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CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

The document is an investigatory project by Samar Gomango from D.A.V Public School, focusing on testing the hardness, presence of iron, fluoride, and chloride in drinking water. It includes a detailed introduction to water hardness, types of hardness, testing procedures, and observations. The project emphasizes the importance of monitoring dissolved salts in water for health safety.

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dibakargamango2
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7 views

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

The document is an investigatory project by Samar Gomango from D.A.V Public School, focusing on testing the hardness, presence of iron, fluoride, and chloride in drinking water. It includes a detailed introduction to water hardness, types of hardness, testing procedures, and observations. The project emphasizes the importance of monitoring dissolved salts in water for health safety.

Uploaded by

dibakargamango2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

D.A.

V PUBLIC SCHOOL
BERHAMPUR

AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
ANNUAL CHEMISTRY PARCTICAL
EXAMINATION;2023-24

GUIDED BY: MR.AMIT KUMAR JENA

SUBMITTED BY:-

NAME- SAMAR GOMANGO

CLASS/SEC: - XI ‘B’

ROLL NO.21
CERTIFICATE OF
COMPLETION

This is to certify that Samar Gomango is a student of class XI


'B' of D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL for the academic year 2023-24
had worked on the project TESTING HARDNESS, PRESENCE
OF IRON, FLUORIDE, CHLORIDE IN DRINKING WATER under
my supervision. During this period he was found to be
sincere and hardworking.

PRINCIPAL GUIDE TEACHER


MS. DHARASHREE PADHI MR.AMIT KUMAR JENA
AKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is customary for me to acknowledge the


contributions and suggestions received from various
sources. First of all I would like to thank god almighty
for giving me wisdom and knowledge to showcase my
talent. I am very thankful to our Principal Ms.
Dharashree Padhi for giving me the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project. I wish to acknowledge the
tremendous amount of help received from my
Chemistry teacher Mr. Amit Kumar Jena, without
whose help and encouragement it would not have
been possible for me to complete this project. I wish to
express my gratitude to all non-teaching staff who
helped me to complete my project. Whatever words I
choose cannot sufficiently express my deep sense of
gratitude towards my parents for their constant
understanding, assistance, inspiration and moral
support in completing this project. I would also like to
acknowledge my thanks to my friends for their
valuable suggestions and timely help.
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
Hardness of water is determined by concentration of
multivalent cations present in water. Hard water
contains Ca2+, Mg2+ions.Hardness of water can be
removed by adding sodium carbonate to hard water
.Sometimes salts are dangerous for human health.
Therefore, it is necessary to detect presence of these
ions and remove them to stay on safer side.
Hard water is the water containing dissolved salts of
calcium, magnesium and iron ions. These ions are
called hardening ions. In low concentrations, these
ions are considered harmful for domestic use, but
when present in higher concentrations these ions
interfere with the cleansing action of soaps and
accelerate the corrosion of steel pipes. Especially
those carrying hot water. Hard water prevents soaps
from lathering and causes scale built-up in pipes and
appliances, such as hot water tanks, boilers,
shortening their life span and affecting their
efficiency.
TYPES OF HARDNESS IN WATER:
1)Temporary hardness
2)Permanent hardness

➢ TEMPORARY HARDNESS
Temporary hardness is due to the presence of
bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be
easily removed by boiling.

➢ PERMANENT HARDNESS
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of
chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium.
This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
SALTS PRESENT IN WATER
Sulphate in groundwater is caused by natural deposits
of magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphate or sodium
sulphate. Concentrations should be below 250 ppm.
Higher concentrations are undesirable because of their
laxative effects. Iron as it exists in natural groundwater
is in the soluble (ferrous) state but, when exposed to
oxygen, is converted into the insoluble (ferric) state
with its characteristic reddish brown or rusty colour.
Chlorides in groundwater can be naturally occurring in
deep aquifers or caused by pollution from sea water,
brine, or industrial or domestic wastes. Chloride
concentration above 250 mg/l can produce a distinct
taste in drinking water. Fluorinated water contains
fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing
cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride.
THEORY

Hard Water : Water with very high mineral content is


called hard water. Hard water is when water percolates
through deposits of chalk and limestone. We know that
limestone and chalk are made up of calcium and
magnesium carbonates.
Indicator Of Hardness In Water: Hardness in water
indicates an inability to form lather with soap solution.
The effect of various dissolved salts, containing several
different cations and anions, on the formation on
lather, is investigated. Following example of hard water
containing calcium and magnesium ions, shows
formation of insoluble precipitate.

