BDwbU - 7

wewkó `vk©wbK : Avj-wKw›`

Avj-wKw›`
Avey BqvKze BmnvK Be‡b Avj-wKw›` `vk©wbK m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖ_g `vk©wbK| †KviAvb I
nv`x‡mi `k©‡bi ms‡M we‡`kx we‡klZ MÖxK `k©‡bi mw¤§jb NwU‡q gymwjg `k©b‡K c~e©eZ©x
gyZvwhjv ev Avkvwiqv `k©‡bi cÖfvegy³ K‡ib Avj-wKw›`| wZwb gymwjg we‡k¦i DbœwZi mg‡q
Z`vbxšÍbKv‡ji Lwjdv‡`i AvbyK‚j¨ jvf K‡ib| d‡j wfbœ avivq I wfbœ Avw½‡K `k©bPP©v Kiv
Zuvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e n‡qwQj| `k©b PP©vi AbyK‚j G Kv‡ji my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wZwb cÖ_g
cÖ_vgvwdK ev ixwZwm× `k©‡bi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib| d‡j cieZ©xKv‡j Avj-dvivex, Be‡b wmbvmn
Ab¨vb¨ `vk©wbK‡`i c‡ÿ mvnmx f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges `k©‡bi BwZnvm wfbœLv‡Z
cÖevwnZ nq| gymwjg `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Avj-wKw›` K…wZ‡Z¡i `vex`vi| G gnvb `vk©wb‡Ki
Zvrch©c~Y© mswÿß Av‡jvPbv GB BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨|

cvVmg~n
cvV-1 : Avj-wKw›`i Rxebx I MÖš’vejx
cvV-2 : Avj-wKw›`i Awawe`¨v I hyw³we`¨v
cvV-3 : Avj-wKw›`i `k©b I ag© m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ges †KviAv‡bi `vk©wbK e¨vL¨v
cvV-4 : AvZ¥v I eyw×e„wË m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i aviYv
gymwjg `k©b evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV-1
Avj-wKw›`i Rxebx I MÖš’vejx
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
♦ Avj-wKw›`i Avwef©v‡ei hyM m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
♦ Avj-wKw›`i Rxebxi c~Y© weeiY cv‡eb|
♦ Zuvi MÖš’vejxi cwiPq cv‡eb|
♦ Zuvi Kg©Rxeb I MÖš’ ZvwjKvi gva¨‡g Zuvi cÖwZfvi cwiPq cv‡eb|

f‚wgKv
Avj-wKw›` AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi GK ¯^Y©hy‡M (810 †_‡K 871 wLªt) `vk©wbK wn‡m‡e `k©b
A½‡b Avwef©~Z nb| 809 †_‡K 861 wLªóvã ch©šÍ G mg‡q Lwjdv Avj-Avwgb, Avj-gvgyb,
Avj-gyZvwmg, Avj IqvwmK Ges Avj-gyZvIw°j evM`v‡`i Lwjdv wQ‡jb| AveŸvmxq
wLjvd‡Zi GB mgq gymwjg we‡k¦ ivR‰bwZK, mvgwiK Ges eyyw×e„wËK w`K w`‡q GK ¯^‡Y©v¾¡j
Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv nq| evBRvw›Uqvg †_‡K emiv ch©šÍ gymwjg mvgªv‡R¨i me©Î GK myk„sLj
cªkvmwbK e¨e¯’v M‡o I‡V| mviv we‡k¦ G mg‡q evM`v` kni GKwU ¯^‡cœi kn‡i cwiYZ nq|
H mg‡q Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq wekvj cÖvmv`, evwMPv, Av‡gv` cÖ‡gv‡`i mvgMÖx, DbœZ evRvi Ges
DbœZ mvgMÖxi me wKQyB †mLv‡b wQj| Avj-wKw›`i Avwef©v‡ei mgq RvMwZK DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_
ˆeÁvwbK Ges eyw×e„wËK PP©v cÖf‚Z cwigv‡Y †e‡o hvq| MÖxK `vk©wbK Ges `k©b MÖ‡š’i Aviex
fvlvq Abyev` wPšÍvwe`‡`i Rb¨ GK bZzb Øvi D‡b¥vPb K‡i| G mg‡q Lwjdv‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq
weÁvb, `k©b I wPwKrmvmsµvšÍ MÖxK I wmwiqvK fvlvi Ab~w`Z MÖš’vejx bZzbfv‡e wkÿvi I
ÁvbPP©vi wfwË iPbv K‡i| Lwjdv Avj-gvgyb Ávb PP©vi Rb¨ evqZzj wnKgvn ev Ávb P©Pvi †K›`ª
¯’vcb K‡ib Ges we‡`kx fvlvq iwPZ cy¯ÍK Aviex fvlvq Abyev‡`i Rb¨ cÖPyi A_© e¨q K‡ib|
Avj-LvIqvivRwg G mg‡q R¨vwgwZi Ici Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Ab¨vb¨ wPšÍvwe`MY
Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq wbKUcÖv‡P¨ Ávb, weÁvb I `k©b PP©vi †h AZzjbxq DbœwZ mvab K‡ib Zuvi
m‡½ GKgvÎ Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv hy‡Mi Zzjbv Kiv P‡j|
G mg‡q eyw×e„wËK Kvh©Kjvc `ywU avivq cÖevwnZ nq| G‡`i GKwU avivi m~Pbv I DbœwZ nq
gymwjg msiÿYev`x‡`i Øviv| Zuviv BmjvwgK bxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i fvlvZË¡, BwZnvm Ges
AvB‡bi `k©‡bi DbœwZ mvab K‡ib Ges †KviAvb I mybœvni Ici ÁvbPP©vi wfwË ¯’vqx Kivi
gvb‡m KvR K‡ib| G `‡j Avey nvwbdv, Avj mvdx, Be‡b nv¤^j Ges gvwjK Be‡b Avbv‡mi gZ
ag©ZË¡we`‡`i Avwef©ve nq| Ab¨w`‡K †n‡jbxq Ávb weÁv‡bi mswgkª‡Y Bmjvwg wPšÍvi weKvk
NUv‡bvi Rb¨ Ab¨ me wPšÍvwe` MÖxK, wmixq Ges cvwm©qvb ms¯‹…wZ I `k©‡bi mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡ib
Ges Ávb weÁvb‡K mybœvni wfwËi cwie‡Z© hyw³wfwËK Kivi cÖ‡Póv K‡ib| G `‡ji wPšÍvwe`‡`i
g‡a¨ gyZvwhjviv wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg| G `y'`‡ji wØgyLx c×wZ Aej¤^b gymwjg we‡k¦ GK ag©xq
ms¯‹vi m„wó K‡i| wKšÍz ÁvbweÁvb I `k©b PP©vi †ÿ‡Î Lwjdv‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq G msKU `~i
nq| d‡j G mg‡q gy³eyw× PP©vi GK AbyK‚j cwi‡ek weivwRZ _v‡K| G mgqwU m¤ú‡K© RR©,
Gb AvwU‡qn e‡jb: ÒThis is the period during the Abbasid rule in which al-kindi
flourished, a period in which the translation of the greek philosophic works were nearing
completion and the chief characteristics of muslim civilization were in the process of
unfolding themselves into a greater spiritual and intellectual maturity"|

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-131
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

Avj-wKw›`i Rxebx
Avcwb B‡Zvg‡a¨ jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb †h Avj-wKw›`i Rb¥,e‡qve„w× Ges Kg©Rxe‡bi mgqwU‡Z
ÁvbweÁvb I `k©b PP©vi GKwU AbyK~j cwi‡ek weivRgvb wQj| G ai‡bi GKwU AbyK~j
cwi‡e‡k Avj-wKw›` 185/810 wLªóv‡ã `wÿY Avi‡ei wK›`vn †Mv‡Î Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| gh©v`v,
ms¯‹…wZ I wkÿvi w`K w`‡q G wK›`vn †MvÎ †mmgq Avie RM‡Z L¨vwZgvb wQj| wKw›`i c~Y©bvg
wQj Avey BDmyd Be‡b BmnvK Be‡b Bgivb Be‡b BmgvBj Be‡b Avj'Avm Be‡b dvBm Avj-
wKw›`| wZwb wK›`vn †Mv‡Î Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib e‡j wKw›` Zuvi bv‡gi m‡½ hy³ nq| wZwb Avj-wKw›`
bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPZ| Zuvi wcZvgn Avj'Avm Avm Be‡b KvBm Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡ib| Avj'
Avm ivm~‡ji mvnvev‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg mvnvev wQ‡jb| Avj-Avm'Avm KwZcq wewkó gymwjg
mn‡hvMxi ms‡M Kzdvq Mgb K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb Ges Zuvi eskaiMY emevm K‡ib| AveŸvmxq
Lwjdv Avj-Avj-iwk‡`i wLjvdZKv‡j Avj-wKw›`i wcZv BmnvK Be‡b Avj-mveŸvn Kzdvi
MfY©i wQ‡jb| G mg‡q Kzdv Ges emiv Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZi `ywU cÖwZØ›`¡x †K›`ª wQj| Kzdvq
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wkÿvRxeb ïiæ nq| wZwb Avi‡ei GKwU †Mv‡Î Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib e‡j Zuv‡K Avie‡`i `vk©wbK
ejv nq| `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ wZwbB cÖ_g Avie es‡kvf‚Z|
Avj-wKw›` Zuvi evj¨Kv‡j Z`vbxšÍb cvV¨µg Abymv‡i Avj KziAvb gyL¯Í K‡ib| Gi mv‡_ wZwb
Aviex e¨vKiY, mvwnZ¨ I cÖv_wgK MwYZkv‡¯¿ wkÿvjvf K‡ib| Gici wZwb wdKvn kv¯¿ Ges
b~Zb kv¯¿ Kvjvg Aa¨qb K‡ib| †mbva¨ÿ ev ivRc‡_ AwawôZ nIqvi wkÿvMÖnY bv K‡i wZwb
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†kl K‡i AviI AwaK Ávb jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k emivq Mgb K‡ib| emiv G mg‡q Áv‡bi †ÿ‡Î
AZ¨waK DbœZ GK †K›`ª wQj| GLv‡bB gyZvwhjv Ges Avkvwiqv m¤úª`v‡qi D™¢e nq| emivq
Zuvi Ae¯’vbKvj, Kvh©µg I wkÿvMÖnY m¤ú‡K© †Zgb †Kvb Z_¨ cvIqv hvqwb| Z‡e GUzKz Rvbv
hvq †h emivq wkÿv MÖnY †k‡l wZwb evM`v‡` Mgb K‡ib| evM`v‡` Zuvi wkÿv Rxeb AZ¨šÍ
Zvrch©c~Y© wQj| GLv‡b wZwb MÖxK Ges wgmixq fvlv AvqË K‡ib Ges A‡bK wmixq I
cviwmqvb cwÛ‡Zi mvwbœ‡a¨ Av‡mb| Rvbv hvq evM`v‡`B wZwb MÖxK `k©‡bi I weÁv‡bi M~pZË¡
m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf K‡ib| Lye m¤¢eZ Avj-wKw›` Avie‡`i wewkó K‡qKRb wPšÍvwe`‡`i g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg whwb h_v_©fv‡e MÖxK Ges wgmixq fvlvq ey¨rcwË jvf K‡ib| MÖxK, cviwmqvb Ges
fviZxq mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi cÖMvp Ávb evM`v‡` Zuv‡K cÖf‚Z L¨vwZ G‡b †`q|
evM`v‡` Avj-wKw›`i Áv‡bi MfxiZvi K_v Lwjdv Avj-gvgy‡bi Kv‡b †cuŠQ‡j Lwjdv Zuv‡K Zuvi
`iev‡i Avgš¿Y K‡ib Ges MÖxK weÁvb I `k©bmsµvšÍ cy¯ÍK Abyev‡` wb‡qvwRZ we‡klÁ‡`i
mv‡K©‡j †hvM`v‡bi Avnevb Rvbvb| wZwb G Avnev‡b mvov w`‡q Zuvi Kg©Rxeb Avi¤¢ K‡ib|
Avj-wKw›` Lwjdv Avj-gyyËvwj‡mi cyÎ Avng` Be‡b Avj gyZvwm‡gi wUDUi wbhy³ nb| wZwb
Lwjdv Avj-gvgyb Ges Avj-gyZvwm‡gi c~Y© c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡ib Ges ivRcwiev‡i wkÿK I
wPwKrmK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Avj-wKw›`i K‡qKwU MÖš’ Avng` ev Avj-gyZvwm‡gi bv‡g
DrmwM©Z| wZwb G mg‡q Cl©bxq L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib Ges ivR`iev‡i Zuvi cÖfve cÖf‚Z cwigv‡Y
†e‡o hvq| Be‡b bvevZvn e‡jb, ÒAvj-wKw›` Ges Zuvi MÖš’ Avj gyZvwm‡gi mvgªvR¨‡K AjsK…Z
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gyZvIqvw°‡ji gyZvwRjv we‡ivax g‡bvfve I wKQy Cl©vcivqY †jv‡Ki loh‡š¿i d‡j Avj-wKw›`
Zuvi weivMfvRb n‡q c‡ob| D‡jøL¨ Avj-wKw›` wb‡R gyZvwRjv wQ‡jb bv, wKšÍz Zuv‡`i cÖwZ
Zuvi mnvbyf‚wZ wQj|

GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-132
gymwjg `k©b evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Kg©Rxeb
Kw_Z Av‡Q †h gymv Be‡b kvwK‡ii cyÎØq gynv¤§` Ges Avn¤§` ˆeÁvwbK wn‡m‡e gyZvIqvw°‡ji
weÁvbPP©v †K‡›`ª wbhy³ wQ‡jb| Zuviv Avj-wKw›`i L¨vwZ Ges Lwjdvi AwZ wcÖqfvRb nIqvi
welqwU ei`v¯Í Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Zuvi weiæ‡× lohš¿ ïiæ K‡ib| Zuviv mvbv` Be‡b Avjx bvgK
GK e¨w³‡K Lwjdvi wbKU †cÖiY K‡ib| H e¨w³ Lwjdv‡K Avj-wKw›`i weiæ‡× Ggbfv‡e
D‡ËwRZ K‡i †d‡jb †h Lwjdv gyZvIqvw°j Avj-wKw›`‡K PvKzwi †_‡K eiLv¯Í K‡ib Ges
Zuv‡K cÖnvi Kivi Av‡`k †`b| Lwjdv Avj-wKw›`i ÔAvj-wK›`vnÔ bv‡g †h MÖš’vMvi wQj †m
MÖš’vMviwUI ev‡Rqvß Kivi ûKzg †`b Ges MÖš’vMvi Ab¨Î mwi‡q †`Iqvi Av‡`k †`b| wKšÍy
ivR`iev‡i Zuvi üZ gh©v`v wZwb Avi wd‡i cvbwb| G gnvb `vk©wbK 252/866 wLªóv‡ã
g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
Avj-wKw›`i Áv‡bi MfxiZvi Rb¨ myL¨vwZi cvkvcvwk wRNvsmv PwiZv_© Kivi gvb‡m †mKv‡ji
wKQy †jLK Zuvi KzL¨vwZi K_vI e‡jb| we‡kl K‡i Avj-Rvwng Zuvi wKZve Avj-eyLvjv MÖ‡š’ G
ai‡bi Kzrmv iPbv K‡ib| †KD †KD Zuv‡K Bû`x, AveviI †KD Zuv‡K wLªóªxqvb e‡jI wPwýZ
Kivi †Póv K‡ib| G¸wj wbQK Kzrmv wQj KviY Zuvi bvg Zuvi wcZvgn Ges wcZvi cwiPq Gi
cÖgvY| hv‡nvK Avj-wKw›` GKRb e¨w³Z¡evb, gh©v`vm¤úbœ Ges Áv‡bi cÖwZ DrmwM©Z cÖvYcyiæl
wQ‡jb e‡j Zuvi cÖwZ Cl©vcivqY e¨w³‡`i Kzrmv Zuvi gnvb Ae`vb‡K ¤øvb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
wPwKrmK Avj-wKw›`
Avj-wKw›` cÖvmv‡`vmg GKwU M„‡n Avivg`vqK Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb| Zuvi evwMPvq wZwb A‡bK
iKg cÖvYx cyl‡Zb| Lye m¤¢eZ wZwb mgvR †_‡K `~‡i wKQyUv wbR©b Rxebhvcb Ki‡Zb| Avj-
wKdZx Zuvi m¤ú‡K© GKwU PgrKvi NUbvi D‡jøL K‡ib| Avj-wKdZx e‡jb †h, Avj-wKw›`i
GK abx cÖwZ‡ekx wQ‡jb| wKšÍz G cÖwZ‡ekx KLbI Rvb‡Zb bv †h Avj-wKw›` wQ‡jb GKRb
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c‡o| H e¨emvqx Zuvi mšÍv‡bi mywPwKrmvi Rb¨ evM`v‡`i mKj wPwKrmK‡K wb‡qvM K‡iI Zuvi
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e¨emvqx‡K e‡jb †h, Zuvi cÖwZ‡ekx Avj-wKw›` LyeB D”P¯Í‡ii wPwKrmK| H e¨emvqx Avj
wKw›`i wbKU Qy‡U hvb Ges Zuv‡K Zuvi mšÍv‡bi wPwKrmv Kivi Aby‡iva K‡ib| Avj-wKw›` H
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BwÄwbqvi e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| GZ`m‡Ë¡I Zuvi `vk©wbK cwiPqB wQj me©v‡MÖ|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq `vk©wbK Avj-wKw›` eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Zuvi †gav
I Áv‡bi Av‡iv cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zuvi MÖš’vejxi g‡a¨|
Avj-wKw›`i MÖš’vejx
Avj-wKw›`i e¨vcK Ges eûgyLx Áv‡bi cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zuvi MÖš’vejx †_‡K| Be‡b bvw`‡gi
g‡Z Avj-wKw›`i MÖ‡š’i msL¨v wQj 242 Lvbv| wZwb Gme MÖ‡š’i welqe¯Íz Abymv‡i G¸wj‡K (1)
`k©b, (2) hyw³we`¨v, (3) MwYZkv¯¿, (4) †ùwiK&m, (5) wPwKrmv, (6) †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, (7)
c`v_©we`¨v, (8) g‡bvweÁvb, (9) ivRbxwZ, (10) †g‡UIijwR, (11) wfwfwbkb I (12)
weweafv‡M fvM K‡ib| d¬y‡Mj Avj-wKw›`i 262 Lvbv MÖ‡š’i ZvwjKv msMÖn K‡ib Ges G¸wj‡K
wewfbœfv‡M wef³ K‡ib| weÁvb I `k©‡bi HwZnvwmK Avj-wKdZx Ges Be‡b Avwe Dmvnweqvn
G iKg msL¨K MÖ‡š’i K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| Avj wKw›`i MÖ‡š’i e¨vcv‡i Gme Z_¨ LyeB g~j¨evb|
Abygvb Kiv nq Lye m¤¢eZ Avj-wKw›` Zuvi wKQy MÖ‡š’i wk‡ivbvg †`bwb| 1962 mv‡j evM`v‡`

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-133
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

