Steady State Analysis of AC Circuit 391 1 ani amy 5x 107 x 25x 10% 150 Hz. Frequency of resonance (/,) v ©. Resistance of the circuit = — = 62502 I, 4x10 Qnf,L 2nx450x5x 107% 5 and Qracior = R= ——“Sa59 226 X10 5.17 RESONANCE IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT Let us consider a circuit where a capacitance C is connected in parallel with an inductive coil of resistance R and inductive reactance X,, as shown in Fig. 5.47. --—), Vv Asin ¢ . Fig.5.47 AC parallel circuit Fig. 5.48 Branch currents of Fig. 547 If J, be the current through the coil, [¢ be the current through the capacitor and the total current is /, then the vector diagram is shown in Fig. 5.48 From Fig. 5.48 it is clear that under resonance as the pf. is unity the reactive component of the total current is zero. The reactive component of the current Uc- ty sin 9) = 0, where @ is the power factor angle of the coil. Therefore Ic= I, sing or a cae where Z, is the impedance of the coil and [a R+Xx} ] or XeX,= Zp VL. gr or Oh = 7) =R + 0L? oC or OL 1 Rk or at resonance @, = | - 5 LC oP 1 fi R and resonant frequency f, =392 Basic Electrical Engineering If resistance is neglected then and. Thus if resistance is neglected the resonant frequency of the parallel circuit is equal to that of series circuit. Also at resonance the net susceptance is zero, Net suseptance = ( As the net reactive component of the current is zero at resonance so the supply current J is equal to the active component of the current. Y R_VR_VR So I= I, cos 9= —— Zp=Xe1X, =U L898 TLE p= Xe: X,= U0) v from previous equation or = LICR Thus at resonance the net impedance is given by L/CR and is known as the dynamic impedance of the parallel circuit at resonance, This impedance is resis- tive only. The current is minimum at resonance as s reactive part is (LICR) represent the maximum impedance of the circuit. It is circuit. vero and thus, called a rejector 5.18 PROPERTIES OF PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS (a) Atresonance the net reactive component of the line current is zero and the circuit current is equal to the active component of the total current, i.e I= I,,cos ¢ (b) The line current is minimum at resonance or J = (c) The power factor is unity at resonance. ( (d) Net susceptance is zero at resonance i.e | @C 1 fi R I\Lc Pp Since the current at resonance is minimum hence such a circuit is sometimes known as rejector circuit because it rejects (or takes minimum current) at reso- nant frequency. This resonance is often referred to as current resonance because the current, circulating between the two branches, is many times greater than the line current taken from the supply (c) The resonant frequency is f, =393 Figure 5.49 represents the variation of R, B, (inductive susceptance), Be (capacitive susceptance) Z and 1 with frequency. As R is independent of fre- quency so it is a straight line. The capacitive susceptance (Bg = @C) is a straight line passing through the origin and the characteristic of inductive susceptance \ ( B a ) is @ rectangular hyperbola, At resonance 1 is minimum and so Z is @ maximum. Fig. 5.49 Variation of R, B,, Bo Z, I with frequency 5.19 Q-FACTOR IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT It is defined as the ratio of the current, circulating between the two branches of the parallel circuit to the line current. ae XC _Ie _Vac Gre TT = °* LICR Therefore Qtactor = a oe. Now — Qfacior at resonance is ( In a series circuit Qjor gives the voltage magnification while in a parallel circuit it gives the current magnification. 5.20 PARALLEL RESONANCE IN > RLC CIRCUIT Yin Yh Yio In the circuit of Fig. 5.50 the resonance occurs y (~ when the net susceptance is zero. Admittance y= G+ jB= + +joc-j 1 R @L Fig. 5.50 RLC parallel circuit304 At resonance net suseptance (o 1 @, and (fa) = At resonant frequency (f,) the admittance is minimum so the impedance is maxi- mum and the current is minimum. 