(eBook PDF) Digital Image Processing, Global

Edition 4th Edition download

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-digital-image-processing-
global-edition-4th-edition/

Download more ebook from https://ebookluna.com

 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookluna.com
to discover even more!

(eBook PDF) Digital Image Processing 4th Edition by Rafael C. Gonzalez

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-digital-image-processing-4th-
edition-by-rafael-c-gonzalez/

Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB 1st edition - eBook PDF

https://ebookluna.com/download/digital-image-processing-using-matlab-ebook-
pdf/

(eBook PDF) Image Operators: Image Processing in Python

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-image-operators-image-processing-
in-python/

(eBook PDF) Digital Signal Processing First, eBook, Global Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-digital-signal-processing-first-
ebook-global-edition/
Feature extraction and image processing for computer vision Fourth Edition
Aguado - eBook PDF

https://ebookluna.com/download/feature-extraction-and-image-processing-for-
computer-vision-ebook-pdf/

(Original PDF) Applied Digital Signal Processing Theory and Practice

https://ebookluna.com/product/original-pdf-applied-digital-signal-
processing-theory-and-practice/

(eBook PDF) Materials: Engineering, Science, Processing and Design 4th

Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-materials-engineering-science-
processing-and-design-4th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Digital Control System Analysis & Design 4th Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-digital-control-system-analysis-
design-4th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Digital Design: Principles and Practices 4th

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-digital-design-principles-and-
practices-4th/
 GLOBAL GLOBAL
EDITION EDITION

For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has

Digital Image Processing

collaborated with educators across the world to address a
wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students
with the best possible learning tools. This Global Edition
preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the
original, but also features alterations, customization, and
adaptation from the North American version.
Digital Image Processing
FOURTH EDITION

Rafael C. Gonzalez • Richard E. Woods

EDITION
FOURTH
This is a special edition of an established
title widely used by colleges and universities

Woods
Gonzalez
throughout the world. Pearson published this
exclusive edition for the benefit of students
outside the United States and Canada. If
you purchased this book within the United
States or Canada, you should be aware that
it has been imported without the approval of
EDITION
GLOBAL
the Publisher or Author. The Global Edition
is not supported in the United States and
Canada.

Pearson Global Edition

Gonzalez_04_1292223049_Final.indd 1 11/08/17 5:27 PM

 6 Contents

4 Filtering in the Frequency

Domain 203
Background 204
Preliminary Concepts 207
Sampling and the Fourier Transform of Sampled
Functions 215
The Discrete Fourier Transform of One Variable 225
Extensions to Functions of Two Variables 230
Some Properties of the 2-D DFT and IDFT 240
The Basics of Filtering in the Frequency Domain 260
Image Smoothing Using Lowpass Frequency Domain
Filters 272
Image Sharpening Using Highpass Filters 284
Selective Filtering 296
The Fast Fourier Transform 303

5 Image Restoration
and Reconstruction 317
A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration
process 318
Noise Models 318
Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only—Spatial Filtering 327
Periodic Noise Reduction Using Frequency Domain Filtering 340
Linear, Position-Invariant Degradations 348
Estimating the Degradation Function 352
Inverse Filtering 356
Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener) Filtering 358
Constrained Least Squares Filtering 363
Geometric Mean Filter 367
Image Reconstruction from Projections 368

6 Color Image Processing 399

Color Fundamentals 400
Color Models 405
Pseudocolor Image Processing 420
Basics of Full-Color Image Processing 429
Color Transformations 430

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 6 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 Contents 7

Color Image Smoothing and Sharpening 442

Using Color in Image Segmentation 445
Noise in Color Images 452
Color Image Compression 455

7 Wavelet and Other Image Transforms 463

Preliminaries 464
Matrix-based Transforms 466
Correlation 478
Basis Functions in the Time-Frequency Plane 479
Basis Images 483
Fourier-Related Transforms 484
Walsh-Hadamard Transforms 496
Slant Transform 500
Haar Transform 502
Wavelet Transforms 504

8 Image Compression and

Watermarking 539
Fundamentals 540
Huffman Coding 553
Golomb Coding 556
Arithmetic Coding 561
LZW Coding 564
Run-length Coding 566
Symbol-based Coding 572
Bit-plane Coding 575
Block Transform Coding 576
Predictive Coding 594
Wavelet Coding 614
Digital Image Watermarking 624