Avj-wKw›` ¯§i‡Y GK m‡¤§j‡b Avi. †R. g¨vKdvi_x Dc¯’vwcZ Avj-wKw›`i MÖ‡š’i ZvwjKv
we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| RR© Gb AvwZ‡qn wewfbœ Drm LwZ‡q †`‡L †gvU 270 Lvbv MÖ‡š’i
GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍzZ K‡ib| wZwb welqe¯Íz Abymv‡i MÖš’¸wj‡K wewfbœfv‡M fvM K‡i Dc¯’vcb
K‡ib| Avgiv g~jZ Zuvi ZvwjKv †_‡K cÖavb cÖavb MÖš’¸wj D‡jøL Kie|
K. `k©b msµvšÍ MÖš’
(1) wKZve Avj-wKw›` Bjv gyÔZvw`g wejøvn wdj dvjvwmdv Avj-Djv| G MÖš’wU "On First
Philosophy" bv‡g L¨vZ|
(2) wKZve Avj-dvjwmdvn Avj-`vwLjvn Iqvj gvmvBj Avj-gvbwZwKqvn Iqvj gyZvmvn Iqv
gv dvDK Avj-ZvweqvZ| G MÖš’wU `k©b, hyw³we`¨v I Awawe`¨vi Ici wjwLZ|
(3) wKZve wd Avbœvû jv Zzbvj Avj-dvjvwmdvn Bjv we Bjg Avj-weqvw`qvZ| AsKkv¯¿ I
`k©‡bi Ávb msµvšÍ|
(4) wKZve Avj-nvmm Avjv Zvqvjøyg Avj-dvjvwmdvn-`k©b cvV msµvšÍ MÖš’|
(5) wimvjv wd Kvw¤§qvZ KzZze A¨vwi÷zZzIqv gv BqynZvRy BjvBwn wd Zvnwmj Avj-
dvjvwmdvn| G MÖš’Lvwb‡Z G¨vwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi welqe¯Íz Ges ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© mswÿß
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(6) wKZve wd Kvm&` G¨vwi÷Zvwmm wdj gvKzjvZ-G‡Z G¨vwi÷U‡ji K¨v‡UMwiR m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(7) wKZve wd mvBqvZ Avj-Bjg Iqv AvKmvwgwn-weÁv‡bi cÖK…wZ wefvM m¤úwK©Z|
(8) wKZve AvKmvg Avj-Bjg Avj-Dbm-gvbe weÁv‡bi wefvM m¤ú‡K©|
(9) wKZve wimvjvZzûj Kzeiv wd wgwKqvwgwnj Bjgx-ˆeÁvwbK wbqgvejx msµvšÍ Zuvi eo MÖš’|
(10) wKZve wimvjvZzûj myMiv wd wLgvqv wmwnj Bjgx-ˆeÁvwbK wbqgvejx m¤ú‡K© Zuvi †QvU
MÖš’|
(11) wd Avbœv Avdqvj Avjevix Kzjøynv Av`j jv RvIi wdnv-m„wóKZ©vi me Kg© b¨vqmsMZ Ges
wZwb Ab¨v‡qi E‡aŸ©|
(12) wimvjv wd gvBwqqvZ gvjv BqymwKb Avb BqvKzbv jv wbnvqvZ jvû Iqv gvjøvRx BqyKvjy jv
wmnvq¨vZ jvû-hv KLbI BbdvBwbU n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges hv‡K BbdvBwbU ejv nq|
(13) wKZve wdj Bevbv Avbœvû jv BqygKxb Avb BqvKzby .......... wdj dzqv-c„w_ex Amxg n‡Z
cv‡i bv Ges GwU †Kej m¤¢ve¨Zvi g‡a¨|
(14) wKZve wdj dvBjvn Iqvj gybdvBjvn wgb Avj wZe-Bq¨vZ Avj-Djv c`v_©we`¨vi cÖ_g
cy¯ÍK m¤úwK©Z|
(15) wKZve wdj BevivZ Avj RvIqvwg Avj-wdKwiqvn-wKQy we¯ÍvwiZ aviYv m¤úKx©q MÖš’|
(16) wKZve wd gvmvBj myÔBjv Avbnv wd mvbdvÔAvZ Avj-wiqvw`qvZ-MwYZ kv‡¯¿i DcKvwiZv
m¤ú‡K© wKQy cÖ‡kœi DËi|
(17) wKZve wd evnk KvIj Avj gyÏvB Avj AvkBqv Avj LyjKv-cÖvK…wZK cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
m¤ú‡K©|
(18) wKZve wd AvIqvBj Avj-AvmBqv Avj gvnmymvn-ms‡e`bkxj e¯Íz m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK
DcvË|
(19) wimvjv wdj ZvivdKzK wdj wmbvqvZ-Kjv (Arts) m¤úKx©q MÖš’|
(20) wimvjv Bd ivm&g wiKv Bjvj Lyjvdv Iqvj IqvRyqv-wKfv‡e Lwjdv Ges gwš¿‡`i wbKU
Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq G m¤ú‡K© MÖš’|
(21) wimvjv wd wKmgvZ Avj-dvKzb-AvB‡bi wefvM m¤úwK©Z|

GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-134
gymwjg `k©b evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

(22) wimvjv wd gvBqvZ Avj AvK&j-eyw×eyw× m¤ú‡K© GwU `y'evi j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z| MÖš’wU
LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
(23) wimvjv wdj dv‡qj nv° Avj-AvIqvj Iqvj dv‡qj Avj-bvwKm AvjøvRx ûqv wej mvRvh-
cÖ_g mZ¨ I Av`k© G‡R‡›Ui Ic‡i wjwLZ|
(24) wimvjv Bjv Avj gvgyb wdj Bjøvn Iqvj gvjyj-gvgy‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©KviY ZË¡ m¤ú‡K©
wjwLZ|
(25) wKZve Avj Zzddvn-G MÖš’wU j¨vwUb I wneªæ fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq|
Bs‡iRx‡Z 'w` eyK Adw` G¨vcjÔ bv‡g L¨vZ|
(26) wdj RvIqvnxi Avj-Lvg&kvn-GB eBwU j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq|
(27) wimvjv wd BmwZn&`vi Avj AviIqvn-w¯úwiU m¤úwK©Z|
(28) wimvjv û`y` Avj AvmBqv Iqv iæmywgnv-e¯Ízi msÁv Ges weeiY m¤úwK©Z MÖš’|
(29) wimvjv Bjv Avjx Be‡b Rvng wd Iqvn`vwbqvZ Iqv Zvbvwn wRig Avj Avjg- †Lv`vi
GKZ¡ Ges we‡k¦i ˆ`wnK mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© wjwLZ|
(30)Avj wimvjvn Avj-wnKwgqvn wd Avmivi Avj-iænvwbqv-AvZ¥vi †MvcbxqZv m¤ú‡K©
`vk©wbK MÖš’|
(31) wimvjv Avbœvû ZzRv` RvIqvnxi wej-AvRjvm-†`n Qvov `ª‡e¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© MÖš’|
Avcwb jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb Avj-wKw›`i Dc‡iv³ MÖš’¸wj `k©b msµvšÍ MÖš’| Zuvi `k©b msµvšÍ MÖ‡š’i
me¸wj GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv nqwb| ZeyI †hme MÖ‡š’i D‡jøL Kiv nj †m¸wji w`‡K `„wócvZ
Ki‡j Abyaveb Kiv hvq †h wZwb KZ eo `vk©wbK wQ‡jb|
GLb Avgiv Zuvi hyw³we`¨v msµvšÍ wKQy MÖ‡š’i D‡jøL Kie|
hyw³we`¨vi Ici wjwLZ MÖš’
(32) BLwZmvi wKZve BmvMûwR wj dvidzwim-cidvBwii Bmv‡Mv‡Mi mswÿß mvi|
(33)wimvjvZzû wdj gv`Lvj Avj gvbwZKx we BmwZdv Avj KvDj wdwn-hyw³we`¨vi f‚wgKv|
(34)wimvjv we BRvg Iqv BLwZmvi wdj ezinvb Avj gvbwZKx|
(35)wimvjv wd gvKzjvZ Avj-Avmi-`k K¨v‡UMwi msµvšÍ cy¯ÍK|
(36) wimvjv wdj Bevbv Avb KvDj G¨vwi÷vUwjm wd AvbvjywUKv-GwUi GKwU `xN© bvg Av‡Q|
G‡Z G¨vwi÷U‡ji A¨vbvjvBwUKvi Ici Avjgv‡M‡÷i gZvgZ Av‡Q|
(37)wimvjv wdj BLwZivm wgb wL`v Avj mywdmZvBqvn-mwd÷‡`i weev`‡K wKfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva
Kiv hvq|
(38)wimvjv wdj AvmIqvZ Avj Lvgmvn-Ab w` dvBf fq‡mm|
(39) wimvjv wd Avgvj Avjvn gyLwiRvZ Avj-RvIqvmx-MwYZkv‡¯¿i f‚wgKv|
Dc‡iv³ `k©b I hyw³we`¨vi MÖš’ QvovI wZwb g‡bvweÁv‡bi Ici †ek K‡qKwU MÖš’ iPbv
K‡ib| G MÖš’¸wji g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj-
(40)wimvjv wd Avbœv Avjv bvd&m RvInvi evwmZ MvBi `vwmi gyqvk&wmi wd Avj AvRjvm-AvZœv
mij `ªe¨, Agi I kix‡ii Ici wµqvkxj|
(41) wimvjv wd gvB BqvZ Avj Bbmvb Iqvj D`vIqv Avj ivBm wgbû-gvby‡li cÖK…wZ Ges Zuvi
cÖavb AsM cÖZ¨sMmg~n|
Avcwb jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb Avj-wKw›`i MÖ‡š’i ZvwjKv †ek j¤^v n‡q †M‡Q| wKšÍz mg¯Í MÖ‡š’i Zzjbvq
cÖ`Ë MÖ‡š’i msL¨v LyeB Kg| hv‡nvK Avj-wKw›` hw` AviI `y'kZ wÎkwU eB bv wjL‡Zb ZeyI
GLv‡b cÖ`Ë MÖ‡š’i ZvwjKv †`‡L Avgiv wb:m‡›`‡n Rvb‡Z cviZvg †h Avj-wKw›` GKRb AZ¨šÍ
DuPy ¯Í‡ii `vk©wbK wQ‡jb|

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-135
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

