Engineering Surveying II

(CEng 2092)

Chapter 3: Setting Out

Survey

LOGO
Contents

Method of representing topography

Contour Lines

Digital Elevation Model

Topographic Mapping

Applications in CEng

2
Definition

 Accurate large-scale plan  planning and

design of a construction project

 The plan set out on the ground in the

correct absolute and relative position and to
its correct dimensions

 Out is the reverse of surveying

 Setting Out is the establishment of the marks and

lines to define the position and level of the elements
for the construction work so that works may proceed
with reference to them.

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The aims of setting out

 The various elements of the scheme

must be correct in all three
dimensions both relatively and
absolutely; correct size, plan position
and reduced level.

 Once setting out begins it must

proceed quickly and with little or no
delay in order that the Works can
proceed smoothly and the costs can
be minimized.
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How to achieve these aims

 Points of known plan position must be

established within or near the site. This
involves horizontal control techniques. –
GPS Techniques

 Points of known elevation relative to an

agreed datum are required within or
near the site. This involves vertical
control techniques. – Use EMA Points

 Accurate methods must be adopted to

establish design points from this
horizontal and vertical control.
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The principles of setting out

 Setting out procedures

 Horizontal control techniques
 Vertical control techniques
 Coordinate positioning techniques

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Horizontal control techniques

 Controls should be established

 Techniques
 Baselines: off setting from a baselines, by angle
 Reference grids: set out from grid point by angle
 Off set peg: for building setting out

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Vertical control techniques

 First, to establish points of known

reduced level near to and on the
elements of the proposed scheme.
(temporary bench marks)
 Second, their reduced levels should
be checked with reference to Primary
Control Points
 Techniques
 Transferred or temporary bench marks (TBMs)
 Sight rails
 Travelers and boning rods
 Profile boards
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Engineering surveying

 Curve setting out

 Earth work computation
 Staking of structures like building,
bridge, culvert and tunnel
 Monitoring of ground and structural
stability
 Route surveying

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Curve

 The center line of a road consists of

series of straight lines interconnected
by curves that are used to change the
alignment, direction, or slope of the
road.
 Those curves that change the
alignment or direction are known as
horizontal curves, and
 Those that change the slope are
vertical curves.

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Setting out of horizontal curves

 Traditional methods, which involve working

along the center line itself using the
straights, intersection points and tangent
points for reference. The equipment
required to carry out these methods can
include tapes, theodolites and total stations.

 Coordinate methods, which use control

networks as reference. These networks take
the form of control points located on site
some distance away from the center line for
use with theodolites, total stations or GNSS
receivers.

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Curve Setting out

 Horizontal Curve
 Circular Curve
 Compound Curve
 Reverse Curve
 Transition Curve

 Vertical Curve
 Parabolic curve

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Simple circular and Compound

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Reverse Curve and Transition curve

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Vertical Curves

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Horizontal Curves

 The principal
consideration in
the design of a
curve is the
selection of the
length of the radius
or the degree of
curvature

 This selection is
based on such
considerations as
the design speed of
the highway and
the sight distance
as limited by
headlights or
obstructions
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Elements of Horizontal Curves

 I – Point of intersection
 T1 – Point of
commencement
 T2 – Point of tangency
 E – External distance
 T1T2 – Length of the
curve
 T1I = IT2 = tangent
length
 AI – Back Tangent
 BI – Forward Tangent
 T1T2 – Chord length
  - Deflection angle
 R – Radius of the curve
  - Angle of intersection
 M – Mid-ordinate

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Formula to calculate the various elements of a circular
curve for use in design and setting out

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Setting out of circular curves

Offset from long chord

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Offset from tangent

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Setting out using one theodolite and tape

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Setting out using two theodolite

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Setting out using Coordinates
Refer Schofield p – 352-353