9 Morphological Image Processing 635

Preliminaries 636
Erosion and Dilation 638
Opening and Closing 644
The Hit-or-Miss Transform 648

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 7 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 8 Contents

Some Basic Morphological Algorithms 652

Morphological Reconstruction 667
Summary of Morphological Operations on Binary Images 673
Grayscale Morphology 674

10 Image Segmentation 699

Fundamentals 700
Point, Line, and Edge Detection 701
Thresholding 742
Segmentation by Region Growing and by Region Splitting and
Merging 764
Region Segmentation Using Clustering and
Superpixels 770
Region Segmentation Using Graph Cuts 777
Segmentation Using Morphological Watersheds 786
The Use of Motion in Segmentation 796

11 Feature Extraction 811

Background 812
Boundary Preprocessing 814
Boundary Feature Descriptors 831
Region Feature Descriptors 840
Principal Components as Feature Descriptors 859
Whole-Image Features 868
Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) 881

12 Image Pattern Classification 903

Background 904
Patterns and Pattern Classes 906
Pattern Classification by Prototype Matching 910
Optimum (Bayes) Statistical Classifiers 923
Neural Networks and Deep Learning 931
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks 964
Some Additional Details of Implementation 987

Bibliography 995
Index 1009

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 8 7/12/2017 10:23:39 AM

 Preface
When something can be read without effort, great effort has gone into its writing.
Enrique Jardiel Poncela

This edition of Digital Image Processing is a major revision of the book. As in

the 1977 and 1987 editions by Gonzalez and Wintz, and the 1992, 2002, and 2008
editions by Gonzalez and Woods, this sixth-generation edition was prepared
with students and instructors in mind. The principal objectives of the book
continue to be to provide an introduction to basic concepts and methodologies
applicable to digital image processing, and to develop a foundation that can
be used as the basis for further study and research in this field. To achieve
these objectives, we focused again on material that we believe is fundamental
and whose scope of application is not limited to the solution of specialized
problems. The mathematical complexity of the book remains at a level well
within the grasp of college seniors and first-year graduate students who have
introductory preparation in mathematical analysis, vectors, matrices, probability,
statistics, linear systems, and computer programming. The book website pro-
vides tutorials to support readers needing a review of this background material.
One of the principal reasons this book has been the world leader in its field for
40 years is the level of attention we pay to the changing educational needs of our
readers. The present edition is based on an extensive survey that involved faculty,
students, and independent readers of the book in 150 institutions from 30 countries.
The survey revealed a need for coverage of new material that has matured since the
last edition of the book. The principal findings of the survey indicated a need for:

• Expanded coverage of the fundamentals of spatial filtering.

• A more comprehensive and cohesive coverage of image transforms.
• A more complete presentation of finite differences, with a focus on edge detec-
tion.
• A discussion of clustering, superpixels, and their use in region segmentation.
• Coverage of maximally stable extremal regions.
• Expanded coverage of feature extraction to include the Scale Invariant Feature
Transform (SIFT).
• Expanded coverage of neural networks to include deep neural networks, back-
propagation, deep learning, and, especially, deep convolutional neural networks.
• More homework exercises at the end of the chapters.

The new and reorganized material that resulted in the present edition is our
attempt at providing a reasonable balance between rigor, clarity of presentation,
and the findings of the survey. In addition to new material, earlier portions of the
text were updated and clarified. This edition contains 241 new images, 72 new draw-
ings, and 135 new exercises.

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 9 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 10 Preface

