Module 6b

I.​ LISTENING: Section 4

Ex.1: Do the adjectives below have a positive or negative meaning?

convincing fascinating flawed improbable misleading perceptive
remarkable significant superficial

Ex.2: Listen to the first part of a lecture on super recognisers and choose the correct
letter (A, B or C).

1. According to the speaker, super recognisers have

A.​ an extraordinary ability to notice detail.
B.​ a skill which is interesting to study.
C.​ a significant advantage over other people.

2. What does teh lecturer thin about the police employing super recognisers?
A.​ it is bad approach to policing.
B.​ it can increase their resources.
C.​ it has helped to solve more crimes.

Ex.3: Read the audio script. Which adjectives does the speaker use to show his
opinion for questions 1 and 2?

Modern policing methods have changed considerably in recent years. One of these
changes is the use of super recognisers to help solve crimes. Super recognisers are
people who can recognise faces more easily and reliably than other people. According
to research done in a variety of studies, most of us can recall the features of the faces
of people we see approximately 20 percent of the time, whereas super recognisers can
do this an amazing 80 percent of the time, sometimes even up to 95 percent. This is a
significant difference and one which the police are using to their advantage.
Nowadays the police are using these people to help them solve crimes. The reason
these super recognisers are so useful is because they can identify faces of people in
distorted or blurred CCTV footage or photographs. Identifying criminals using
‘normal’ police officers is time consuming and expensive, as is the development of
sophisticated technology to do this. Therefore, employing these super recognisers can
have a significant impact on the different types of methods to fight crime which are
available to the police.

Ex.4: Complete the test tasks.

Questions 1-4

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C

1. Being a super recogniser is a skill which people

A.​ probably possess from birth.
B.​ have to be taught to do it well.
C.​ master in their teenage years.

2. What is particularly interesting about super recognisers?

A.​ They originate from the same ethnic group.
B.​ Their skill does not work with other racial groups.
C.​ They only recognise a limited number of people.

3. The results of the study at the University of Greenwich demonstrated that

A.​ police officers are more inclined to be super recognisers.
B.​ not all the officers assessed were super recognisers.
C.​ their results were more consistent than those from Havard University.

4. Why are super recognisers so useful to the police?

A.​ They are more reliable than finger printing and DNA.
B.​ They are never inaccurate.
C.​ They conserve vital resources.

Questions 5-10

Complete the summary below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Computers are becoming far more sophisticated when it comes to facial recognition
due to the developments in 5.______. Despite the fact that processing images should
be a straightforward task for computers, it does become problematic if the images are
of 6.______. Additionally, computers find it harder to process video as the images are
always 7.______. Developing facial recognition software for computers is incredibly
difficult because there is also a laack of certainty about how 8._______ are able to do
this. One difference is that people are accustomed to identifying faces 9.______.
Technological advantages in photographic equipment will result in improved
10.______ and will enable computers to become more adept at facial recognition in
years to come.
II. VOCABULARY: Cleft sentences; there and it

Ex.1: Match the example sentences (1 - 2) with the correct structures (A - B). The
underlined text is old information.

Can you tell me what was stolen from your office?

1.​ It was my laptop that was stolen from my office.

(It + to be + noun, relative pronoun + verb)
2.​ What was stolen from my office was my laptop.
(What + verb + to be + noun)

A.​ new information + old information

B.​ old information + new information

Ex.2: Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.

1. I enjoy the plot of the Agatha Christie novel the most. (what)
_____________________________________________________________________

2. The bank robbers were caught because of the security footage. (it)
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Transporting food across borders is illegal due to possible contamination. (it)

_____________________________________________________________________

4. We need a fairer way to conduct trials in this country. (what)

_____________________________________________________________________

5. The police interviewed all the witnesses first. (what)

_____________________________________________________________________

6. My brother had his wallet stolen while he was on holiday. (it)

_____________________________________________________________________

7. I liked the special effects in the movie more than aspects such as the acting or the
music. (what)
_____________________________________________________________________
8. When I went on holiday to Scotland, the scenery impressed me more than anything
else. (it)
_____________________________________________________________________

Ex.3: Choose the correct option in italics for the type of information.

1. to say where something is it/there

2. time and dates it/there
3. before opinion adjectives it/there
4. quantities and numbers it/there
5. the weather it/there
6. to introduce a new topic it/there
7. in passive constructions it/there

Ex.4: Decide if the sentences are correct or incorrect. Correct the incorrect sentences.

