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L1-3-modulation-Introduction-AM

The document provides an overview of communication systems, defining communication as the process of conveying information through a medium. It discusses the purpose of communication systems, the elements involved such as modulators and demodulators, and the modulation process necessary for effective transmission of audio, video, and data signals. Key concepts include the modulation of carrier signals, difficulties in audio communication, and the importance of modulation for efficient signal transmission and antenna design.

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thegreedyoneee
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2 views

L1-3-modulation-Introduction-AM

The document provides an overview of communication systems, defining communication as the process of conveying information through a medium. It discusses the purpose of communication systems, the elements involved such as modulators and demodulators, and the modulation process necessary for effective transmission of audio, video, and data signals. Key concepts include the modulation of carrier signals, difficulties in audio communication, and the importance of modulation for efficient signal transmission and antenna design.

Uploaded by

thegreedyoneee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

What is Communication?
Communication is the process of conveying information from one point to another
through a certain medium.

What is the purpose of Communication system?

The purpose of communication systems is to communicate information bearing


signals from a source located at one point in space to a user destination located at
another point.
The three most common sources of information are: audio (or speech), video and
data.

BASIC ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM


ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
modulator

, demodulator
The main function performed by transmitter is modulation

In audio communication, the input signal is audio.

Audio range - 20Hz - 20KHz ( speech signal/Telephone signals : 300Hz - 3400 Hz)

Difficulties encountered

• Intermixing of signals : Broadcasting cannot be done at the same time


• Hardware limitations: Too much noise and interference at audio
frequencies are picked up by the system
• Difficulty to build efficient antenna at audio frequencies
• Audio frequency signals are poorly radiated

Modulation

Any parameter of high frequency carrier signal is changed according to the


instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal.

Signals in the Modulation Process

• Message Signal or Modulating Signal or Information Signal

The signal which contains a message or information to be transmitted is called as a


message signal. It is a baseband signal, which has to undergo the process of
modulation, to get transmitted. Hence, it is also called as the modulating signal.

• Carrier Signal

The high frequency signal, which has a certain amplitude, frequency and phase but
contains no information, is called as a carrier signal. It is used to carry the signal to
the receiver after modulation.

• Modulated Signal

The resultant signal after the process of modulation is called as a modulated signal.
This signal is a modulated carrier signal.
according to carrier signal

ASK, PSK,FSK

CW Modulation: Carrier signal is a continuous wave signal,

• Modulating signal is CW : AM,FM,PM


• Modulating signal is digital : ASK,PSK,FSK

Pulse Modulation

• Analog Modulation : Carrier signal is in the form of pulses


Modulating signal is CW : PAM,PWM,PPM
• Digital Modulation : Carrier signal is in the form of pulses
Modulating signal is digital : PCM
Analog Pulse Modulation
–
Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum
Modulation is required:

1. To accommodate for simultaneous transmission of several signals


S1

fc1
S2

f c2

S3

fc3
2. To minimize the effect of interference and improve radiated power
The radiated power is inversely proportional to square of the wavelength of
radiated signal ( λ2 ) i.e.
Prad = 1/ λ2
Without modulation, the frequency of signal to be transmitted (audio signal)
is low, the wavelength will be large, hence the power radiated from the
antenna will be low.
If power is low, it will not travel long distances and will also be effected more
by noise
If modulation is used, the frequency of modulated signal will be high, the
wavelength of signal will be small and hence the radiated power will increase.
3. Modulation is done to reduce noise resulting in optimization of S/N ratio
4. Efficient antenna designing
The required antenna length depends upon the wavelength of the radiation
such that shorter the wavelength, shorter is the antenna.
For maximum power radiating from antenna the length of antenna 𝑙 ∝ 𝜆/4
at signal frequency

In audio range f = 3 kHz, λ = C/f = (3*10 8)/(3*10 3) = 10 5 m


𝜆 ∝ 105 /4 (25000 meter or 25 km)
At higher frequency fc = 100 MHz, λ = (3*10 8)/(100*106) = 3m
𝜆 ∝ 3/4m = 75 cm
5. Narrowbanding: helps in efficient antenna designing, multiplexing
Let audio range 50 Hz to 10 kHz then fmax/fmin = 10*10 3/50 = 200
Let fc = 10 6 Hz = 1 MHz
Audio range is shifted to (50 + 10 6) Hz to (10*10 3 + 10 6) Hz then
fmax/fmin = 1010000/1000050 = 1.01

Modulation

Any parameter of high frequency carrier signal is changed according to the


instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal.

Amplitude modulation

The amplitude of high frequency carrier signal is changed according to the


instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal keeping the frequency of carrier
signal constant.

The carrier signal vc(t) = Vccos ω ct; ωc = 2πfc


The modulating signal (base band signal) vm(t) = Vmcos ω mt
The peak amplitude of AM signal
A = Vc + vm(t) = Vc + Vm cos ωmt = Vc (1+ Vm / Vc cos ω mt)
= Vc (1+mcos ω mt)
Where m = Vm / Vc = modulation index
Modulation Index is the amount of modulation or extent of modulation done.
For amplitude modulation, modulation index is the ratio of peak amplitude of
modulating signal and peak amplitude of carrier signal.
m = Vm / Vc
The instantaneous amplitude of AM wave
VAM(t) = A cos ωct = Vc (1+mcos ω mt)cos ω ct
= Vc cos ω ct + m Vc cos ω ct cos ω mt
[2cosA*cosB = cos(A+B)+cos(A-B)]
= Vc cos ω ct + mVc/2 cos(ω c+ωm)t + mVc/2 cos(ω c-ωm)t

Unmodulated carrier USB LSB


AM Signal Expressed as Summation of Three Sinusoidal Waveforms
Frequency spectrum of AM wave:
Bandwidth of AM signal = Max. freq. – Min. freq.
= (fc+fm) – (fc-fm) = 2fm for double sideband (DSB) -AM
Where fm is the highest frequency component of the modulating signal.

Phasor Diagram

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