2C17H35COO-Na++ Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+

2C17H35COO-Na+ + Mg2+ → (C17H35COO)2Mg + 2Na+


APPARATUS
REQUIRED

Apparatus:-
• Test Tubes
• Pipette
• Beaker
• Stop Watch
• Cork
• Test Tube Stand

Chemicals Required:-
• Soap Solution
• Calcium Chloride Solution
• Sodium Sulphate
• Distilled Water
• Iron (II) Sulphate Solution
• Sodium Chloride
• Pottasium Nitrate
• Magnesium Sulphate
PROCEDURE

DETERMINING HARDNESS OF
WATER
1. Take eight test tubes and label them as
1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7.
2. Put about 10 drops of the following in
different test tubes:
Test tube 1-distilled or deionised water
Test tube 2-calcium chloride solution
Test tube 3-sodium sulphate solution
Test tube 4-Iron(II) sulphate solution
Test tube 5-Sodium chloride solution
Test tube 6-potassium nitrate solution
Test tube 7-magnesium sulphate
3. Take out 50 mL of soap solution in a small
beaker.
4. Pipette out about 5 mL soap solution in
each test tube.
5. Close the mouth of each test tube with cork
and shake it vigorously.
6. Note which tube contains a foamy lather
and which do not.
7. With the help of stopwatch measure the
time taken for disappearance of foam in
each test tube.

Test Tubes Solution Lather Formed


Or Not
1 Distilled Water Yes
2 Calcium Chloride No
3 Sodium Sulphate Yes
4 Sodium Chloride Yes
5 Pottasium Nitrate Yes
6 Magnesium Sulphate No
7 Iron(II) Sulphate Yes
A. TESTING OF IRON IN WATER
• Take 5 mL water in a test tube. Add two
drops of dilute H2SO4.
• Boil the contents and allow it to cool.
• Now, add 2-3 drops of ammonium
sulphocyanide.
B. TESTING OF CHLORIDE IN WATER
• Take 5 mL water in a test tube. Add 2 drops
of concentrated HNO3 in it.
• Boil the contents of the test tube and allow
it to cool.
• Now, add 2-3 drops of AgNO3 solution to it.
C. TESTING OF FLUORIDE IN WATER
• Take 5 mL water in a test tube.
• Add water, silver nitrate and dilute nitric
acid to it.
OBSERVATIONS
SL.NO TEST OBSERVATION
1 IRON Appearance of
orange colour
indicates the
presence of iron
in water.
2 CHLORIDE Appearance of
curdy precipitate
indicates the
presence of
chloride in water.
3 FLUORIDE No precipitate
indicates
presence of
fluoride ion in
water.
CONCLUSION
The project helped us to know that the total dissolved
salts (TDS) is different for different water bodies and
varies from place to place. It also made us aware that
one should always be aware of the permissible limits of
some salts like fluorine, chlorine as it may cause
different health disorders to human beings. If one
takes such measures in life, he would lead a healthy
life. One can know about the salts dissolved in water by
doing some simple experiments as showcased above or
he can use data given by the ministry of health and
welfare or any other trustable agency. The project also
enabled us to know a few new and interesting
methods of testing elements like fluorine chlorine and
iron in water and helped us to know some unique but
hazardous properties of the elements.
BIBLOGRAPHY
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-
and-biological-sciences/water-hardness
Comprehensive Laboratory manual in chemistry
https://byjus.com/jee/hardness-of-water-types-and-
removal/

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