Abykxjbx
Avj-wKw›`i Avwef©veKvj I Rxebx m¤ú‡K© GKwU weeiY w`b Ges Zuvi MÖš’vejxi cwiPq w`b|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mZ¨/wg_¨v
1| Avj-wKw›` DgvBqv hy‡M Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| mZ¨/wg_¨v
2| Avj-wKw›` wK›`vn †Mv‡Î Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| mZ¨/wg_¨v
3| Avj -wKw›`‡K Abvie `vk©wbK ejv nq| mZ¨/wg_¨v
4| Avj-wKw›` wØZxq `vk©wbK wQ‡jb| mZ¨/wg_¨v
5| Avj-wKw›`i wcZv GKRb e¨emvqx wQ‡jb| mZ¨/wg_¨v
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| Avj-wKw›`i wcZvgn wQ‡jb
(K) GKRb e¨emvqx (L) GKRb wPwKrmK
(M) GKRb mvnvex (N) †KvbwUB bq
2| Avj-wKw›`i MÖ‡š’i msL¨v wQj
(K) GKkZwU (L) GKkZ cÂvkwU
(M) `y'kZ mËiwU (N) wZwb †Kvb MÖš’ wj‡Lbwb
3| Avj-wKw›`‡K PvKzwi †_‡K eiLv¯Í K‡ib
(K) Avj-gyZvIqvw°j (L) Avj-gyZvwmg
(M) Avj-gvgyb (N) wZwb eiLv¯Í nbwb
4| Avj-wKw›` AveŸvmxq ivR`iev‡i
(K) `vk©wbK I wPwKrmK wQ‡jb (L) †Kvlva¨ÿ wQ‡jb
(M) †mbva¨ÿ wQ‡jb (N) †KvbwUB wQ‡jb bv
5| Avj-wKw›`‡K ejv nq
(K) DgvBqv `vk©wbK (L) Avie `vk©wbK
(M) MÖxK `vk©wbK (N) †KvbwUB bq
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| ms‡ÿ‡c Avj wKw›`i Avwef©veKv‡j `k©bPP©vi cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| Avj-wKw›`i Kg©Rxe‡bi cwiPq w`b| wZwb wK †Kej `vk©wbK wQ‡jb?
3| Avj-wKw›`i MÖš’vejx m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Kiæb Ges Zuvi `kwU MÖ‡š’i bvg wjLyb|
DËigvjv
mZ¨/wg_¨v
1| wg_¨v 2| mZ¨ 3| wg_¨v 4| wg_¨v 5| wg_¨v
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1| M 2| M 3| K 4| K 5| L|

GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-136
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cvV-2
Avj wKw›`i Awawe`¨v I hyw³we`¨v
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GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
♦ Avj-wKw›`i Awawe`¨v wK Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
♦ Avj-wKw›`i hyw³we`¨v wK Zvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
♦ Avj-wKw›`i `k©‡bi mswÿß cwiPq w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i `k©‡bi me‡P‡q g~j¨evb Av‡jvP¨ welq Awawe`¨v| G‡ÿ‡Î gymwjg
`vk©wbK‡`i cÖavb Ae`vb nj BwZnv‡mi Ae`vb| Zuviv †cø‡Uv, G¨vwi÷Uj ev G¨vwi÷U‡ji
cieZ©x hy‡Mi `vk©wbK‡`i Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡jI Awawe`¨vi Áv‡bi †ÿ‡Î A‡b‡KB Zuv‡`i wbR¯^
fveaviv eRvq iv‡Lb| KviY, †`Lv hvq †h ¯^M©xq Áv‡bi g‡a¨ GK msNvZ Dcw¯’Z nq| G
ai‡bi msNvZ Gwo‡q `vk©wbK wPšÍvavivi AMÖMwZ mvab Kiv wbtm‡›`‡n KwVb KvR wQj| AeZxY©
MÖ‡š’i Ges ivm~‡ji fveaviv GKw`‡K Ges †n‡jbxq `k©b c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Ab¨w`‡K| wPšÍvi
†ÿ‡Î †n‡jbxq `k©‡bi cÖ‡qvM AeZxY© MÖ‡š’i fveaviv‡K webó Ki‡Q Giƒc aviYvi ekeZ©x n‡q
GK †kªYxi wPšÍvwe` gymwjg wPšÍvavivi g‡a¨ G ai‡bi wPšÍvavivi AbycÖ‡ek‡K cÖPÛ AwbóKi
g‡b K‡ib Ges Zv cÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| GgZve¯’vq Avj-wKw›` GB `y'avivi †Kvb GKwU †e‡Q
bv wb‡q G `ywU avivi mgb¦q mva‡b eªZx nb| GwU KwVb KvR wQj| wKšÍz Avj-wKw›`i cÖMvp
cvwЇZ¨i d‡j G¨vwi÷Ujxq `k©‡bi ms‡M Bmjvgx fveavivi mgb¦q mvab m¤¢e nq Ges G
mgb¦q mva‡bi e¨vcv‡i wZwb hyw³we`¨v‡K A¯¿ wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡ib| Zuvi Awawe`¨v ev First
Philosophy Ges hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Gi mZ¨Zv Abyaveb Kiv hv‡e| G Kvi‡Y GLv‡b
Avgiv cÖ_‡g Zuvi Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Kie Ges Gici Zuvi hyw³we`¨vi Ici `„wó Av‡jvKcvZ
Kie|
Avj-wKw›`i Awawe`¨v
Avj-wKw›`i `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbv cÖ_g `k©b‡K (First Philosophy) Awawe`¨v ejv nq| Awawe`¨v
ev cÖ_g `k©b cÖ_g Kvi‡Yi (first cause) Ávb Avi `k©‡bi Ab¨me wKQyB G Áv‡bi AšÍfy©³|
Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z Awawe`¨v Hme wKQyi weÁvb hv Pjgvb bq (Does not move) A_ev Awawe`¨v
nj ¯^Mx©q e¯Ízi weÁvb| wZwb Awawe`¨v‡K mKj cÖKvi `k©‡bi g‡a¨ m‡e©vËg Ges m‡e©v”P e‡j
AwfwnZ K‡ib; KviY Gi AbymÜv‡bi welq mKj mËvi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P Ges gnËg| Zuvi g‡Z,
Awawe`¨v ÒcÖavb m‡Z¨iÓ weÁvb Ges G mZ¨ mKj m‡Z¨i KviY| Awawe`¨v m¤ú‡K© Avj-
wKw›`i G aviYv G¨vwi÷U‡ji aviYv †_‡K hw`I c„_K Z_vwc wZwb G e¨vcv‡i G¨vwi÷U‡ji
aviYvi cÖfvevaxb wQ‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z Awawe`¨vi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq nj mËvi †kªYxKiY, †Lv`v
Ges Zuvi cÖK…wZ, Zuvi m„Rbkxj Kg© Ges Zuvi m‡½ RM‡Zi m¤úK©|
Avj-wKw›` Zuvi wKZve wdj dvjvwmdv Avj Djv MÖ‡š’ mËv‡K `y'fv‡M wef³ K‡i e‡jb †h GK
cÖKvi mËv ms‡e`bkxj Ges Gi ms‡e`xq Ávb m¤¢e| Ab¨ cÖKvi mËv cÖK…wZMZfv‡e eyw×e„wËK
Ges Gi ÁvbI eyw×e„wËRvZ| Ae¯’vb, cwigvY Ges ¸‡Yi w`K w`‡q cÖ_g ai‡bi mËv ÿY¯’vqx,
cwieZ©bkxj Ges weKvi‡hvM¨| Áv‡bi w`K w`‡q Kíbv kw³i (Immaginative faculty) g‡a¨
Gi AvKvi cÖwZfvZ nq, eyw× Øviv bq| Avj-wKw›` GLv‡b eySv‡Z Pvb †h Avgiv RvMwZK e¯Ízi
RvZ ev mviag©‡K KLbI Rvb‡Z cvwi bv, hw`I G¸wj ev¯Íe Aw¯Í‡Z¡i w`K w`‡q Avgv‡`i LyeB

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-137
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

wbKUeZ©x| wØZxq cÖKvi mËv‡K ms‡e`b Øviv Rvbv hvq bv ev Gi †Kvb RvMwZK Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB|
D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq †h †Rbvm ev RvwZ Ges DcRvwZ‡K (†¯úwmm) †Kej eyw× Øviv Rvbv
m¤¢e, KviY G‡`i †Kvb RvMwZK Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| gvby‡li g‡b G¸wji eyw×e„wËRvZ aviYv, G¸wji
ev¯ÍeZv Av‡Q, wKšÍz g‡bi E‡aŸ© †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| myZivs me©Rbxb ev BDwbfvimvj‡K (†Rbvm,
†¯úwmm BZ¨vw`) †Kej eyw× Øviv Rvbv hvq| wKšÍz e¨w³ ev we‡kl‡K ms‡e`‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Rvbv
hvq|
e¨w³ I me©Rbxb
Avj-wKw›` me©Rbxb Ges e¨w³i g‡a¨ G ai‡bi cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k K‡i e‡jb †h me©Rbxb we‡k‡li
gZB ev¯Íe; wKšÍz G‡`i wbR¯^ †Kvb RMr †bB| GK †kªYxi e¨w³i mvaviY ¸‡Yi g‡a¨B G‡`i
Aw¯ÍZ¡ †evaMg¨ nq| wZwb e‡jb Òiæn nq me©Rbxb bv nq we‡kl| me©Rbxb ej‡Z Avwg
DcRvZxi (†¯úwb‡mi) †cÖwÿ‡Z RvwZ (†Rbvm) †K eywS Ges e¨w³i †cÖwÿ‡Z DcRvwZ‡K
(†¯úwmm) eywS Ges Avwg Ôwe‡kl' ej‡Z DcRvwZi (†¯úwmm) †cÖwÿ‡Z e¨w³‡K eywS|Ó Avj-
wKw›` GLv‡b me©Rbxb (universal) Ges e¨w³i Avek¨K m¤ú‡K©i K_v eySv‡Z Pvb| wZwb e‡jb
me©Rbxb Qvov †Kvb e¨w³i Aw¯ÍZ¡ bB Ges e¨w³ Qvov me©Rbx‡bi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| Gfv‡e
wZwb e¨w³ I me©Rbx‡bi g‡a¨ †KvbwU c~‡e©i Ges †KvbwU c‡ii Zvi mgvavb K‡ib|
wZb cÖKvi mËv I e¯Ízi wØË¡ev`
ZvwË¡K w`K w`‡q Avj-wKw›` wZb cÖKvi m„ó mËvi K_v e‡jb| cÖ_g cÖKvi n‡”Q Hme mËv
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wØZxq cÖKvi Ges Ò¯^Mx©q e¯ÍzÓ Z…Zxq cÖKv‡ii mËv Avj-wKw›` AsKkv¯¿‡K wØZxq cÖKv‡ii A_©vr
AvZ¥vi m‡½ hy³ K‡ib| G wZb cÖKvi mËvi ms‡M ms‡e`bkxjZvi K_v e¨vL¨v Kivi mgq wZwb
e‡jb †h me©Rbxb Ges e¨w³ n‡”Q mvie¯Íz| Avi ms‡e`bkxjZvi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ nj
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Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i †KejgvÎ wØZxq cªKvi mËvi K_v †Rvi w`‡q e‡j‡Qb| Gi †cQ‡b Zuvi cÖavb
D‡Ïk¨ nj-AvZ¥v‡K †`nnxb mviešÍz cÖgvY Kiv| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, †`nnxb mvie¯Íz
me©Rbx‡bi AvKv‡iB Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| Avj-wKw›` GLv‡b e¯Ízi-wØZË¡ev‡`i aviYv †cvlY K‡ib|
GKw`‡K wZwb e‡jb †h Avjøvn Aw¯ÍZ¡evb; Zuvi mËv Avgv‡`i weeiY ÿgZvi evB‡i Ges AvZ¥-
Aw¯ÍZ¡evb wn‡m‡e mvie¯Ízi (Substance) msÁv Zuvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| Ab¨w`‡K Dc‡i
Av‡jvwPZ wZb cªKvi e¯Íz‡K wZwb m„ó-mËv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Avj-wKw›` GLv‡b †cø‡Uv I
G¨vwi÷U‡ji †Lv`vi aviYv †_‡K `~‡i m‡i wM‡q cÖgvY K‡ib †h GKw`‡K Av‡Q c~Y© wPišÍb Ges
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cwiPq †`Iqv m¤¢e| Avgiv GLv‡b †m †Póv Kie|

GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-138
gymwjg `k©b evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mvaviYZ Aviexq hyw³we`¨v G¨vwi÷Uwjqvb hyw³we`¨v Øviv cÖfvweZ| G‡`i Ici ÷wqK I wbI-
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hyw³we`¨vi MÖš’vejx cÖ_gw`‡K Aviex fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq| gymwjg wPšÍvwe`‡`i g‡a¨ †KD
G¨vwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨v‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i ÷wqK hyw³we`¨v‡K MÖnY K‡ib| Avevi Ab¨vb¨‡`i
g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB G hyw³we`¨v‡K MÖnY bv K‡i Gi wewfbœ bxwZi Ici Zuv‡`i hyw³we`¨vi wfwË
¯’vcb K‡ib|
Avj-wKw›` `k©‡bi mv‡_ hyw³we`¨vi m¤úK© m¤^‡Ü †Zgb wKQy e‡jbwb| Zuvi wjwLZ wewfbœ MÖ‡š’
wZwb e‡jbwb †h hyw³we`¨v `k©‡bi Ask ev †Kej `k©‡bi nvwZqvi| Z‡e GUzKz eySv hvq †h,
wZwb hyw³we`¨v‡K `vk©wbK AbymÜvb K‡g©i nvwZqvi e‡j g‡b K‡ib Ges Zv g‡b K‡ib A‡bKUv
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cÖ”Qbœfv‡e a‡i †bqv hvq †h wZwb hyw³we`¨v‡K b¨vq Abygv‡bi hyw³ m¤úwK©Z cvV e‡j g‡b
K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, hyw³we`¨v `vk©wbK‡K cÖ¯ÍzZ Kivi Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq; wKšÍz MwYZkv‡¯¿i gZ
†Zgb Riæix bq| G¨vwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨vi Ici ÔAóg cy¯ÍK' m¤úwK©Z Avj-wKw›`i wUªwURwU
GKgvÎ Drm|
†m Kvi‡Y GB wUªwU‡Ri Ici wfwË K‡i Avj-wKw›`i AwfgZ e¨vL¨v Kiv wec`RbK bq| Avj-
wKw›` g‡b K‡ib †h †gvU Pvi cÖKv‡ii mËv Av‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ mKj Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj e¯Íz¸wj Gme mËvi
g‡a¨ AšÍfy©³| G‡`i g‡a¨ wZb cÖKvi n‡”Q mvie¯Íz (A'yan)hvi g‡a¨ e¨w³, RvwZ Ges DcRvwZ
(Genera and species) AšÍfy©³| Aewkó †kªYxwU RvZ¨v‡_©i Ici wfwËkxj aviYv (notion) Ges
RvZ¨v‡_©i RvwZ †_‡K DcRvwZ¸wj‡K c„_K K‡i|
Avj-wKw›` e‡jb `vk©wbK‡`i e¨eüZ wkÿv I AbymÜv‡bi c×wZ Pvi cÖKvi; (1) wefw³, (2)
we‡kølY, (3)msÁv Ges (4) cÖwZcv`b ev cÖZ¨ÿ cÖgvY| cÖwZcvw`Z ev Awfe¨w³kxj hyw³‡K
wZwb me‡P‡q †ekx ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b K‡ib; KviY Gi gva¨‡g AwR©Z Ávb AZ¨šÍ cÖmvwiZ Ges GwU
mKj ai‡bi †jvKB e¨envi K‡ib| cÖwZcvw`Z hyw³ (Demonstrative reasoning) e¨enviKvix
†jvKRb wewfbœ cÖKvi nq †hgb wkï‡`i hyw³ AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK; eq¯‹‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡`i hyw³ A¨vbvjwR
ev mv`„‡k¨i Ici wfwËkxj Zviv ÁvZ †_‡K AÁvZ‡K Abygvb K‡ib; Gic‡i Av‡Qb ¯‹jvi
Ávbx e¨w³eM© hviv Øvw›`¡K hyw³ c×wZ‡Z `ÿ Ges hv‡`i premise ev AvkªqevK¨ mZ¨, wg_¨v ev
`y‡e©va¨ n‡Z cv‡i| me©‡kl †kªYx nj R¨vwgwZK cÖgvY Ges hyw³we`¨Aq `xwÿZ ev Awfgwš¿Z
e¨w³| Gme e¨w³ ms‡e`b ev Av‡ivn‡Yi gva¨‡g †hme e¯Íz‡K Rvbv hvq bv †mme e¯Ízi Ávb
AR©‡bi Rb¨ b¨vq AbygvbwfwËK (Syllogistic) hyw³ e¨envi K‡ib| Gme `xwÿZ e¨w³i Ávb‡K
cÖwZcvw`Z Ávb ejv hvq| Avj-wKw›` Gici cÖwZcvw`Z hyw³i D`vniY †`b Gme ZË¡ cÖgv‡Yi
mvnv‡h¨ t (1) †Kvb k~b¨Zv †bB; (2) we‡k¦i evB‡i †Kvb k~b¨Zv ev e¯Ízc~Y© ¯’vb †bB Ges (3) G
c„w_ex †Kvb GK mgq jqcÖvß|
me©‡k‡l Avj-wKw›` hyw³we`¨vi jÿ¨‡K bxwZkv‡¯¿i j‡ÿ¨i mgv_©K e‡j eY©bv K‡ib| Dc‡iv³
Av‡jvPbvi w`‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j eySv hvq †h Avj-wKw›` BDwK¬wWI bxwZ‡K b¨vq AbygvbwfwËK
hyw³i wfwË e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Avj-wKw›`i G ai‡bi c×wZ wbtm‡›`‡n mg¯Í gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i
c×wZi †P‡q Awfbe| Avcwb nqZ jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb †h Avj-wKw›`i we‡ePbvq me©Rbx‡bi †Kvb
ev¯Íe Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB; me©Rbxb‡K †Kej eyw× ØvivB eySv hvq| KviY G¸wj wPšÍvi e¯Íz hv m¤¢ve¨Zv
†_‡K ev¯ÍeZvq DËiY K‡i| GKBfv‡e †Kvb e¯Ízi mviag©‡K eyw× Øviv Rvbv hvq Avi Gi ev¯Íe
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K Rvbv hvq ms‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g| Zuvi g‡Z Ávb Ges mËv ch©vqµwgK| myZivs †MŠY

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-139
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

mvie¯Íz‡K Rvb‡Z n‡j Aek¨B gyL¨ mvie¯Íz‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e| Avi gyL¨ mvie¯Íz‡K Rvbvi GKgvÎ
Dcvq n‡”Q AsKkv‡¯¿i Ávb|
Avj-wKw›`i Gme Z‡Ë¡i w`‡K `„wócvZ Ki‡j eySv hvq †h wZwb G¨vwi÷Ujxq Ges ÷wqK
hyw³we`¨vi Ávb AvniY K‡ib Ges Zuvi wbR¯^ wPšÍvavivq wbR¯^ fw½‡Z G Ávb cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖqvm
cvb| G Kvi‡YB wZwb †Rvi w`‡q e‡jb †h G¨vwi÷Ujxq hyw³we`¨v‡K c×wZi †P‡q AsKkv¯¿xq
Ávb Z_v `vk©wbK AbymÜv‡bi †ÿ‡Î AwaKZi Kvh©Ki|

Abykxjbx
Avj-wKw›`i Awawe`¨v ms‡ÿ‡c e¨vL¨v Kiæb| Zuvi hyw³we`¨v cvV K‡i mvivsk †ei K‡i wjLyb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mZ¨-wg_¨v
1| Avj-wKw›`i Awawe`¨vi Aci bvg First Philosophy| mZ¨/wg_¨v
2| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z me©Rbxb‡K ms‡e`b Øviv Rvbv hvq| mZ¨/wg_¨v
3| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z m„ómËv wZb cÖKvi| mZ¨/wg_¨v
4| Avj-wKw›` hyw³we`¨v‡K `k©‡bi kvLv e‡jb| mZ¨/wg_¨v
5| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z cÖ_g KviY Avjøvn| mZ¨/wg_¨v

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| me©Rbxb‡K Rvbv hvq
(K) eyw× Øviv (L) ¯^Áv Øviv
(M) †KvbwUi Øviv bq|
2| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z e¨w³ Qvov me©Rbx‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡
(K) †bB (L) Av‡Q
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3| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z c„w_ex †Kvb GK mg‡q
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4| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z ZvwË¡K w`K w`‡q mËv
(K) wZb cÖKvi (L) Pvi cÖKvi
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iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| ms‡ÿ‡c Avj-wKw›`i Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| hyw³we`¨v m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i AwfgZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| Avj-wKw›`i Awawe`¨v Ges hyw³we`¨vi Ici G¨vwi÷U‡ji †Kvb cÖfve Av‡Q wK? _vK‡j
wKfv‡e Av‡Q?