1.​ According to the graph it was a substantial number of burglaries in the

countryside in 2015.
2.​ There has been an increase in the number of prisoners gaining academic
qualifications during their sentences.
3.​ There is reasonable to assume that significant improvements will be made to IT
security in the near future.
4.​ It has been suggested that juveniles suffer most from injustices within the
criminal justice system.
5.​ There used to be a police station on this street when I was young.
6.​ There could be argued that crime has been steadily dereasing over the last 50
years.

Ex.5: Complete the sentences with it or there.

1.​ ______ are a variety of tried and tested methods for assessing whether
criminals are likely to reoffend after leaving prison.
2.​ ______ has been claimed that crime has decreased in London due to people
having better relationships with the police.
3.​ ______ was a prison on this site during the last century, but it was transformed
into a museum a few years ago.
 4.​ ______ is interesting to note that urban areas with a strong sense of community
tend to experience less crime.
5.​ ______ is a new law for protecting cybercrime victims. Hopefully, it will be
effective.
6.​ Crimes committed in public places such as parks tend to increase when ______
is sunny because people are distracted.

III. SPEAKING: Part 3

Ex.1: Complete the text with the words below.

data sources drones facial recognition hotspots prediction ​

social media suspects

The future of crime; law enforcement is everywhere

Although solving crime has developed rapidly with the introduction of more scientific
means of identifying and capturing 1.______, the future of crime fighting looks even
more impressive. 2.______ sites are already being used by police forces and this is
only set to increase further. Police are posting messages to local communities to help
locate individuals or inform them about crime 3.______, and many stolen goods and
missing people have been found due to sites like Pinterest. However, other
technological advances are even more impressive. The use of 4.______ may
completely revolutionise the police force as they can remotely film suspects or search
for particular people using 5.______ software. This has major implications regarding
manpower, as local forces are no longer limited to only using officers. Additionally,
although it ias unlikely crimes of the future will be foreseen in the manner shown in
films like Minority Report, crime 6.______ is already here. Large technology
companies, such as Hitachi, are now combining a huge variety of 7.______ such as
surveillance cameras, geographical crime areas, sensor systems and social media to
predict when and where a crime is going to occur.

Ex.2: Read the audio script and listen to a candidate talking about the pros and cons of
using drones. Consider the following:
-​ Extending answers
-​ Reducing hesitancy and improving flow
-​ Use of connectors and discourse markers
E: Do you think that using drones is a positive step in policing?
R: Hmm… that’s an interesting question… I’m not… sure. A drone can be a good
beneficial thing because it can catch criminals easier, the police too… If there are not
enough policemen and women, then they can be substituted by drones. This means
they don’t have to worry about having an officer ready. But we must think of keeping
police jobs. If the police use drones, will they still need officers? If there are no jobs
for officers, then this will be a problem… hmm… Maybe… Drones can… As… assist
officers but there is a law that they cannot… take… re… place… real humans.

Ex.3: Listen to the candidate answer the question again. How has his fluency and
coherence improved?

Ex.4: Answer two of the following questions

1.​ How are the police better at solving crimes nowadays?

2.​ Do you believe that crime rates will be lower in the future?
3.​ What do you think are the pros and cons of crime-prediction techniques?
4.​ If the police commonly used drones and predictive data to tackle crime, could
this have any negative effects?
IV. READING: Flow chart completion; Sentence completion

Ex.1: Complete the test tasks

Questions 1-6

Complete the flow chart below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Stages in the investigation of a crime scene

Police response:
-​ potential 1.______ not allowed at crime scene
-​ provision of 2.______ to be signed by visitors to scene
⇓
CSI arrival: initial 3.______ informs strategy
⇓
Documented evidence: detailed photographic record and written 4.______ provided
for those not present
⇓
Recreation of crime scene: CSI develops supported 5.______ of scenario, including
who was probably there and exactly where they were
⇓
Analysis: All objects and documentation taken to 6.______

Questions 7-10
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. Overview photographs are needed to show the various ______ relevant to the
crime.
8. Detailed photographs, from a short distance, of injuries such as ______ are taken on
site.
9. Although ______ of the crime scene are acceptable as long as they are correct, they
may have to be done again at a later date.
10. An everyday object might be included in a photograph as a ______ in terms of
size.
 Crime scene investigation: how it operates

From the moment the first police officer arrives at the scene of a crime, a strict set of
procedures must be adhered to: this is designed to protect everyone present and guard
evidence against damage, contamination or loss. Following these procedures and
maintaining control of the scene until the arrival of crime scene investigators offers
the best chance of obtaining the evidence required to successfully identify and convict
those responsible for perpetrating the crime.

