**1. Define Process Model.

**

**Definition:**
A **Process Model** is a framework that defines the steps involved in software
development from initiation to deployment. It provides a structured approach to building
software systematically. Different process models exist, each suited to different types of
projects.

**Common Software Process Models:**

1. **Waterfall Model:**
- A linear and sequential model.
- Each phase (Requirement, Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment, Maintenance)
must be completed before moving to the next.
- Best suited for simple projects with well-defined requirements.
- **Disadvantage:** No flexibility for changes once a phase is completed.

2. **Iterative Model:**
- Software is developed in cycles, refining the product in each iteration.
- Allows feedback and improvements in every iteration.
- Suitable for complex projects where changes are expected.

3. **Agile Model:**
- Focuses on iterative development and customer collaboration.
- Includes frameworks like Scrum and Kanban.
- Adaptable to changing requirements and fast-paced development.

4. **Spiral Model:**
- A risk-driven approach combining Waterfall and Iterative models.
- Used for high-risk, large-scale projects.

5. **V-Model (Validation & Verification):**

- Testing happens in parallel with development.
- Ensures early detection of defects.

### **Importance of a Process Model:**

- Provides a structured development approach.
- Helps in project management and tracking.
- Ensures software quality and reliability.
- Reduces risks by following a planned approach.

**2. Define Performance Testing.**

### **Definition:**
Performance Testing is a type of software testing that evaluates the **speed,
responsiveness, scalability, and stability** of an application under various conditions.

### **Types of Performance Testing:**

1. **Load Testing:** Determines how the system behaves under expected user load.
2. **Stress Testing:** Tests system behavior under extreme conditions.
3. **Scalability Testing:** Measures the system's ability to scale with increased load.
4. **Endurance Testing:** Checks performance over a prolonged period.
5. **Spike Testing:** Tests the system’s response to sudden spikes in traffic.

### **Performance Testing Metrics:**

- **Response Time:** Time taken to respond to a user request.
- **Throughput:** Number of transactions processed per second.
- **CPU & Memory Usage:** Measures hardware resource consumption.
- **Error Rate:** Percentage of failed requests.

### **Importance:**
- Ensures the application performs well under expected workloads.
- Identifies performance bottlenecks.
- Helps in improving user experience.

---

**3. Explain Top-Down Integration.**

### **Definition:**
Top-Down Integration is a software testing approach where testing starts from the
**top-level modules** and gradually integrates lower-level modules.

### **Steps in Top-Down Integration:**

1. Develop and test the main control module first.
2. Integrate submodules one by one.
3. Use **stubs** (dummy modules) for incomplete components.
4. Perform tests at each integration stage.

### **Advantages:**
- Early defect detection in high-level design.
- Major functionalities are tested early.
- Simplifies debugging since errors are localized.

### **Disadvantages:**
- Requires stubs for incomplete modules.
- Low-level components get tested later.
- Difficult to test lower modules in isolation.

---

**4. Why do you need Software Testing Metrics?**

### **Definition:**
Software Testing Metrics help measure and track the quality, progress, and effectiveness
of software testing.

### **Types of Testing Metrics:**

1. **Process Metrics:** Measures test progress (e.g., test execution rate).
2. **Product Metrics:** Measures software quality (e.g., defect density).
3. **Project Metrics:** Tracks project efficiency (e.g., effort estimation).

### **Examples of Metrics:**

- **Test Coverage:** % of code covered by test cases.
- **Defect Density:** Number of defects per 1000 lines of code.
- **Mean Time to Failure (MTTF):** Average time before the system fails.

### **Importance:**
- Helps in decision-making and risk analysis.
- Improves efficiency by tracking progress.
- Ensures software quality by identifying weak areas.

---

**5. Define Structural Testing.**

### **Definition:**
Structural Testing (White-Box Testing) tests the **internal structure and logic** of the
software rather than just its functionality.

### **Techniques in Structural Testing:**

1. **Statement Coverage:** Ensures every statement in the code is executed.
2. **Branch Coverage:** Checks all possible execution paths.
3. **Path Coverage:** Tests every unique code path.
4. **Loop Testing:** Focuses on loop execution correctness.

### **Advantages:**
- Identifies hidden defects inside the code.
- Ensures maximum code execution.
- Helps optimize code performance.
### **Disadvantages:**
- Requires programming knowledge.
- Difficult to implement for large applications.

---

# **6. Explain different phases of a Software Project.**

### **Phases of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC):**

1. **Requirement Analysis:**
- Collecting user needs and expectations.

2. **Design:**
- Creating architecture and data flow diagrams.

3. **Implementation (Coding):**
- Writing actual code based on the design.

4. **Testing:**
- Ensuring that software functions as expected.

5. **Deployment:**
- Releasing the software to users.

6. **Maintenance:**
- Fixing bugs and updating software over time.

