Cell division:

Cell cycle,
Binary Fission,
Mitosis
Meiosis
 Cell Division
The Key Roles of Cell Division: The continuity of life.
It Is based upon the reproduction of cells, or cell division

•Unicellular organisms • Multicellular organisms depend on cell

reproduce by cell division division for
– Development from a fertilized cell
100 µm
– Growth
– Repair 200 µm 20 µm

Reproduction. An amoeba, a single-celled

eukaryote, is dividing into two cells. Each Growth and development. (Tissue renewal. These dividing
new cell will be an individual organism This micrograph shows a bone marrow cells (arrow) will
sand dollar embryo shortly give rise to new blood cells
after the fertilized egg divided,
forming two cells
 Binary Fission
• Prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce by a type of cell division called binary fission

Origin of
Cell wall
replication
Plasma
Membrane
E. coli cell Bacterial
1 Chromosome replication begins. Two copies Chromosome
Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves of origin
rapidly toward the other end of the cell.

2 Replication continues. One copy of Origin Origin

the origin is now at each end of
the cell.

3 Replication finishes. The plasma membrane

grows inward, and new cell wall is deposited.

4 Two daughter cells result.

 Cell Cycle
• The cell division process is an integral part of the cell cycle

Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells

• Cells duplicate their genetic material
INTERPHASE
before they divide, ensuring that each
S
daughter cell receives an exact copy of G1 (DNA synthesis)

the genetic material, DNA

G2

• A cell’s endowment of DNA, its genetic

information Is called its genome
 Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material

• The DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into chromosomes

Eukaryotic chromosomes

• Consist of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during

cell division

In animals

• Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes

• Gametes have one set of chromosomes

 0.5 µm
A eukaryotic cell has multiple
• In preparation for cell chromosomes, one of which is
represented here. Before
duplication, each chromosome
division DNA is replicated has a single DNA molecule. Chromosome
duplication
(including DNA
and the chromosomes synthesis)
Once duplicated, a chromosome
Centromere
consists of two sister chromatids
condense connected at the centromere. Each
chromatid contains a copy of the
DNA molecule.
• Each duplicated
chromosome has two sister Sister
chromatids
Separation
of sister
chromatids, which separate Mechanical processes separate
chromatids

the sister chromatids into two

during cell division chromosomes and distribute
them to two daughter cells.

Centromeres Sister chromatids

 Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells

• In humans 5 µm

– Each somatic cell

has 46
Centromere
chromosomes,
made up of two sets Sister
chromatids
– One set of
chromosomes
comes from each
parent

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Mitosis, the division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm
Stages of Mitosis
 (B) MEIOSIS

• Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation

• Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind
• Heredity
– Is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
• Variation
– Shows that offspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and
siblings
• Genetics
– Is the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

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 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes

• Genes
– Are the units of heredity
– Are segments of DNA
• Each gene in an organism’s DNA
– Has a specific locus on a certain chromosome
• We inherit
– One set of chromosomes from our mother and one set from our father
• A life cycle
Is the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of
an organism
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 Key

Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
• In a cell in which DNA 2n = 6
Paternal set of
synthesis has occurred chromosomes (n = 3)

Two sister chromatids

– All the chromosomes of one replicated
are duplicated and chromosome
Centromere
thus each consists of
two identical sister
chromatids Two nonsister Pair of homologous
chromatids in chromosomes
a homologous pair (one from each set)

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 Overview of Meiosis
Interphase
• Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome Homologous pair of chromosomes in
diploid parent cell

sets from diploid to haploid

• Meiosis Chromosomes
replicate
– Takes place in two sets of divisions, meiosis Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes

Sister
I and meiosis II chromatids
Diploid cell with
replicated
chromosomes
Stage 1: Meiosis I Meiosis I

– Reduces the number of chromosomes from Homologous

1 chromosomes
separate
diploid to haploid Haploid cells with replicated
chromosomes
Meiosis II
Stage 2: Meiosis II 2 Sister chromatids
separate

– Produces four haploid daughter cells

Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

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 Meiosis I – Homologous chromosomes separate

Centromere Cleavage furrow

Centrosome Centrioles (with Kinetochore)
Metaphas
Spindle e plate

Chiasmata
Chiasmata
Nuclear
Homologous Sister
Envelope
Microtubule chromatids
chromosomes fragment

Homologous chromosomes (red and blue) pair and exchange segments; 2n = 6 in this example

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 Meiosis II – Sister chromatids separate

Two haploid cells

Sister chromatids
form; chromosomes
are still double During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate;
four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes

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 A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
• Meiosis and mitosis can be distinguished from mitosis

– By three events in Meiosis l

1. Synapsis and crossing over

– Homologous chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic information

2. Tetrads on the metaphase plate

– At metaphase I of meiosis, paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) are positioned on

the metaphase plates

3. Separation of homologues

– At anaphase I of meiosis, homologous pairs move toward opposite poles of the cell

– In anaphase II of meiosis, the sister chromatids separate

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• Unlike somatic cells
– Gametes, sperm and egg cells are haploid cells, containing only one set of
chromosomes
Somatic cell Germline cells

2n 2n
Mitosis Meiosis

2n 2n n n

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 A comparison of mitosis and meiosis
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Parent cell Chiasma (site of
MEIOSIS I
(before chromosome replication) crossing over)

Prophase Prophase I
Chromosome Chromosome
replication replication Tetrad formed by
Duplicated chromosome synapsis of homologous
2n = 6
(two sister chromatids) chromosomes

Chromosomes Tetrads
positioned at the positioned at the Metaphase I
Metaphase
metaphase plate metaphase plate

Anaphase Sister chromatids Homologues

separate during separate Anaphase I
Telophase
anaphase during Telophase I
anaphase I;
sister Haploid
chromatids Daughter n=3
remain together cells of
meiosis I
2n 2n
Daughter cells MEIOSIS II
of mitosis
n n n n
Daughter cells of meiosis II
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II

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 Extra Slides
Mitosis in a plant cell
Nucleus Chromatine Chromosome
Nucleolus condensing

1 Prophase. 2 Prometaphase. 3 Metaphase. The Anaphase. The 5 Telophase. Daughter

4
The chromatin We now see discrete spindle is complete, chromatids of each nuclei are forming.
is condensing. chromosomes; each and the chromosomes, chromosome have Meanwhile, cytokinesis
The nucleolus is consists of two attached to microtubules separated, and the has started: The cell
beginning to identical sister at their kinetochores, daughter chromosomes plate, which will
disappear. chromatids. Later are all at the metaphase are moving to the ends divided the cytoplasm
Although not in prometaphase, the plate. of cell as their in two, is growing
yet visible nuclear envelop will kinetochore toward the perimeter
in the micrograph, fragment. microtubles shorten. of the parent cell.
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
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