New to This Edition

The highlights of this edition are as follows.
Chapter 1: Some figures were updated, and parts of the text were rewritten to cor-
respond to changes in later chapters.
Chapter 2: Many of the sections and examples were rewritten for clarity. We
added 14 new exercises.
Chapter 3: Fundamental concepts of spatial filtering were rewritten to include a
discussion on separable filter kernels, expanded coverage of the properties of low-
pass Gaussian kernels, and expanded coverage of highpass, bandreject, and band-
pass filters, including numerous new examples that illustrate their use. In addition to
revisions in the text, including 6 new examples, the chapter has 59 new images, 2 new
line drawings, and 15 new exercises.
Chapter 4: Several of the sections of this chapter were revised to improve the clar-
ity of presentation. We replaced dated graphical material with 35 new images and 4
new line drawings. We added 21 new exercises.
Chapter 5: Revisions to this chapter were limited to clarifications and a few cor-
rections in notation. We added 6 new images and 14 new exercises,
Chapter 6: Several sections were clarified, and the explanation of the CMY and
CMYK color models was expanded, including 2 new images.
Chapter 7: This is a new chapter that brings together wavelets, several new trans-
forms, and many of the image transforms that were scattered throughout the book.
The emphasis of this new chapter is on the presentation of these transforms from a
unified point of view. We added 24 new images, 20 new drawings, and 25 new exer-
cises.
Chapter 8: The material was revised with numerous clarifications and several
improvements to the presentation.
Chapter 9: Revisions of this chapter included a complete rewrite of several sec-
tions, including redrafting of several line drawings. We added 16 new exercises
Chapter 10: Several of the sections were rewritten for clarity. We updated the
chapter by adding coverage of finite differences, K-means clustering, superpixels,
and graph cuts. The new topics are illustrated with 4 new examples. In total, we
added 29 new images, 3 new drawings, and 6 new exercises.
Chapter 11: The chapter was updated with numerous topics, beginning with a more
detailed classification of feature types and their uses. In addition to improvements in
the clarity of presentation, we added coverage of slope change codes, expanded the
explanation of skeletons, medial axes, and the distance transform, and added sev-
eral new basic descriptors of compactness, circularity, and eccentricity. New mate-
rial includes coverage of the Harris-Stephens corner detector, and a presentation of
maximally stable extremal regions. A major addition to the chapter is a comprehen-
sive discussion dealing with the Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT). The new
material is complemented by 65 new images, 15 new drawings, and 12 new exercises.

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 10 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 Preface 11

Chapter 12: This chapter underwent a major revision to include an extensive

rewrite of neural networks and deep learning, an area that has grown significantly
since the last edition of the book. We added a comprehensive discussion on fully
connected, deep neural networks that includes derivation of backpropagation start-
ing from basic principles. The equations of backpropagation were expressed in “tra-
ditional” scalar terms, and then generalized into a compact set of matrix equations
ideally suited for implementation of deep neural nets. The effectiveness of fully con-
nected networks was demonstrated with several examples that included a compari-
son with the Bayes classifier. One of the most-requested topics in the survey was
coverage of deep convolutional neural networks. We added an extensive section on
this, following the same blueprint we used for deep, fully connected nets. That is, we
derived the equations of backpropagation for convolutional nets, and showed how
they are different from “traditional” backpropagation. We then illustrated the use of
convolutional networks with simple images, and applied them to large image data-
bases of numerals and natural scenes. The written material is complemented by 23
new images, 28 new drawings, and 12 new exercises.
Also for the first time, we have created student and faculty support packages that
can be downloaded from the book website. The Student Support Package contains
many of the original images in the book and answers to selected exercises The Fac-
ulty Support Package contains solutions to all exercises, teaching suggestions, and all
the art in the book in the form of modifiable PowerPoint slides. One support pack-
age is made available with every new book, free of charge.
The book website, established during the launch of the 2002 edition, continues to
be a success, attracting more than 25,000 visitors each month. The site was upgraded
for the launch of this edition. For more details on site features and content, see The
Book Website, following the Acknowledgments section.
This edition of Digital Image Processing is a reflection of how the educational
needs of our readers have changed since 2008. As is usual in an endeavor such as
this, progress in the field continues after work on the manuscript stops. One of the
reasons why this book has been so well accepted since it first appeared in 1977 is its
continued emphasis on fundamental concepts that retain their relevance over time.
This approach, among other things, attempts to provide a measure of stability in a
rapidly evolving body of knowledge. We have tried to follow the same principle in
preparing this edition of the book.

R.C.G.
R.E.W.