### **Importance:**
- Helps in systematic project development.
- Ensures timely delivery and quality software.

---
{
The phases include:
- **Requirement Analysis**: Gathering and defining requirements.
- **Design**: Creating architectural and detailed design.
- **Implementation**: Coding and developing the software.
- **Testing**: Verifying and validating the software.
- **Deployment**: Releasing the software for users.
- **Maintenance**: Fixing issues and updating features.
}

# **7. Explain different types of Coverage used in Code Coverage Testing.**

### **Definition:**
Code Coverage measures how much of the source code is tested.

### **Types of Code Coverage:**

1. **Statement Coverage:** Ensures every line of code runs at least once.
2. **Branch Coverage:** Tests all decision-making conditions.
3. **Path Coverage:** Tests all execution paths in the code.
4. **Condition Coverage:** Tests all boolean conditions in expressions.

### **Advantages:**
- Helps identify untested parts of the code.
- Improves overall software quality.

---

# **8. Explain Project Metrics in detail.**

### **Definition:**
Project Metrics help in evaluating software development efficiency.
{
Project metrics measure different aspects of software projects, such as productivity,
defect rates, effort estimation, and resource utilization. Examples include defect density,
test case effectiveness, and code churn.
}

### **Examples of Project Metrics:**

1. **Effort Estimation Metrics:** Measures effort required to complete the project.
2. **Defect Density:** Number of defects per unit size of the software.
3. **Test Effectiveness:** Number of defects detected by testing.

### **Importance:**
- Helps in resource allocation.
- Improves productivity and quality.

---

# **9. Explain Waterfall Model and list its disadvantages.**

### **Waterfall Model:**

- A linear model where each phase follows sequentially.
- Phases: Requirement → Design → Implementation → Testing → Deployment.

### **Disadvantages:**
- Not flexible for changes.
- Late defect detection.
- Not suitable for evolving projects.

---

# **10. Explain ETWX Model.**

---

# **11. Explain the methods to achieve Static Testing.**

### **Static Testing Methods:**

1. **Code Reviews:** Manual inspection of code.
2. **Walkthroughs:** Step-by-step explanation of logic.
3. **Inspections:** Formal evaluation of code.
4. **Static Analysis Tools:** Automated tools to check code quality.

### **Importance:**
- Detects defects early.
- Saves debugging time.

12. **Explain Defect Bash in detail.**

Defect Bash is an informal testing technique where a team of testers, developers, and
stakeholders actively try to find as many defects as possible in a short period.

### **Section B (Short Essay Type Questions)**

13. **Explain Boundary Value Analysis in detail.**

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) is a black-box testing technique that tests values at the
boundaries (minimum, maximum, just inside/outside boundaries). It helps detect edge-case
defects.

14. **What is Prototyping Model? Explain the need for the Prototyping Model.**
The Prototyping Model involves building a working prototype of the system to gather user
feedback before full development.
**Need:**
- Helps understand user requirements.
- Reduces misunderstandings.
- Identifies potential issues early.

15. **Explain Non-Functional System Testing in detail.**

Non-Functional Testing assesses aspects like performance, usability, security, and reliability
of a system rather than functional correctness.
16. **Discuss the steps involved in Test Planning.**
- Define test objectives and scope.
- Identify testing strategies and resources.
- Define test environment and tools.
- Schedule test execution and reporting.
- Risk analysis and mitigation planning.

17. **Explain Spiral Model and list its advantages.**

The Spiral Model combines iterative and waterfall approaches, focusing on risk analysis at
each phase.
**Advantages:**
- Handles large, complex projects.
- Allows continuous refinement.
- Risk is managed at every stage.

18. **Define Performance Testing. Explain different tools used for Performance Testing.**
Performance Testing evaluates system responsiveness under load.
**Tools:**
- **JMeter**: Open-source tool for load testing.
- **LoadRunner**: Enterprise tool for performance analysis.
- **Gatling**: Designed for high-load scenarios.
- **NeoLoad**: Cloud-based performance testing tool.

19. **Give a detailed comparison of Black Box Testing and White Box Testing.**
- **Black Box Testing**: Tests functionality without knowing the code.
- **White Box Testing**: Tests internal logic and code structure.
- **Black Box Pros**: Does not require programming knowledge, tests user scenarios.
- **White Box Pros**: Ensures code logic correctness, detects hidden bugs.

---

### **Section C (Essay Type Questions) – Answer Any One**

20. **Define Regression Testing. Explain different types of Regression Testing in detail.**
Regression Testing ensures that recent changes have not negatively affected existing
functionality.
**Types:**
- **Corrective Regression**: Retesting unchanged parts of the software.
- **Progressive Regression**: Testing new functionality integration.
- **Retest-all Regression**: Testing the entire system again.
- **Selective Regression**: Testing affected modules only.

21. **Define Desk Checking and list its advantages and disadvantages.**
Desk Checking is a manual review of code or logic on paper before actual execution.
**Advantages:**
- Identifies errors early.
- Saves debugging time.
- No tools required.
**Disadvantages:**
- Prone to human error.
- Time-consuming.
- Does not execute the code, so runtime errors may go unnoticed.