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JSS2 SECOND TERM NOTE

The document outlines a second-term scheme of work for JSS2, covering topics such as electronic configuration, valency, oxidation numbers, chemical formulas, and chemical equations. It includes detailed content for each week, examples, and assignments for students to reinforce their understanding. The document emphasizes the importance of balancing chemical equations and provides systematic methods for naming inorganic compounds.

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Petery Thiely
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5 views

JSS2 SECOND TERM NOTE

The document outlines a second-term scheme of work for JSS2, covering topics such as electronic configuration, valency, oxidation numbers, chemical formulas, and chemical equations. It includes detailed content for each week, examples, and assignments for students to reinforce their understanding. The document emphasizes the importance of balancing chemical equations and provides systematic methods for naming inorganic compounds.

Uploaded by

Petery Thiely
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JSS2 SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC CONTENTS


1 ELECTRONIC -Shells
CONFIGURATION -Notations
2 VALENCY -Definition of terms
-Valency of common elements
3 OXIDATION NUMBER -Definitions
-Calculations
4 CHEMICAL FORMULA -Binary compounds
-IUPAC naming
5 CHEMICAL FORMULA -Ternary compounds
-IUPAC naming
6 CHEMICAL FORMULA -IUPAC nomenclature; more
examples
7 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS -Reactants
-Products
-Balancing of chemical equations
8 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS -Balancing of chemical equations
9 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS -Balancing of chemical equations
10 REVISION
11 EXAMINATION
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
This is the arrangement of electrons in energy levels
around an atomic nucleus. The arrangement of electrons
determines the chemical property of the element.

This can be expressed by the following models

1. Shell atomic model


2. Spdf notation or Quantum mechanical model

Shell atomic model

This may be expressed by indicating the number of electrons in each shell


beginning with the first

The electrons move round the nucleus in clearly defined regions called shells.
Electrons closest to the nucleus have the lowest energy while electrons that are
further away from the nucleus have higher energies

An atoms shell can hold 2n2 electrons where n is the electron shell level;
represented as K, L, M, N, O
Example

K L M N

17Cl 2 8 7

20Ca 2 8 8 2
Spdf Notation

This follows Aufbau principle which states that in the building up of atoms,
electrons enter into orbitals in order of increasing energy.

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, and 7p
The maximum number of electrons for each sub orbital are as follows
s=2
p=6
d= 10
f= 14
example
17Cl = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
20Ca = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

ASSIGNMENT

With the aid of diagram, write the electronic configuration (shells and orbitals) of
the first twenty (20) elements
VALENCY AND
OXIDATION NUMBER
Valency is the combining
capacity/power of an element. It means the number of electrons the atom of an
element needs to lose, gain or share in order to acquire the closest inert gas
configuration
The number of valence electrons determines the valency of that element. For
example, the valency of oxygen is 2 because it needs 2 electrons in its outermost
orbit to complete its octet state.
Oxidation number +1 +2 +3 Variable -2 -1 0
Valency 1 2 3 2 1 0
Period 1 H He
Period 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
Period 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period 4 K Ca

Valencies and oxidation number of Some Radicals


Radicals are group of atoms of different elements acting as a single unit.
Radical Formula Valency Oxidation
number
Ammonium ion NH4+ 1 +1
Hydroxide ion OH- 1 -1
Trioxonitrate (V) ion NO3- 1 -1
Dioxonitrate (III) NO2- 1 -1
Hydrogen Trioxocarbonate HCO3- 1 -1
(IV)
Trioxocarbonate (IV) CO32- 2 -2
Tetraoxosulphate (VI) SO42- 2 -2

ASSIGNMENT
An element Q forms a compound QCl5 in which group of the periodic table does Q
belong?

Oxidation Number/state; this is the total number of electrons that an atom


either gains, losses or shares in order to form a chemical bond with another atom.
For valences, charges are not assigned to the values whereas in the case of
oxidation number, a positive or negative charge is assigned to their values
ASSIGNMENT
1. What is the formula of the compound formed when 20A combines with
element 8Y
2. What is the compound formed by two elements X and Y with the electron
configurations 1s2 2s2 2p4 and 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 respectively?
CHEMICAL FORMULA

Naming simple inorganic


Compounds:

The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming


inorganic compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

Binary compounds;

These are chemical compounds comprising of two different elements.