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 11 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 12 Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments
We are indebted to a number of individuals in academic circles, industry, and gov-
ernment who have contributed to this edition of the book. In particular, we wish
to extend our appreciation to Hairong Qi and her students, Zhifei Zhang and
Chengcheng Li, for their valuable review of the material on neural networks, and for
their help in generating examples for that material. We also want to thank Ernesto
Bribiesca Correa for providing and reviewing material on slope chain codes, and
Dirk Padfield for his many suggestions and review of several chapters in the book.
We appreciate Michel Kocher’s many thoughtful comments and suggestions over
the years on how to improve the book. Thanks also to Steve Eddins for his sugges-
tions on MATLAB and related software issues.
Numerous individuals have contributed to material carried over from the previ-
ous to the current edition of the book. Their contributions have been important in so
many different ways that we find it difficult to acknowledge them in any other way
but alphabetically. We thank Mongi A. Abidi, Yongmin Kim, Bryan Morse, Andrew
Oldroyd, Ali M. Reza, Edgardo Felipe Riveron, Jose Ruiz Shulcloper, and Cameron
H.G. Wright for their many suggestions on how to improve the presentation and/or
the scope of coverage in the book. We are also indebted to Naomi Fernandes at the
MathWorks for providing us with MATLAB software and support that were impor-
tant in our ability to create many of the examples and experimental results included
in this edition of the book.
A significant percentage of the new images used in this edition (and in some
cases their history and interpretation) were obtained through the efforts of indi-
viduals whose contributions are sincerely appreciated. In particular, we wish to
acknowledge the efforts of Serge Beucher, Uwe Boos, Michael E. Casey, Michael
W. Davidson, Susan L. Forsburg, Thomas R. Gest, Daniel A. Hammer, Zhong He,
Roger Heady, Juan A. Herrera, John M. Hudak, Michael Hurwitz, Chris J. Johannsen,
Rhonda Knighton, Don P. Mitchell, A. Morris, Curtis C. Ober, David. R. Pickens,
Michael Robinson, Michael Shaffer, Pete Sites, Sally Stowe, Craig Watson, David
K. Wehe, and Robert A. West. We also wish to acknowledge other individuals and
organizations cited in the captions of numerous figures throughout the book for
their permission to use that material.
We also thank Scott Disanno, Michelle Bayman, Rose Kernan, and Julie Bai for
their support and significant patience during the production of the book.

R.C.G.
R.E.W.

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 12 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 The Book Website
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com
Digital Image Processing is a completely self-contained book. However, the compan-
ion website offers additional support in a number of important areas.
For the Student or Independent Reader the site contains
• Reviews in areas such as probability, statistics, vectors, and matrices.
• A Tutorials section containing dozens of tutorials on topics relevant to the mate-
rial in the book.
• An image database containing all the images in the book, as well as many other
image databases.
For the Instructor the site contains
• An Instructor’s Manual with complete solutions to all the problems.
• Classroom presentation materials in modifiable PowerPoint format.
• Material removed from previous editions, downloadable in convenient PDF
format.
• Numerous links to other educational resources.
For the Practitioner the site contains additional specialized topics such as
• Links to commercial sites.
• Selected new references.
• Links to commercial image databases.
The website is an ideal tool for keeping the book current between editions by includ-
ing new topics, digital images, and other relevant material that has appeared after
the book was published. Although considerable care was taken in the production
of the book, the website is also a convenient repository for any errors discovered
between printings.

The DIP4E Support Packages

In this edition, we created support packages for students and faculty to organize
all the classroom support materials available for the new edition of the book into
one easy download. The Student Support Package contains many of the original
images in the book, and answers to selected exercises, The Faculty Support Package
contains solutions to all exercises, teaching suggestions, and all the art in the book
in modifiable PowerPoint slides. One support package is made available with every
new book, free of charge. Applications for the support packages are submitted at
the book website.

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 13 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 About the Authors
RAFAEL C. GONZALEZ
R. C. Gonzalez received the B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Miami in 1965
and the M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of
Florida, Gainesville, in 1967 and 1970, respectively. He joined the Electrical and
Computer Science Department at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) in
1970, where he became Associate Professor in 1973, Professor in 1978, and Distin-
guished Service Professor in 1984. He served as Chairman of the department from
1994 through 1997. He is currently a Professor Emeritus at UTK.
Gonzalez is the founder of the Image & Pattern Analysis Laboratory and the
Robotics & Computer Vision Laboratory at the University of Tennessee. He also
founded Perceptics Corporation in 1982 and was its president until 1992. The last
three years of this period were spent under a full-time employment contract with
Westinghouse Corporation, who acquired the company in 1989.
Under his direction, Perceptics became highly successful in image processing,
computer vision, and laser disk storage technology. In its initial ten years, Perceptics
introduced a series of innovative products, including: The world’s first commercially
available computer vision system for automatically reading license plates on moving
vehicles; a series of large-scale image processing and archiving systems used by the
U.S. Navy at six different manufacturing sites throughout the country to inspect the
rocket motors of missiles in the Trident II Submarine Program; the market-leading
family of imaging boards for advanced Macintosh computers; and a line of trillion-
byte laser disk products.
He is a frequent consultant to industry and government in the areas of pattern
recognition, image processing, and machine learning. His academic honors for work
in these fields include the 1977 UTK College of Engineering Faculty Achievement
Award; the 1978 UTK Chancellor’s Research Scholar Award; the 1980 Magnavox
Engineering Professor Award; and the 1980 M.E. Brooks Distinguished Professor
Award. In 1981 he became an IBM Professor at the University of Tennessee and
in 1984 he was named a Distinguished Service Professor there. He was awarded a
Distinguished Alumnus Award by the University of Miami in 1985, the Phi Kappa
Phi Scholar Award in 1986, and the University of Tennessee’s Nathan W. Dougherty
Award for Excellence in Engineering in 1992.
Honors for industrial accomplishment include the 1987 IEEE Outstanding Engi-
neer Award for Commercial Development in Tennessee; the 1988 Albert Rose
National Award for Excellence in Commercial Image Processing; the 1989 B. Otto
Wheeley Award for Excellence in Technology Transfer; the 1989 Coopers and
Lybrand Entrepreneur of the Year Award; the 1992 IEEE Region 3 Outstanding
Engineer Award; and the 1993 Automated Imaging Association National Award for
Technology Development.
Gonzalez is author or co-author of over 100 technical articles, two edited books,
and four textbooks in the fields of pattern recognition, image processing, and robot-
ics. His books are used in over 1000 universities and research institutions throughout

