanings of conditional sentence

 If the given conditional sentence is type two and positive, the meaning is negative and simple
present tense.

Example:

 If I were a bird, I would fly.

Meaning: I am not a bird, so I can‟t fly.

 If I had money, I would buy chocolate.

Meaning: I haven‟t money, so I don‟t buy chocolate.

 If the given conditional sentence is type two and negative, the meaning is positive and simple
present.

Example:

 If she didn‟t come to school, she wouldn‟t miss quiz.

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Meaning: She comes to school, so she take quiz.

 If I were not you brother, I would not live in America.

Meaning: I am your brother, so I live in America.

 If the given conditional sentence is type three and positive, the meaning is negative and simple
past.

Example:

 If I had been a bird, I would have flown.

Meaning: I was not a bird, so couldn‟t fly.

 If they had asked me, I would have given them.

Meaning: They didn‟t ask me, so I didn‟t give them.

 If the given conditional sentence is type three and negative, the meaning is positive and simple
past.

Example:

 If I had not been your brother, I would not have lived in America.

Meaning: I was your brother, so I lived in America.

 I she hadn‟t had lots of money; she wouldn‟t have bought me a car.

Meaning: She had lots of money, so she bought me a car.

Choose the right answer from the given alternatives

1. If I early, I will call you.

A. finish B. finished C. had finished D. finishing
2. I the 9:00 train if I hurry up.
A. will catch B. will catching C. would caught D. would have caught
3. Had I had known seen you, I them
A. told B. will tell C. would have told D. would tell
4. If I a star, I would help the needy.
A. am B. was C. had been D. were
5. He a house if he had a job.
A. buy B. bought C. had bought D. had buy
6. She happy, if she married him.
A. will be B. would be C. had been D. is
7. If she puts wet clothes at hot sun, they dry.
A. will be B. would be C. would have been D. are
8. If I knew the answer, I you.
A. will tell B. would tell C. would have told D. tell
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9. If you heat ice, it .
A. will melt B. would melt C. would have melted D. melts
10. If we had studied hard, we our exam.
A. will pass B. would pass C. would have passed D. pass
11. If they us very well, we all would pass our exam.
A. teach B. taught C. had taught D. teaching
12. If she in America, she would have spoken English well.
A. lives B. lived C. had lived D. will live
13. If I had some money, I would buy a new CD. Means
A. I have money, so I can buy a new cd. C. I don‟t have money, so I cannot buy a new cd.
B. I had money, so I bought a new cd. D. I didn‟t have money, so I couldn‟t buy a new cd.
14. If it was raining today, we would stay at home. Means
A. The rain rains, so I stay at home. C. The rain doesn‟t rain, so I don‟t stay at home.
B. The rain rained, so I stayed at home. D. The rain didn‟t rain, so I left out off home.
15. If I had had a bicycle, I would not have gone to school by bus. Means
A.I have a bicycle, I cannot go to school by bus. C. I don‟t have a bicycle, I go to school by bus.
B.I had a bicycle; I didn‟t go to school by bus. D. I didn‟t have a bicycle, I went to school by bus.

2.2. Identifying main idea of a paragraph

Main idea:

 is a central point that the writer wants to communicate to the readers.

 is a sentence that provide the subject for discussion.
 is a sentence that gives overarching ideas what the text/paragraph is about.
 is the sentence that answers the question:

a. What does the writer want me to know about the topic?

How to find main idea from reading text?

Finding a main idea is critical to understand what we are reading. It helps the details make sense and
have relevance, and provides a framework for remembering the content.

 To find the main idea of a reading text:

1. Identify topic

2. Look for repetition of ideas

3. Ask yourself:

a. What does the author want me to know?

b. What is the author teaching me?

4. Check the first and the last sentence.

5. Avoid details.

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 Topic and topic sentence/ main idea must not be too general or too narrow.

Example:

 Smoking broad topic

 The effects of smoking good topic sentence/main idea
 Smoking leads uncured disease lung cancer. too narrow so it not good topic sentence but it can be a
supporting detail

What is the main idea of the following paragraph?

I really like apples. They are sweet, crisp, and juicy and just filling enough to take the edge off my appetite.
When I eat apples, I also think of the vitamins and minerals they contain, and the fiber they supply to keep me
healthy.

 Main Idea: I like apples

 Major Detail: They are crisp, juicy, and filling.
 Major Detail: They provide healthy vitamins, minerals, and fiber.

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