Example 1

What is the oxidation number of Nitrogen in NO and hence the IUPAC name

Solution

NO = 0

(N-2) =0

N = +2

The oxidation number of Nitrogen in NO is +2, hence the IUPAC name is Nitrogen
(II) Oxide.

Example 2

What is the oxidation number of Carbon in CO2 and hence its IUPAC name

Solution

CO2 = 0

C + (-2*2) = 0

C + (-4) = 0

C -4 = 0
C = +4

The oxidation number of Carbon in CO2 is +4 and hence the IUPAC name is Carbon
(IV) Oxide

ASSIGNMENT

What is the oxidation number of

i) Carbon in CO
ii) Sulphur in SO2
iii) Nitrogen in NO3- and NH4+

Note: in a radical or ion, the sum of the oxidation number is equal to its charge

Ternary compounds

These are compounds containing three different elements.

Example 1

What is the oxidation number of Sulphur in Na2SO4 and hence its IUPAC name.

Solution

Na2SO4 = 0

(+1*2) + S + (-2*4) =0

+2 + S + (-8) =0

+2 + S - 8 =0

S – 6 =0

S = +6

The oxidation number of sulphur in Na2SO4 is +6 and the IUPAC name is Sodium
tetraoxosulphate (VI)
Example 2

Find the oxidation number of Manganese in KMnO4 and hence its IUPAC name.

Solution

KMnO4 = 0

+1 + Mn + (-2*4) =0

+1 + S + (-8) =0

+1 + S - 8 =0

S – 7 =0

S = +7

The oxidation number of sulphur in KMnO4 is +7 and hence the IUPAC name is
Potassium tetraoxomanganate (VII)

ASSIGNMENT

Find the oxidation number of chlorine atom in KClO3 and hence its IUPAC name

More examples

Calculate the oxidation number of

1. Chromium atom in K2Cr2O7 and PbCrO4


2. Sulphur in SO3, H2SO4, H2S and Na2S2O3
3. I in KIO3
4. P in H3PO4
5. C in CaCO3
And hence state their IUPAC names
CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS

Chemical equations are


representations of chemical reactions in terms of the symbols and formulae of the
elements and compound involved.

The reactants are written on the left hand side while the products are written on
the right hand side. Reactants and products are linked together by an arrow
symbol (→) whose head points towards the products.

A + B→C + D
Reactants products

Reactants

Reactants are substances that undergo the chemical changes or the substance
that participate in the reaction.

Products

Products are the new substance formed.

Balancing chemical equations

A chemical equation is of little value if it is not a balanced equation. When an


equation is balanced, the total number of atoms of any element on the left-hand
side of it must be equal to the total number of atoms of that element on the
right-hand side.

Rules for balancing chemical equations

1. Equations must be balanced through the use of coefficients in front of the


formulae and not by changing the subscript numbers within the formulae
2. Common gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine in the free
state are diatomic e.g H2, O2, N2 and Cl2
3. Other elements such as sodium, potassium, copper are monoatomic in
their free state e.g Na, K, Cu and Fe
4. In simple chemical reactions, radicals remain unchanged during the
reactions

ASSIGNMENT

Balance the following equations

1. Mg + O2 → MgO
2. H2 + Br2 → HBr
WEEK 8

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Balance the following equations

1. N2 + H2 → NH3
2. C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
3. SiCl4 + H2O → H4SiO4 + HCl.
4. Al + HCl → AlCl3 + H2
5. Na2CO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
6. CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
WEEK 9

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

More examples

1. C5H12 + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O


2. Zn + HCl ---> ZnCl2 + H2
3. Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 ---> Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O
4. Al2(CO3)3 + H3PO4 ---> AlPO4 + CO2 + H2O
5. HCl + NaOH ---> NaCl + H2O

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