PHY 032: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Temperature Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. Convert temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit and College Physics by Giambatista,
Kelvin and vice versa. Richardson, Richardson.
2. Calculate the coefficient of linear expansivity of different Physics for Scientist and
materials. Engineers with Modern Physics
by Serwey, Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand

Because of the pandemic, everyone has been

very conscious of their body temperatures
including you. When do you say that any object
is hot or cold? How can you distinguish a hot
object from a cold object by touching them?
Discover the transfer of energy from one object
to another.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
In our previous lessons, you have learned that in mechanics, physical phenomenon can be
described completely in terms of the three fundamental quantities: the length, mass, and time. And for
other derived quantities such as energy, force, acceleration, and momentum are expressed from these
fundamental quantities.
In the study of heat, however, we again need another quantity- temperature- which is expressed
in another unit.
We often relate the idea of temperature with the hotness and coldness of a body when we touch
it. In this manner, our sense of touch, enable us to measure a qualitative indication of temperature. The
temperature of an object is defined as the property that determines the transfer of energy to and from
other objects.
2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

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What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 Why is it advisable to buy new

pair of shoes in the afternoon than
in the morning?

2 Why do engineers provide

expansion joints in concrete
roads?

3 Why does your cellphone

batteries swell?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If two objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with the third object C, then object A and object
B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

When two objects with different temperature are placed in contact with each other, they will
undergo changes after some time, In the figure above, the balloon and the ice cube are placed near each
other. You will observe that the two objects undergo changes. These changes will cease after some time.
The final state of the two objects is called the thermal equilibrium, and you can say that the two are in
thermal equilibrium with each other. If the balloon has an initial temperature of 38°C and the ice an initial
temperature of -10°C, then after some time, both will have a final temperature of say 20°C. Now, can you
guess what the object C is?
Thermometer

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A thermometer scale is established by choosing a simple relation between a measurable physical

property and temperature, the zero of the scale being fixed by assigning a numerical value to an easily
reproducible temperature. The several scales for temperature are the Celsius or centigrade, the
Fahrenheit, and the Kelvin.

100°𝐶 212°𝐹 373 𝐾

Steam point

°𝐶 °𝐹 𝐾

0°𝐶 32°𝐹 273 𝐾

Ice point

Centigrade Fahrenheit Kelvin

Conversions
5
𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 − 32°)
9
9
𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32
5
𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273
where:
𝑇𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑇𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡
𝑇𝐾 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛

Thermal Expansion
Our use of liquid thermometer demonstrates thermal changes in a liquid substance. As the
temperature increases, its volume increases. This phenomenon is called thermal expansion.
Length Expansion
∆𝐿 = 𝐿0 ∙ 𝛼 ∙ ∆𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿0 ∆𝑇
Area Expansion
∆𝐴 = 𝐴0 ∙ 2𝛼 ∙ ∆𝑇 = 𝛽𝐴0 ∆𝑇
Volume Expansion
∆𝑉 = 𝑉0 ∙ 3𝛼 ∙ ∆𝑇 = 𝛾𝑉0 ∆𝑇
Coefficients of Linear Expansion for some Materials

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Solids Linear Coefficient of Liquids and Gases Volume Coefficients of

Expansion, 𝜶 (/℃) Expansion, 𝜸 (/℃)
Aluminum 24 x 10-6 Acetone 1.5 x 10-4
Brass and Bronze 19 x 10-6 Alcohol, Ethyl 1.12 x 10-4
Concrete 12 x 10-6 Benzene 1.24 x 10-4
Copper 17 x 10-6 Gasoline 9.6 x 10-4
Glass (ordinary) 9 x 10-6 Glycerin 4.85 x 10-4
Glass (Pyrex) 3.2 x 10-6 Mercury 1.82 x 10-4
Invar (Ni- Fe alloy) 0.9 x 10-6 Turpentine 9.0 x 10-4
Lead 29 x 10-6 Air 3.67 x 10-5
Steel 11 x 10-6 Helium 3.665 x 10-5

Example Problems
1. A steel meterstick is accurate at 20°C. It is used when the temperature is 40°C. The meterstick
is used to measure a rod of length 4.66 m. Determine the correct length of the rod at 40°C.

Given: Solution:
𝐿0 = 1.000 𝑚 𝑇0 = 20°𝐶
∆𝐿 = 𝐿0 ∙ 𝛼 ∙ ∆𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿0 ∆𝑇
𝐿𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 4.66 𝑚 𝑇1 = 40°𝐶
𝐿 − 𝐿0 = 𝛼𝐿0 (𝑇 − 𝑇0 )
𝛼 = 11 𝑥 10−6 /°𝐶
𝐿 = 𝐿0 + 𝛼𝐿0 (𝑇 − 𝑇0 )
Find: Correct length of rod
𝐿 = 𝐿0 ሾ1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )ሿ

𝐿 = (1)ሾ1 + (11 𝑥 10−6 )(40 − 20)ሿ

𝐿 = 1.00022 𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑑,
𝐿𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 1.00022(4.66) = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟏 𝒎

2. Determine the elongation of an invar tape 100 m in length, used in a surveying field work when
the temperature increases from 25°C to 40°C.
Given: Solution:

𝐿0 = 100 𝑚 𝑇0 = 25°𝐶 ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 (𝑇 − 𝑇0 )

𝛼 = 0.9 𝑥 10−6 /°𝐶 𝑇1 = 40°𝐶
∆𝐿 = (0.9 𝑥 10−6 )(100)(40 − 25)
Find: elongation, ∆𝐿.
∆𝐿 = (0.9 𝑥 10−6 )(100)(40 − 25)