DËigvjv
mZ¨-wg_¨v
1| mZ¨ 2| wg_¨v 3| mZ¨ 4| wg_¨v 5| mZ¨
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GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-140
gymwjg `k©b evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV-3
Avj-wKw›`i `k©b ag© I m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ges †KviAv‡bi `vk©wbK e¨vL¨v
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G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
♦ `k©b ej‡Z Avj-wKw›` wK eySv‡Z Pvb, Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
♦ `k©b I a‡g©i m¤ú‡K©i welq AeMZ n‡eb|
♦ `vk©wbK hyw³i Ici †KvivwbK hyw³i ¯’vb wKiƒc? Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
`k©‡bi mv‡_ a‡g©i m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi welqwU Avj-wKw›`i mg‡q †Zgb mnR wQj bv| Avj-wKw›`i
c~‡e© Avi †KD †Zgb mvnmx f‚wgKv wb‡q AMÖmi nbwb| †m Kvi‡Y Avj-wKw›`‡K cÖ_g `vk©wbK
ejv hvq whwb `k©‡bi mv‡_ a‡g©i ev hyw³i mv‡_ cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki mgb¦q mva‡bi gZ KwVb KvR
Kivi cÖqvm cvb| Avj-wKw›` G `yiƒn KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖ_‡g `k©b wK Zv eySv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib|
Gici `k©‡bi mv‡_ a‡g©i †Kvb& wel‡q wgj Av‡Q Zv Luy‡R †ei K‡ib Ges `k©b I ag©‡K mgvb
¸iæZ¡ w`‡q mgb¦q mva‡bi ev m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi nb| wZwb Aek¨ cieZx©‡Z `vk©wbK
hyw³i E‡aŸ© a‡g©i ¯’vb wb‡`©k KiviI †Póv K‡ib| AeZxY© MÖ‡š’i e³e¨ Avjøvni e‡j Zv m¤ú~Y©
mZ¨; wKšÍz `k©‡bi hyw³ gvby‡li e‡j Zv cÖkœvZxZ bq| Avgiv GLb †`wL wZwb wKfv‡e `k©b I
a‡g©i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib|
`k©b I a‡g©i m¤úK©
Avj-wKw›` Zuvi wKZve ..... wdj dvjvwmdv Avj Djv MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, ÒgvbweK Kjvi g‡a¨ D”PZg
I gnËg Kjv n‡”Q `k©b|Ó wZwb `k©b m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, "Philosophy is the knowledge of
things in their realities to the limit of human power"| A_©vr gvby‡li mxgve× ÿgZvi g‡a¨
e¯Ízi ev¯ÍeZvi ÁvbB `k©b| G cÖm‡½ wZwb AviI e‡jb `vk©wbK‡`i Áv‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ nj
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me©Rbxb e¯Ízi m¤úK© Av‡Q|
gymwjg we‡k¦ weï× GKRb AMÖ`~Z wn‡m‡e Avj-wKw›` `k©‡bi †ek K‡qKwU msÁv cÖ`vb K‡ib|
Zuvi Ab~w`Z GKwU MÖš’ Definitions of things and their descriptions| G MÖ‡š’ wZwb †h msÁv
cÖ`vb K‡ib †m¸‡jv Giƒc:
(1) ÔPhilosophy' K_vwU `ywU k‡ãi mgb¦‡q MwVZ-GKwU Philo A_©vr eÜz, AciwU ÔSophia'
A_©vr ÔÁvb'| Gfv‡e ÔPhilosophy' kãwUi A_© nj ÔÁv‡bi cÖwZ AbyivM'| G msÁv MÖxK
kãvejx †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
(2) `k©b n‡”Q gvby‡li ¯^M©xq DrKl© jv‡fi mvabv Kiv Ges G mvabvi d‡j hZUzKz DrKl© ev
†kªôZ¡ jvf Kiv m¤¢e nq|
(3) `k©b n‡”Q g„Zz¨i Rb¨ Abykxjb Kiv| g„Zz¨i A_© nj †`n †_‡K AvZ¥vi wew”QbœZv|
(4) `k©b nj weÁv‡bi weÁvb Ges Áv‡bi Ávb|
(5) `k©b gvby‡li wbR¯^ Ávb|
(6) `k©‡bi h_v_© welqe¯Ízi msÁv nj GwU mviag© Ges gvby‡li mxgve× ÿgZv Abyhvqx e¯Ízi
Kvi‡Yi weÁvb (Essence and causes of things to the limit of human power)|

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-141
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

Dc‡iv³ msÁv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avj-wKw›` me©‡k‡l DwjøwLZ msÁvwUi Ici me‡P‡q †ekx ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc K‡ib| Gi m‡½ `k©b‡K hy³ K‡ib ¸‡Yi Abykxjb e‡j| Zuvi g‡Z, `vk©wbK n‡jb
wZwbB whwb m‡Z¨i mÜvb K‡ib Ges †m Abymv‡i †eu‡P _v‡Kb| c~Y© `k©b †Kej m‡Z¨i Ávb bq,
eis mZ¨‡K K‡g©i g‡a¨ cwic~Y©Zv `vb Kiv| Zuvi g‡Z cÖK…Z Ávbx-Ávb AbymÜvb K‡ib, G
Ávb Kv‡h© cwiYZ K‡ib|
¸‡Yi Abykxjb wn‡m‡e Avj-wKw›`i `k©‡bi aviYv m‡µwUm Ges †÷vwqK‡`i gZB `k©‡bi
cwiYwZi m‡½ ev D‡Ï‡k¨i m‡½ ˆbwZKZv m¤úwK©Z| `vk©wb‡Ki `k©bPP©vi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ nj
Rvbv Ges G Ávb Abymv‡i we‡Ái gZ h_v_© KvR Kiv| Ávb Ges ¸Y‡K mgfv‡e hyw³i
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©vejx e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi aviYvi gg©v_© n‡”Q cvjbxq ˆbwZK
KZ©e¨¸‡jvi Ici †_‡K a‡g©i f‚wgKv n«vm Kiv| Ab¨K_vq wZwb ˆbwZKZvi e¨vcv‡i AeZxY©
evYxi †P‡q hyw³‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j †`Lv‡Z Pvb| G ai‡bi aviYv †÷vwqK Ges gyZvwhjv‡`i
gvbexq g‡bvfv‡ei gZB| Avj- wKw›`i G ai‡bi g‡bvfv‡ei KvQvKvwQ gyZvwhjv‡`i we‡ePbvq
gvbyl hyw³i Øviv Avjøvn Ges b¨vq I Ab¨v‡qi Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` ZvB nq Z‡e
`k©b‡K ïay ZvwË¡K wPšÍvi g‡a¨ mxgve× Kiv DwPZ bq; eis `k©b‡K gvby‡li Rxe‡bi ev¯Íe ¯Íi
ch©šÍ m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv DwPZ|
Avjøvni GK‡Z¡i weÁvb
Avj-wKw›` ZvwË¡K weÁv‡bi g‡a¨ `k©b‡K ag©ZË¡ Ges Avjøvni GK‡Z¡i weÁvb wn‡m‡e `y'fv‡M
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K‡g©i ms‡M Áv‡bi mw¤§jb I hyw³i KvR ïay wPšÍb bq, eis Av‡eM‡K wbqwš¿Z KivB n‡”Q
h_v_© Av`k©| hyw³‡K Áv‡bi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e cÖgvY Kivi cÖ‡Póvi g‡a¨ Zuvi Dc‡iv³ aviYvi
mg_©b †g‡j|
Avj-wKw›` GKvwaKevi e‡jb †h `k©‡bi Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR n‡”Q m‡Z¨i
A‡b¦lY Kiv| Zuvi First Philosophy MÖ‡š’ wZwb †hfv‡e m‡Z¨i AbymÜvb K‡g© cÖe„Ë nb, Zv
G¨vwi÷U‡ji K_vB ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q| wZwb m‡Z¨i AbymÜvb K‡g© cÖe„Ë mKj †kªYxi gvby‡li
cÖwZ K…ZÁZv †cvlY K‡ib| KviY Zuvi g‡Z †Kvb gvbylB GKKfv‡e mZ¨ AR©‡b mÿg bb| †h
Kvi‡Y mZ¨ A‡b¦l‡Yi Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv I mgwb¦Z cÖ‡Póvi cÖ‡qvRb|
m‡Z¨i gZ `k©b‡KI wZwb Avµg‡Yi nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kivi cÖ‡Póv K‡ib hw`I GLv‡b Zuv‡K
hyw³ I AeZxY© evYxi g‡a¨ weivRgvb mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| Avj-wKw›` `y'ch©v‡q G mgm¨vi
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`k©b I a‡g©i Awfbœ jÿ¨
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a‡g©i mymsMwZi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb †h, `k©b cÖ‡qvRbxq, GwU †Kvb wejvwmZv bq|
wZwb e‡jb, hviv `k©‡bi we‡ivax Zuv‡`i ejv DwPZ `k©b cÖ‡qvRbxq A_ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq| Zuviv
hw` `k©b‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡jb Zvn‡j Zv‡`i DwPZ Gi A‡b¦lY Kiv| Aciw`‡K, Zuviv G‡K
AcÖ‡qvRbxq g‡b Ki‡j Zuv‡`i g‡Zi cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ Zuv‡`i hyw³ cª`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| wZwb g‡b
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Ges ¸‡Yi A‡b¦lY| Zuvi g‡Zi mg_©‡b wZwb e‡jb `k©‡bi AvIZvi g‡a¨ c‡o ag©ZË¡, Avjøvni

GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-142
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cÖavb KvR n‡”Q Avjøvni Awfbe GK‡Z¡i I ¯^Mx©q gwngvi cÖPvi Ges Avjøvni `„wó‡Z cÖksmbxq
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Avj wKw›`i wPšÍvq G mZ¨ dz‡U I‡V †h `k©b I a‡g©i jÿ¨ GKB nIqvq G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb
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I ¯^M©xq Ávb‡K GKB iKg wbðqvÍK e‡jb| wZwb ¯^Mx©q Ávb‡K †hŠw³K I ¯^M©xq Áv‡bi
AšÍfy©³ g‡b K‡ib| Avevi Ab¨ mgq wZwb e‡jb †h gvbexq Ávb bexi Áv‡bi †P‡q wbK…óZi|
Avj-wKw›`i G ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nIqvi †cQ‡b †hme KviY Av‡Q †mme KviY¸‡jv nj H
hy‡Mi wPšÍvi cÖevn| ag©xq cwigÛ‡ji K_v e¨vL¨v Ki‡j Zv eySv hv‡e| wZwb †¯^”Qvq G ai‡bi
mgm¨v m„wó K‡ibwb| KviY `vk©wbK Ávb‡K ag©xq Áv‡bi †P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv Zuvi hy‡M
GK cÖKvi Am¤¢e wQj| wKšÍz Avj-dvivex Ges Be‡b wmbv Zv Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb cieZx©hy‡M|
hv‡nvK, Avj-wKw›`i K…wZZ¡ nj, wZwb mKj evav `~i K‡i Ges mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ ag© Ges
`k©‡bi m¤ú‡K©i K_v Zuvi MÖ‡š’ Zz‡j a‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K Zuvi mg‡q `k©‡bi †Kvb m~ÿè Av‡jvPbvI
†Zgbfv‡e M‡o I‡Vwb| Avevi Zuvi MÖš’ †_‡K eySv hvq †h Zuvi c×wZ we‡kølYvÍK wQj bv; eis
GwU mgb¦qag©x wQj| wZwb ag© I `k©‡bi m¤úK©‡K mvaviY A‡_©B †`‡Lb| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb `k©‡bi
mgm¨vi M~pZvwË¡K w`K we‡k¦lY K‡ibwb| ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgb¦q mva‡bi mgq Zuvi g‡b GK
ai‡bi mgb¦‡qi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb msk‡qi D‡`ªK nqwb| G Kvi‡Y wZwb e‡jb, ÒmZ¨ev`x gynv¤§`
(mt)-Gi mybœvn Ges †h evYx wZwb me©ÿgZvev‡bi wbKU †_‡K cvb Zv eyw×e„wËK hyw³ Øviv
wbwðZ Kiv hvq| †Kej h_v_© hyw³weewR©Z I AÁ †jvKRbB Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i|Ó hv‡nvK G
e¨vcv‡i wZwb cÖ_g e¨w³ whwb cÖwZcvw`Z mZ¨ (Demonstrative truth) A‡b¦l‡Y hyw³we`‡`i
c×wZ MÖnY K‡ib|
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msK‡Ui m¤§yLxb nb, wZwb †m m¤ú‡K© wb‡RB Zuvi First Philosophy MÖ‡š’ Gi mgvav‡bi w`‡K
Bw½Z K‡ib Ges GRb¨ wZwb †KviAv‡bi Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vi we‡kl c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡ib| wZwb
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i‡q‡Q|
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ZLbB mgm¨vwU ¯úó n‡q I‡V| wZwb e‡j‡Qb ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© Av‡Q| wKšÍz gvbexq
Ávb ev `vk©wbK Ávb hw` ¯^Mx©q Áv‡bi †P‡q wbK…ó nq Zvn‡j ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-143
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

†Kv_vq? Avevi wZwb gvby‡li ÿgZvi mxgve×Zvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| A_©vr gvbyl Zvi mxgve×
ÿgZvi mvnv‡h¨ Avjøvn cÖ`Ë Áv‡bi mgZ‚j¨ Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg bq| `vk©wbK `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K wbtm‡›`‡n GwU GKwU mgm¨v| Avj- wKw›` Lye m¤¢eZ Zv Abyaveb K‡i Gi DËi †`b
Gfv‡e:
Hence men of intelligence draw the evident conclusion that since this (knowledge exists,
it comes from God, whereas (ordinary) men are unable by their very nature to attain to a
similar knowledge, because it is above and beyond their nature and the devices they use.
Thus, they submit themsleves in obedience and docility to it and faithfully believe in the
truth of the message of the prophets|
myZivs eyw×gvb gvbyl G ¯úó wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nb †h †h‡nZz G Ávb we`¨gvb, †m‡nZz G Ávb
AvjøvncÖ`Ë| A_P mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡`i cÖK…wZ ev ÿgZvi mvnv‡h¨ G ai‡bi Ávb AR©‡b mÿg
bq; KviY GwU Zv‡`i cÖK…wZ (ev ÿgZvi) Ges †h Dcvq Zviv Aej¤^b K‡ib Zvi E‡aŸ©|
myZivs Zviv wb‡RivB gvb¨ Kivi Rb¨ AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib Ges ivm~‡ji evYxi mZ¨Zvq `„pfv‡e
wek¦vm K‡ib|
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cÖmvwiZ wek¦vm nIqvq G¸‡jv wbðqZv Ges wbðqvÍK wek¦v‡mi D‡`ªK K‡i| myZivs Gme
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ai‡bi hyw³i D`vniY †`Iqv hvq| KziAv‡b ewY©Z Av‡Q GKRb Awek¦vmx wRÁvmv Kij,
ÒgvwUi m‡½ wg‡k hvIqvi ci †K wKfv‡e Avevi nvo¸‡jv‡Z Rxeb`vb Ki‡e? Dˇi KziAv‡b
ejv n‡q‡Q ÒwZwbB Rxeb `vb Ki‡eb whwb Av`g‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb|Ó
KziAv‡bi `vk©wbK e¨vL¨v
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K‡ib| wZwb ÒThe worship (sujud) of the primum mobileÓ MÖ‡š’ bÿÎ MvQcvjv Ges Ab¨vb¨
cÖvK…wZK e¯Ízi Avjøvn‡K wmR`v Kivi D`vniY †`b| GLv‡b Gm‡ei †ÿ‡Î, mvRv`v kãwU
e¨envi K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h GivI Avjøvn‡K gvb¨ K‡i Ges wmR`vn K‡i| Gi A_© nj
KziAv‡b ewY©Z Avqv‡Zi A_© I hyw³ AåvšÍ Ges gvbexq †h †Kvb `vk©wbK hyw³i †P‡q DbœZ|
wKšÍz ZvB e‡j `k©‡bi m‡½ †h Gi we‡ivwaZv Av‡Q Zv wZwb ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv, KviY AvqvZ¸‡jv
hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v‡hvM¨ Ges hyw³ cÖwZcv`b `k©‡bi KvR|
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hyw³i cÖfvevaxb Kiv Ges Av‡iKwU n‡”Q `k©‡bi hyw³i †P‡q ¯^M©xq evYxi DrKl©Zv cÖgvY Kiv|
Zuvi Av‡jvPbvq G ai‡bi Am½wZi g~‡j `ywU KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gi GKwU n‡”Q wZwb First
Philosophy MÖš’wUi c‡i Zuvi g‡bvfve wKQyUv cwieZ©b K‡i On the Number of Aristotles
Books MÖš’wU wj‡Lb| G MÖ‡š’ wØZxq hyw³wU Zz‡j a‡ib| wØZxq KviYwU n‡”Q †hŠw³Kfv‡e Zuvi
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GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-144
gymwjg `k©b evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cieZx©‡Z Avj- dvivex, Be‡b wmbv Ges Be‡b iæk` ag© I `k©‡bi m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡iv
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AmsMwZ Av‡Q? wPšÍv Kiæb I wjLyb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mZ¨-wg_¨v
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2| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z ag© `k©‡bi †P‡q wbK…ógv‡bi| mZ¨-wg_¨v
3| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z `k©b I ag© Avjøvni GKZ¡ cÖgvY K‡i| mZ¨-wg_¨v
4| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z `k©b gvby‡li wbR¯^ Ávb| mZ¨-wg_¨v
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BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-145
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

1| M 2| L 3| K 4| K 5| K|

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AvZ¥v I eyw×e„wË m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i MÖš’

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GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-146
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g„Zz¨ nq bv|
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eyw×e„wËK kw³i m‡½ mgv_©K fv‡eb Ges GLv‡bB AvZ¥vi m‡½ mwµq †evakw³i m¤ú‡K©i cÖkœ
I‡V|
†cø‡Uvi gZ Avj-wKw›` AvZ¥v‡K wZbwU As‡k wef³ K‡ib; (1) eyw×e„wËK (Intellectual faculty
ev Avj-AvKwjqv); (2) Av‡eMRvZ (Passionate ev Avj Mv`vwiqvn) Ges (3) Kvg cÖe„wËRvZ
(Concupiscent ev Avj kvnIqvwbqvn)| G wZbwU As‡ki cvkvcvwk wZwb wZb cªKvi gvbwmK

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-147
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