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 14 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 the world. He is listed in the prestigious Marquis Who’s Who in America, Marquis
Who’s Who in Engineering, Marquis Who’s Who in the World, and in 10 other national
and international biographical citations. He is the co-holder of two U.S. Patents, and
has been an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cyber-
netics, and the International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences. He is a
member of numerous professional and honorary societies, including Tau Beta Pi, Phi
Kappa Phi, Eta Kappa Nu, and Sigma Xi. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.

RICHARD E. WOODS
R. E. Woods earned his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from
the University of Tennessee, Knoxville in 1975, 1977, and 1980, respectively. He
became an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in
1981 and was recognized as a Distinguished Engineering Alumnus in 1986.
A veteran hardware and software developer, Dr. Woods has been involved in
the founding of several high-technology startups, including Perceptics Corporation,
where he was responsible for the development of the company’s quantitative image
analysis and autonomous decision-making products; MedData Interactive, a high-
technology company specializing in the development of handheld computer systems
for medical applications; and Interapptics, an internet-based company that designs
desktop and handheld computer applications.
Dr. Woods currently serves on several nonprofit educational and media-related
boards, including Johnson University, and was recently a summer English instructor
at the Beijing Institute of Technology. He is the holder of a U.S. Patent in the area
of digital image processing and has published two textbooks, as well as numerous
articles related to digital signal processing. Dr. Woods is a member of several profes-
sional societies, including Tau Beta Pi, Phi Kappa Phi, and the IEEE.

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 15 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 This page intentionally left blank

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 4 6/16/2017 2:01:57 PM

 1 Introduction

One picture is worth more than ten thousand words.

Anonymous

Preview
Interest in digital image processing methods stems from two principal application areas: improvement
of pictorial information for human interpretation, and processing of image data for tasks such as storage,
transmission, and extraction of pictorial information. This chapter has several objectives: (1) to define
the scope of the field that we call image processing; (2) to give a historical perspective of the origins of
this field; (3) to present an overview of the state of the art in image processing by examining some of
the principal areas in which it is applied; (4) to discuss briefly the principal approaches used in digital
image processing; (5) to give an overview of the components contained in a typical, general-purpose
image processing system; and (6) to provide direction to the literature where image processing work is
reported. The material in this chapter is extensively illustrated with a range of images that are represen-
tative of the images we will be using throughout the book.

Upon completion of this chapter, readers should:

Understand the concept of a digital image. Be aware of the different fields in which digi-
Have a broad overview of the historical under- tal image processing methods are applied.
pinnings of the field of digital image process- Be familiar with the basic processes involved
ing. in image processing.
Understand the definition and scope of digi- Be familiar with the components that make
tal image processing. up a general-purpose digital image process-
ing system.
Know the fundamentals of the electromag-
netic spectrum and its relationship to image Be familiar with the scope of the literature
generation. where image processing work is reported.

17

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 17 6/16/2017 2:01:58 PM

 18 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 WHAT IS DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING?