−𝟑
∆𝐿temperature
3. A steel plug has a diameter of 10.000 cm at 30.0°𝐶. At what = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎will
𝒎the diameter be

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

9.986 cm.
Given: 𝛼 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇0 = 30℃,
𝐿0 = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝐿1 = 9.986 𝑐𝑚 11 𝑥 10−6
𝛼30 = = 10.996 𝑥10−6 /℃
𝑇0 = 30°𝐶 1 + (11 𝑥 10−6 )(30)

𝛼 = 11 𝑥 10−6 /°𝐶 𝐿1 − 𝐿0 = 𝐿0 𝛼𝑇 (𝑇1 − 𝑇0 )

Find: 𝑇1 .
Solution: 𝐿1 −𝐿0 9.986−10
𝑇1 = 𝐿0 𝛼𝑇
+ 𝑇0 = 10(10.996 𝑥10−6 ) + 30 = −𝟗𝟕. 𝟑𝟐℃
𝐿 = 𝐿0 ሾ1 + 𝛼∆𝑇ሿ
𝛼0
𝛼𝑇 =
1 + 𝛼0 𝑇

4. A 5000 cubic centimeter cylindrical can is filled with turpentine at 40℃. How much volume of
the liquid will spill at 60℃ ?

Given: Solution:
𝑉0 = 5000 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚. 𝑇0 = 40°𝐶 ∆𝑉 = 𝑉0 𝛾∆𝑇
𝑇1 = 60°𝐶
∆𝑉 = (5000)(9.0 𝑥 10−4 )(60 − 40)
𝛾 = 9.0 𝑥 10−4 /°𝐶 ∆𝑉 = 𝟗𝟎 𝒄𝒖. 𝒄𝒎
Find: Volume spilled, ∆𝑉.

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Exercise Problems
Solve the following problems. Use a short bond paper with 1” by 1” border. Avoid erasures.
1. Liquid oxygen freezes at -218.4°C and boils at -183.0°C. Convert these temperatures in
terms of the Fahrenheit scale and Kelvin scale.
2. A 2-m long aluminum pipe at 27°C is heated until it is 2.0024 m long at 77°C. Calculate the
coefficient of linear expansivity of aluminum.
3. A brass rod and an aluminum rod are 90.00 cm and 90.06 cm, respectively, at 20°C. At what
common temperature will the two rods be exactly the same length?
4. How much expansion should engineers anticipate in a 2,000-ft steel bridge if it undergoes a
change in temperature from 0°C to 30°C?

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

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Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

How do you account for the fact that solids and

liquids generally expand when heated?

5) Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) 3-2-1

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

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FAQs
1. How is heat transfer related to temperature?
Heat is often transferred from a hot object to a cold one. A change in temperature is associated with heat
transfer in a gas. The state of the gas is determined by its temperature, pressure, and volume. A gas's
state is altered when it is heated.

2. What are the 3 common temperature scales?

Temperature is usually measured using three scales. The most popular temperature scales are Celsius
and Fahrenheit. The Kelvin scale is mainly used in science.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Solutions to Exercise Problems
1. Given:
T1 =-218.4℃ 9
Tf = (−218.4) + 32 = −𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟐℉
5
T2 = -183.0℃
T𝑘 = −218.4 + 273 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟔 𝑲
Find: Temp. in ℉, K
Solution: 9
Tf = (−183.0) + 32 = −𝟐𝟗𝟕. 𝟒℉
9 5
Tf = 𝑇𝑐 + 32
5 T𝑘 = −183.0 + 273 = 𝟗𝟎 𝑲
T𝑘 = 𝑇𝑐 + 273

2. Given: Solution:
L0 = 2 m, Aluminum T0 = 27℃
∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 (𝑇1 − 𝑇0 )
L1 = 2.0024 m T1 = 77℃
∆𝐿
𝛼=
Find: 𝛼 𝐿0 (𝑇1 − 𝑇0 )
2.0024 − 2
𝛼= = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 /℃
2(77 − 27)
3.

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Given:
L0 = 90 cm, Brass

L0 = 90.06 cm, Aluminum

T0 = 20℃ 90 + (19 𝑥 10−6 )(90)(𝑇1 − 20) = 90.06 + (24 𝑥 10−6 )(90.06)(𝑇1 − 20)
Find: 𝑇1 90 + 1.71 𝑥 10−3 𝑇1 − 0.0342 = 90.06 + 2.16 𝑥 10−3 𝑇1 − 0.0432
Solution: 2.16 𝑥 10−3 𝑇1 − 1.71 𝑥 10−3 𝑇1 − 0.0342 = 90 − 90.06 + 0.0432 − 0.342
∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 (𝑇1 − 𝑇0 ) −0.051
𝑇1 = = −𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑℃
𝐿1 − 𝐿0 = 𝛼𝐿0 (𝑇1 − 𝑇0 ) 0.45 𝑥 10−3

𝐿1 = 𝐿0 + 𝛼𝐿0 (𝑇1 − 𝑇0 )

4. Given:
L0 = 2000 ft, steel
T0 = 0℃
T1 = 30℃
Find: ∆𝐿
Solution:
∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 (𝑇1 − 𝑇0 ) = (11 𝑥 10−6 )(2000)(30 − 0)
∆𝐿 = 0.66 𝑓𝑡
∆𝐿 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔

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