kw³i ms‡hvM K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GwU AvZ¥vi D”PZg ch©v‡qi K‡g©i
m‡½ hy³; wØZxqwU ¯§„wZ msiÿY, cÖe„wË, cywó I cÖe„w× Ges Kíbv kw³i m‡½ hy³; Z…Zxq AskwU
ms‡e`‡bi m‡½ hy³|
AvZ¥vi Dc‡iv³ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ Bb‡U‡jKPyqvj d¨vKvwë ev eyw×e„wËK kw³ n‡”Q AvZ¥vi
ewntcÖKvk| Gi ewntcÖKvk N‡U hLb AvZ¥v dv÷© B‡›U‡j‡±i m‡½ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| AvZ¥vi
G As‡ki KvR eyw×e„wËK Ges AviI D”P ch©v‡qi| AvZ¥vi wØZxq gvbwmK kw³i m‡½ AvKv‡ii
¯§„wZ RwoZ| GB cÖKv‡ii kw³‡K wZwb Kíbv kw³i m‡½ hy³ K‡ib| gvbwmK kw³i †h
wefvM‡K wZwb ms‡e`‡bi m‡½ hy³ K‡ib-†m As‡k wZwb c Bw›`ª‡qi ms‡hv‡Mi K_v e‡jb|
GB As‡k wZwb AvKvi, ¯^v`, MÜ, ¯úk© Ges kªæwZi K_v e‡jb| Gme wefv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi
Kg©‡ÿÎ Ges AvZ¥vi mgwb¦Z Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›` AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
wKšÍz G ÿz`ª cwim‡i G Av‡jvPbv `xN©vwqZ bv K‡i Gevi Avgiv eyw×e„wËi Av‡jvPbv Kie|
Avj-wKw›`i eyw×e„wË m¤úKx©q ZË¡
eyw×e„wË ev B‡›U‡j± m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i MÖ‡š’i msL¨v LyeB Kg| ÔAb w` B‡›U‡j±' MÖš’wUB
GKgvÎ MÖš’ †hLv‡b G m¤ú‡K© Zuvi gZev‡`i wKQyUv e¨vL¨v cvIqv hvq| A‡b‡KiB aviYv wZwb
G e¨vcv‡i G¨vwi÷U‡ji gZev‡`i AbyKiY K‡ib| Avevi KviI KviI g‡Z wZwb
A¨v‡d«vwWqv‡mi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Z‡Ë¡i Abymi‡Y Zuvi ZË¡ †`b| h‡nvK, GLb Avgiv †`wL wZwb
wKfv‡e G e¨vcv‡i Zuvi gZev` e¨vL¨v K‡ib|
G¨vwi÷Uj Zuvi wW-G¨vwbgv MÖ‡š’ `y'cÖKvi eyw×e„wËi K_v e‡jb| Gi GKwU nj m¤¢ve¨ eyw×e„wË
Ges Av‡iKwU PvjK eyw×e„wË| m¤¢ve¨ eyw×e„wË eyw× MÖnY K‡i; wKšÍz PvjK eyw×e„wË e¯Íz Drcv`b
K‡i| †k‡lv³ eyw×e„wˇK G¨vwi÷Uj c„_K, AwgwkªZ, me©`v ev¯ÍeZvq wbgw¾Z wPišÍb Ges
`~lYgy³ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|
G¨vwi÷U‡ji eyw×e„wË
A‡d«vwWwmqv‡mi Av‡jKRvÛvi Zuvi wW B‡›U‡j±z MÖ‡š’ wZb cªKvi eyw×e„wËi K_v e‡jb| cÖ_gwU
Roxq eyw×e„wË, wØZxqwU ¯^fveRvZ eyw×e„wË Ges Z…ZxqwU PvjK eyw×e„wË| wZwb G¨vwi÷U‡ji
`y'cÖKv‡ii m‡½ Bb‡U‡jKUvm n¨vweUvm ev A¨v‡WÞvm A_©vr ¯^fveRvZ eyw×e„wËi ms‡hvRb
K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z Roxq eyw×e„wË m¤¢ve¨ Ges aŸsmkxj| GwU nj gvby‡li ÔAvKvi' MÖn‡Yi
ÿgZv| ¯^fveRvZ eyw×e„wËi d‡j gvbyl Ávb AR©b K‡i Ges Zv msiwÿZ iv‡L| Gi A_©
m¤¢ve¨Zv †_‡K ev¯ÍeZvq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ Pvj‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb| GwU n‡”Q PvjK eyw×e„wË hv‡K
Bb‡Uwj‡Rbwmqv G‡RÝ ejv nq| GB eyw×e„wË A‡b‡Ki g‡Z ¯^M©xq eyw×e„wË hv e¨w³ gvby‡li
AvZ¥vq cÖweó nq|
Avie `vk©wbK Avj-wKw›` Zuvi w` B‡›U‡j± MÖ‡š’ G‡`i m‡½ wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡i Pvi cÖKvi
eyw×e„wËi K_v e‡jb| wZwb ¯^fveRvZ ev Bb‡U‡jKU Bb n¨vweU‡K `yB fv‡M fvM K‡ib| Gi
GKwU n‡”Q H eyw×e„wË hv Áv‡bi AwaKvix; wKšÍz H Ávb Kv‡h© e¨envi K‡i bv| wØZxqwU n‡”Q
H eyw×e„wË hvi Ávb Av‡Q Ges hv H Ávb‡K K‡g© e¨envi K‡i| cÖ_gwU H †jL‡Ki gZ †h
wjL‡Z Rv‡b wKšÍz †j‡L bv; Avi wØZxqwU H †jL‡Ki gZ †h wjL‡Z Rv‡b Ges †j‡L|
eyw×e„wË m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i D×…wZ
Avj-wKw›` Pvi cÖKvi eyw×e„wˇK mvwR‡q Zuvi w` Bb‡U‡jK&U MÖ‡š’ Gfv‡e cÖKvk K‡ib-
(1) cÖ_g cÖKvi eyw×e„wË H hv me©`vB K‡g© cÖe„Ë;
(2) wØZxqwU n‡”Q H eyw×e„wË hv m¤¢ve¨Zv AvZ¥vi g‡a¨;
(3) Z…Zxq cÖKvi eyw×e„wË nj ZvB hv AvZ¥vi m¤¢ve¨Zv †_‡K ev¯ÍeZvq DËiY K‡i‡Q;

GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-148
gymwjg `k©b evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

(4) PZz_©wU H eyw×e„wË hv‡K Avgiv wØZxq (Second) ewj|

GLv‡b wØZxq ej‡Z wZwb wØZxq wWMÖx ev gvÎvi ev¯ÍeZvi K_v e‡jb hv wbw®Œq Ges mwµq
†jL‡Ki cv_©‡K¨i gZ|
PvjK eyw×e„wË
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eyw×e„wËi gZ| GB eyw×e„wË gvbevÍvi evB‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges GwU ¯^M©xq I me©`v ev¯ÍeZvq
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†`‡ni Ici wµqvkxj| Avgiv G eyw×e„wˇK PvjK eyyw×e„wË ej‡Z cvwi|
Avj-wKw›`i wØZxq cÖKvi eyw×e„wË n‡”Q m¤¢ve¨ eyw×e„wË (Intellect in potentiality) AvZ¥vq G
eyw×e„wË myß Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GB eyw×e„wË ewnR©Mr †_‡K ms‡e`xq Qvc Ges eyw×wØß AvKvi MÖnY
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Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
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ev¯ÍeZvq DËiY K‡i Ges eyw×gq AvKv‡ii ms‡M hy³ n‡q Zv‡`i ms‡M GKwÎZ n‡q hvq|
Avj-wKw›` ÔAwR©Z' K_vwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb GB A‡_© †h GwU †mB eyw×e„wË hv AvZ¥v KZ©„K evwni
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Kivq Ges eyw×gq AvKv‡ii ms‡M mshy³ Kivq| Avj-wKw›` ÔAwR©Z' K_vwU‡K AvZ¥v KZ…©K
AR©‡bi (Acquisition) A‡_©I e¨envi K‡ib| G AwR©Z eyw×e„wˇK m¤¢ve¨ †_‡K ev¯ÍeZvq
Mg‡bi eyw×e„wË ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges AvZ¥v GwU †¯^”Qvq e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avj wKw›` G
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wb‡`©kK eyw×e„wË
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mwµqfv‡e dv÷© Bb‡U‡j± ev cÖ_g eyw×e„wËi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m| G eyw×e„wˇK AwR©Z eyw×e„wËi
Ab¨Zg wb‡`©kK eyw×e„wË ev Demonstrative Intellect ejv mgxPxb n‡e| G wb‡`©kK eyw×e„wË
cÖwµqvi cÖm‡½ h_v_©| eyw×gq ev my‡eva¨‡K cÖKvk¨ K‡g© cÖe„Ë Kiv Gi KvR| D`vniY¯^iƒc
Avj-wKw›` G eyw×e„wˇK H ai‡bi †jv‡Ki ms‡M Zzjbv K‡ib †h †jvK wjLbwe`¨v AvqË K‡i
Zv Kv‡h© cwiYZ K‡ib A_©vr wj‡Lb|
eyw×e„wËi Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi ci GK_v ejv hvq †h Avj-wKw›` G mgm¨vi Lye GKUv Mfx‡i
cÖ‡ek K‡ibwb| wKšÍz cieZx© `vk©wbK‡`i Rb¨ wZwb PZz_© cÖKvi eyw×e„wËi ms‡hvM K‡i GKwU
Av`‡k©i (Model) AeZviYv K‡ib Ges 'weg~Z©b Z‡Ë¡iÔ cÖwZôv K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j Ab¨vb¨
gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ we‡kl K‡i Avj-dvivex Avj-wKw›`i eyw×e„wË msµvšÍ ZË¡‡K c~Y©Zv
`vb K‡ib|
Abykxjbx
1| AvZ¥v m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i AwfgZ Ges eyw×e„wË m¤ú‡K© Zuvi wbR¯^ wPšÍvaviv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| AvZ¥v I eyw×e„wË m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv K‡i Zuvi wbR¯^ wPšÍvaviv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| AvZ¥v I eyw×e„wË m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv K‡i Avcbvi wb‡Ri gZ cÖKvk Kiæb|

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-149
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mZ¨-wg_¨v
1| AvZ¥v m¤úKx©q wPšÍvavivq Avj-wKw›`i Ici G¨vwi÷U‡ji †Kvb cÖfve †bB| mZ¨-wg_¨v
2| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z AvZ¥v Roxq c`v_©| mZ¨-wg_¨v
3| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z G RMr AvZ¥vi Rb¨ ÔeªxR'¯^iƒc| mZ¨-wg_¨v
4| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z eyw×e„wË wZb cÖKv‡ii| mZ¨-wg_¨v
5| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z AvZ¥vi G RM‡Z Ae¯’vb ÿY¯’vqx| mZ¨-wg_¨v

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| AvZ¥v m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i AwfgZ A‡bKUv
(K) G¨vwi÷U‡ji gZ
(L) Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii gZ
(M) †cø‡Uvi gZ
(N) †KvbwUi gZ bq|
2| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z AvZ¥v †`n †_‡K
(K) wew”Qbœ
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3| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z AvZ¥v
(K) Agi
(L) ÿY¯’vqx
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4| Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z Z…Zxq cÖKvi eyw×e„wË n‡”Q
(K) PvjK eyw×e„wË
(L) AwR©Z eyw×e„wË
(M) m¤¢ve¨ eyw×e„wË
(N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq
5| weg~Z©b ZË¡wU
(K) G¨vwi÷U‡ji
(L) †cø‡Uvi
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(N) Ic‡ii KviI bq

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| AvZ¥v m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i AwfgZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| Avj-wKw›`i AvZ¥vi msÁv cy‡ivcywi Bmjvgm¤§Z bq| G e¨vcv‡i wPšÍv Kiæb Ges wjLyb|
3| eyw×e„wË m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i aviYv ms‡ÿ‡c e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4| eyw×e„wË m¤ú‡K© Avj-wKw›`i Ae`vb †Kv_vq Zv wPšÍv K‡i †ei Kiæb I wjLyb|

GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-150
gymwjg `k©b evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgm¨v
g‡b Kiæb AvZ¥v GKwU mËv Ges eyw×e„wË Av‡iKwU mËv| wKšÍz Avj-wKw›` wK G‡`i‡K `ywU mËv
e‡jb? hw` e‡j _v‡Kb Zvn‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb †Kvb& ai‡bi m¤ú‡K©i K_v e‡j‡Qb? hw` `ywU
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wjLyb|

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1| wg_¨v 2| wg_¨v 3| mZ¨ 4| wg_¨v 5| mZ¨|

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1| M 2| K 3| K 4| L 5| M|

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv-151