At the heart of crime scene protection is Locard’s Exchange Principle, which states
that when any two people come into contact with each other, trace materials such as
hair, fibres and prints can be exchanged or transferred. Every person who enters the
crime scene can leave behind signs of their presence, remove crucial traces on their
shoes, clothes or hands or otherwise damage or alter any evidence that remains. Thus,
access to the scene must be restricted immediately and denied to everyone but those
authorised to enter it, as police may be unsure of who potentially are witnesses or
suspects.

The next stage is to cordon off and secure the crime scene, which will involve a
requirement for all people authorised to be at the scene to sign their names upon
arrival. This security log is essential for limiting the number of individuals to be
examined in the event of finding stray fingerprints and shoeprints. If investigators can
be eliminated, the print may well implicate the perpetrators.

As soon as the crime scene investigator (CSI) arrives she must first gain an
understanding of what the investigation will entail and establish a systematic approach
to collecting evidence. Therefore, her first task is a walk-through examination of the
crime scene; the focus being on the bigger picture, nothing is touched at this point.
The CSI also talks to the police or detectives who were first on the scene and may
have already begun interviewing witnesses.

Having formulated a plan, the CSI then organises documentation of all the evidence,
with the aim of creating a visual record which will enable the forensics laboratory,
detectives and lawyers to gain an exact representation of the scene and surrounding
area. A designated note-taker records all activities in and around the crime scene. This
includes a description of the scene and an accurate list describing each piece of
evidence is, when, where and by whom it was found, and who was responsible for
transporting it to the laboratory. Each photograph is also identified and commented on.
Photographs need to be taken promptly so that they show the scene preserved in an
unaltered condition prior to any evidence being removed for analysis. The CSI takes
general shots of all locations related to the crime scene such as rooms, the building
and the area and mid-range photos of key pieces of evidence in context. For close-ups,
good-quality photos are essential in providing the forensics laboratory with details
from which to analyse the evidence. Any sign of physical harm to the body is critical:
bruises and scratches can be photographed at the scene but knife wounds and gunshots
generally have to wait until the victim is hospitalised. CSIs also create sketches to
depict both the entire scene and particular aspects which will benefit from exact
measurements; they need to be accurate in terms of the details presented but can be
rough as they are frequently redrawn later for clarity. In photographs where it is
important to see the size of the object being recorded, the photograph may include a
point of reference such as a car key or ballpoint pen.

After the crime scene has been carefully documented, it is time for the CSI to collect
all physical evidence that might serve to recreate the crime and identify the perpetrator
in a manner that will hold in a court of law. Certain information may be critical in
determining the truthfulness of a suspect or the reliability of a witness. The
investigator focuses on the likely sequence of events and the locations and positions of
everyone present when the crime ocurred before looking at each piece of physical
evidence to find out whether or not it endorses this hypothesis: anything that does not
confirm this must be reconciled or must change. As a result, the reconstruction of a
crime scene is constantly evolving as more evidence is disclosed. All of this evidence
is included in the crime scene report and, together with the evidence recovered from
the scene, is transferred to a forensic science laboratory to be analysed.
V. WRITING: Task 2

Ex.1: Look at the essay title below. Are the ideas (1-7) for or against the main
argument?

Science is more useful than human judgement in stopping crime. To what exent do
you agree?
1.​ Humans make errors.
2.​ There is no replacement for common sense.
3.​ Science cannot find out the motif or take testimonies.
4.​ DNA is 100 percent accurate.
5.​ Science is more objective.
6.​ Scientific evidence may be inconclusive.
7.​ DNA can be planted at a scene to incriminate someone who is innocent.

Ex.2: Look at the aspect below. Which of these are important in a conclusion?
1.​ Summarise the key argument/points
2.​ Include some new information
3.​ Restatement of your opinion
4.​ Give questions for the examiner
5.​ Develop a final main point

Ex.3: Read the two conclusions below. Which one is better and why? What is the
writer’s opinion?

Conclusion A
In conclusion, science is a far more effective tool than human judgement. Although
human judgement will lnevevr leave us, and is one of the cores of solving crime.
Human judgement is one of the most fundamental elements of solving crime. People
can trust in the law. Could you trust in science alone deciding your fate?

Conclusion B
In conclusion, although both elements are important in fighting crime, science is
becoming more important. Not only is science highly reliable and more objective than
pure human judgement, in a changing world, the progress that science makes helps us
fight against crimes such as fraud in ways that humans cannot do alone.