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Module 3-Week 10-14 Introduction to Informal Fallacy

Fallacies are errors in arguments that may appear true but are proven false upon examination. They are categorized into formal fallacies, which arise from reasoning errors in deductive arguments, and informal fallacies, which involve irrelevant psychological factors distorting reasoning. Informal fallacies include fallacies of relevance and weak induction, and detecting them involves scrutinizing the clarity of statements, relevance of evidence, emotional appeal, potential motives to deceive, and trusting one's instincts.

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3 views16 pages

Module 3-Week 10-14 Introduction to Informal Fallacy

Fallacies are errors in arguments that may appear true but are proven false upon examination. They are categorized into formal fallacies, which arise from reasoning errors in deductive arguments, and informal fallacies, which involve irrelevant psychological factors distorting reasoning. Informal fallacies include fallacies of relevance and weak induction, and detecting them involves scrutinizing the clarity of statements, relevance of evidence, emotional appeal, potential motives to deceive, and trusting one's instincts.

Uploaded by

kiyomi02n
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fallacies

Fallacies: Definition
2 Types of Fallacies
Informal Fallacies
Part 1: Fallacies: Definition

Fallacies
An error in an argument.

Lt. Fallere (to deceive)


It looks true but upon
examination, will be
proven false
Part 2: 2 Types of Fallacies

2 Types of Fallacies
Formal Fallacies
Errors that are committed due to
lack of skills in reasoning, and this
in turn is due to lack of training in
the logical process.
Part 2: 2 Types of Fallacies

2 Types of Fallacies
Formal Fallacies
They present errors involving the
forms of arguments, hence, formal.

Occur only in deductive argument.


Part 2: 2 Types of Fallacies

2 Types of Fallacies
Informal Fallacies
Errors that are committed when
either irrelevant psychological
factors are allowed to distort the
reasoning process through the use
for example of pity, threat, etc
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

Informal Fallacies
Fallacies of Relevance
Premises are irrelevant to the
conclusion of that argument.

Premises may appear to be


psychologically relevant, even
though it does not follow logically
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

Informal Fallacies
Fallacies of Weak Induction
Occur because the premises are found
to be irrelevant to the conclusion.

Here, there is an attempt to connect the


premise and conclusion but the
evidence is not sufficient.
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

Fallacies of Relevance
Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal to Force)
Argumentum ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Pity)
Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to the People)
Argumentum ad Hominem (Appeal to the Person)
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

Fallacies of Relevance
Genetic Fallacy
Fallacy of Accident
Ignorantio Elenchi (Ignorance of Refutation)
Red Herring Fallacy
Arithmetical Fallacy
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

Fallacies of Weak Induction


Argumentum ad Vericundiam
• Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
• Fallacy of Hasty Generalization
• Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

Fallacies of Weak Induction


Slippery Slope
Fallacy of Weak Analogy
Petitio Principii
Complex Question
False Dilemma
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

How to Detect Fallacy


1. Be clear about the exact
meaning of the statement to
which we are asked to agree,
including the exact meaning of
each supporting statements.
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

How to Detect Fallacy


2. Be clear about the kind of
evidence that would be relevant
to establishing the conclusion in
question, and regard with
suspicion any argument that
does not offer such evidence.
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

How to Detect Fallacy


3. Be suspicious of
arguments that tend to
evoke emotion of any kind
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

How to Detect Fallacy


4. Be suspicious of
arguments presented by
anyone who might have a
motive to deceive.
Part 3: Informal Fallacies

How to Detect Fallacy


5. Trust your instinct whenever
you encounter an argument
that just does not sound right
to us and try to figure out why
it does not sound right

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