5.21 PARALLEL RESONANCE IN RC-RL CIRCUIT A parallel combination of RL and RC branches E connected to a source of emf E is shown in Fig. 5.51. The above circuit will produce parallel reso- nance when the resultant current is in phase with Fig 5.51 RL and RC paral- the applied voltage or the net susceptance of the lel circuit above circuit is zero. Total admittance ¥ = y, + yy So the net susceptance ———— + —“— 2 4 we I Ri+@L py 1 i Ra+ ok. oC Ri+@’P wC*R2+1 ORECLt+L = RC+@°VC or @ (RZC?L-DC) = REC = REC-L RIC or @=—+___ or, o 1a LC(R2C - L) LC Rez ( \ 1 | REC-L So, Resonant frequency is | —— | +—— | radss. VIC \ REC-L or foSteady State Analysis of AC Circuit 395 5.54, A coil of 10 @ resistance has an inductance of 0.1 H and is connected in parallel with a 200 WF capacitor. Calculate the frequency at which the circuit will act as a non- inductive resistor of R Q. Find also the value of R. Solution Resistance of coil —-R, = 10 Inductance of coil L=01H Capacitance C= 200 x 10°F 1fa Rr 4 1 (oy? Resonant frequency f, = —,|—--—— = —,|——~___- 31.8 Hz. 2n\LC P 2x Yo1x200x10% (0.1) The value of non-inductive resistor R at resonance is the dynamic impedance of the circuit. 4. 91 soa CR 200 x 10% x10 - oo 5,55, In the circuit shown in Fig, 5.52 show that the circulating current at resonance is given by (I) = V. € for a supply voltage of V volts. Solution ve c At resonance, Inductive reactance = Capacitive reactance y 1 X,=Xe or, ob = Fig.5.52 Circuit diagram for Ex. 5.55 Therefore Current through Z (or ©) = Calculate the value of Rin the circuit shown in Fig. 5.53 which yields resonance. Solution Admittance of the inductive branch 100 Re 1 __ 10-j10 10+j10 100+ 100 ja 2 Admittance of the capacitive branch Re t2i = Fig.5.53 Circuit diagram Ro +4 (for Ex. 5.56 10-jl0 Re +27 es 100+100 R244 / 10, Re =10 =|-~ + |+)J—= + 200" R244 {200 Riad As net susceptance is zero at resonance, so Net admittance y = y; + yy =396 Basic Electrical Engineering 80, 400 - 40 - 10R2, = 0 360 62. or Re 10 5.57, Show that no value of R; in the circuit shown in Fig, 5.54 will make it resonant Solution (R= jl) (4455 1 yt tL 4 Gt) Net admittance = —_+_ R,+jl0 4-f5 RF +100 16425 At resonance net suseptance is 0. a0 Ry 40 RP +100 16+25 10 5 J10.0: -j5Q or —10_ 5 R2 4100 41 41x10 Fig. 5.54 Circuit diagram or, R 57 3 7100 = (Y=18 ¥ for Ex. This value of R, is physically impossible and so no value of R, can make the circuit resonant. A 200 V, 50 Hz. source is connected across a 10.230° Q branch in parallel with a 60° Q branch. Find the impedance of the circuit element which when connected in series with the supply produces resonance. Solution V= 200 Z, = 10230° Q= 8.66 +j5 Zz = 102-60° —j 8.66 Combined impedance of the parallel branches 10.230° x10 2- 60° 8.66 + j5 +5 —j8.66 1002 - 30° 1002-30" ~ 73.66—j3.66 14.147-15° = 1.012-15* = 6.83 ~ j 1.83 At resonance the net reactance of the circuit should be zero. So the element which is connected in series to produce resonance must have reactance of /1.83. So inductive reactance X, = 1.83 Q and inductance x pe = 183g 25.83 mt @ | x50 2F 5.59, For the circuit shown in Fig. 5.55 find tM ih ihe frequency at which the circuit will be at AOS resonance. If the capacitor and inductor are interchanged what would be the value of new Ww resonant frequency. Fig. 5.55. Circuit diagram for Ex.Steady State Analysis of AC Circuit 397 Solution 1x 2 jo 1 po Total impedance = j@x 1+ ——— =jo+ jo+ i 142 jo 1440? 2 ja 1 20 ) jjo- 1440 1440 ] Net reactance is zero at resonance 20 Hence o- 14407 or 1440? =20 or, w= or @ $= 05 radls when the capacitor and inductor are interchanged Ix jo co Net impedance is 42 =-1_,_/ 2 ja 1+jo j20 1+jo _ Af Jou-so) © 20° Lea? i, jaro? 20° 14a? 2 Se ae 1+@? l+@? 20 so. or or @= | rad/s, : ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS - 5.60, A voltage of 400 V is applied across a pure resistor, a pure capacitor and an inductive coil which are in parallel. The resultant current is 6 A and the currents in the above components are 3 A, 4 A and 2 A respectively. Find the power factor of the inductive coil and the power factor of the whole circuit, Solution The current in the resistor Jy = 3 A The current in the capacitor (I-) = 4 A. The current in the inductive coil (/,) = 2 A. Let the current in the inductive coil be (x - jy) wty? =2 of Pty = Total current [= 3 +4 +x-jy so. (34x) + =6 i) or x+y? + 6x —8y +9416 =36 or 4+ 6x 8y = 36-25 = 11 @