1.1

An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f ( x, y), where x and y are

spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates ( x, y)
is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point. When x, y, and the
intensity values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image.
The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by means of
a digital computer. Note that a digital image is composed of a finite number of ele-
ments, each of which has a particular location and value. These elements are called
picture elements, image elements, pels, and pixels. Pixel is the term used most widely
to denote the elements of a digital image. We will consider these definitions in more
formal terms in Chapter 2.
Vision is the most advanced of our senses, so it is not surprising that images
play the single most important role in human perception. However, unlike humans,
who are limited to the visual band of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, imaging
machines cover almost the entire EM spectrum, ranging from gamma to radio waves.
They can operate on images generated by sources that humans are not accustomed
to associating with images. These include ultrasound, electron microscopy, and com-
puter-generated images. Thus, digital image processing encompasses a wide and var-
ied field of applications.
There is no general agreement among authors regarding where image process-
ing stops and other related areas, such as image analysis and computer vision, start.
Sometimes, a distinction is made by defining image processing as a discipline in
which both the input and output of a process are images. We believe this to be a
limiting and somewhat artificial boundary. For example, under this definition, even
the trivial task of computing the average intensity of an image (which yields a sin-
gle number) would not be considered an image processing operation. On the other
hand, there are fields such as computer vision whose ultimate goal is to use comput-
ers to emulate human vision, including learning and being able to make inferences
and take actions based on visual inputs. This area itself is a branch of artificial intel-
ligence (AI) whose objective is to emulate human intelligence. The field of AI is in its
earliest stages of infancy in terms of development, with progress having been much
slower than originally anticipated. The area of image analysis (also called image
understanding) is in between image processing and computer vision.
There are no clear-cut boundaries in the continuum from image processing at
one end to computer vision at the other. However, one useful paradigm is to con-
sider three types of computerized processes in this continuum: low-, mid-, and high-
level processes. Low-level processes involve primitive operations such as image
preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening. A low-
level process is characterized by the fact that both its inputs and outputs are images.
Mid-level processing of images involves tasks such as segmentation (partitioning
an image into regions or objects), description of those objects to reduce them to a
form suitable for computer processing, and classification (recognition) of individual
objects. A mid-level process is characterized by the fact that its inputs generally
are images, but its outputs are attributes extracted from those images (e.g., edges,
contours, and the identity of individual objects). Finally, higher-level processing

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 18 6/16/2017 2:01:58 PM

 1.2 The Origins of Digital Image Processing 19

involves “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized objects, as in image analysis,

and, at the far end of the continuum, performing the cognitive functions normally
associated with human vision.
Based on the preceding comments, we see that a logical place of overlap between
image processing and image analysis is the area of recognition of individual regions
or objects in an image. Thus, what we call in this book digital image processing encom-
passes processes whose inputs and outputs are images and, in addition, includes pro-
cesses that extract attributes from images up to, and including, the recognition of
individual objects. As an illustration to clarify these concepts, consider the area of
automated analysis of text. The processes of acquiring an image of the area con-
taining the text, preprocessing that image, extracting (segmenting) the individual
characters, describing the characters in a form suitable for computer processing, and
recognizing those individual characters are in the scope of what we call digital image
processing in this book. Making sense of the content of the page may be viewed as
being in the domain of image analysis and even computer vision, depending on the
level of complexity implied by the statement “making sense of.” As will become
evident shortly, digital image processing, as we have defined it, is used routinely in a
broad range of areas of exceptional social and economic value. The concepts devel-
oped in the following chapters are the foundation for the methods used in those
application areas.

1.2 THE ORIGINS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

1.2

One of the earliest applications of digital images was in the newspaper industry,
when pictures were first sent by submarine cable between London and New York.
Introduction of the Bartlane cable picture transmission system in the early 1920s
reduced the time required to transport a picture across the Atlantic from more than
a week to less than three hours. Specialized printing equipment coded pictures for
cable transmission, then reconstructed them at the receiving end. Figure 1.1 was
transmitted in this way and reproduced on a telegraph printer fitted with typefaces
simulating a halftone pattern.
Some of the initial problems in improving the visual quality of these early digital
pictures were related to the selection of printing procedures and the distribution of

FIGURE 1.1 A digital picture produced in 1921 from a coded tape by a telegraph printer with
special typefaces. (McFarlane.) [References in the bibliography at the end of the book are
listed in alphabetical order by authors’ last names.]

DIP4E_GLOBAL_Print_Ready.indb 19 6/16/2017 2:01:58 PM

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
back
back
back
back
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookluna.com