• Coordinates of T1 and I known form design

•  known from deflection angle method
• Bearing of T1I is computed
• Using s and bearing of T1I bearings of T1A, T1B ..
• Distance T1A, T1B .. can be computed as 2Rsin(1) …
• using the bearing and distances coordinates of A, B, C .. are obtained
• These points can now be set out from the nearest control points by polar or
intersection methods
• By computing bearing and distance

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Setting out with inaccessible intersection point

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Example

 A circular curve of 500 m radius to be set

out joining the two straights with
deflection angle of 38. Calculate the
necessary data for setting out the curve
by the method of

 Offset from long chord

 Offset from tangent
 Deflection angle method

Take peg interval of 30 m length and the

chainage of I (60 + 13.385)

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Solution

Calculations of elements of the Curve

 Tangent length = Rtan(/2) = 500tan19 = 172.164 m
 Length of the curve (l) = (R/180) = 331.613 m
 Chainage of T1 = Chainage of I – T1I = 60x30 +
13.385 – 172. 164
 = 1641.221 = 54 +
21.22
 Chainage of T2 = Chainage of I + l = 1641.221 +
331.613
 = 1972.834 = 65 +
22.83
 Long chord (L)= 2Rsin(/2) = 325.57 m
 L/2 = 162.785 m
 To locate the points on the curve, for distances
 X = 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 162.785 m

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The offset from long chord is calculated as:

The calculated value of y,

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Offset from tangent

x 0 (T1) 30 60 90 120 150 172.164

(I)
y 0 0.90 3.61 8.167 14.61 23.030 30.575
1 3 4
Deflection angle method
Length of first sub-chord = (54 + 30) – (54 + 21.22) = 8.78 m
Length of last sub-chord = (65 + 22.83) – (65 + 0) = 22.83 m
Number of normal chords N = 65 – 55 = 10
Total number of chords n = 10 + 2 = 12

Tangential angle for the first chord = 1718.9*8.78/500 = 30.184 min

Tangential angle for the normal chord = 1718.9*30/500 = 103.184 min
Tangential angle for the last chord = 1718.9*22.83/500 = 78.485 min

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Point Chainage Chord Length Tangential Deflection Angle set on 1’’
(m) angle (‘) Angle (‘)
0(T1) 54 + 21.22 - 0.0 0.0
1 55 + 00 8.78 30.184 30.184 0030’11’’
2 56 + 00 30 103.134 133.318 0213’19’’
3 57 + 00 30 103.134 236.452 0356’27’’
4 58 + 00 30 103.134 339.586 0539’35’
5 59 + 00 30 103.134 442.720 0722’43’’
6 60 + 00 30 103.134 546.104 0906’06’’
7 61 + 00 30 103.134 648.988 1048’59’’
8 62 + 00 30 103.134 752.122 1232’07’’
9 63 + 00 30 103.134 855.256 1415’15’’
10 64 + 00 30 103.134 958.839 1558’50’’
11 65 + 00 30 103.134 1061.524 1741’31’’
12(T2) 65 + 22.83 22.83 78.485 1140.009 1900’01’’

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Transition curves

 The transition curve is a curve of constantly changing radius

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Shift, S

Where transition curves are

introduced between the tangents and
a circular curve of radius R, the
circular curve is “shifted” inwards
from its original position by an
amount BP = S so that the curves can
meet tangentially.

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32
Setting out of transition curve

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34
Example

Two straights AB and BC intersect at

chainage 1530.685 m, the total
deflection angle being 33°08′. It is
proposed to insert a circular curve of
1000 m radius and the transition
curves for a rate of change of radial
acceleration of 0.3 m/s3, and a
velocity of 108 km/h. Determine
setting out data using theodolite and
tape for the transition curve at 20 m
intervals and the circular curve at 50
m intervals.
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Solution

 = 0.3 m/cub sec

V = 110 km/hr = 30 m/s
 = 3308’  /2 = 16 34’
Radius of circular curve = 1000 m
Chainage of I = 1530.686 m
Peg interval for transition curve = 20
m
Peg interval for circular curve = 50 m
V3 V3 30
 L   90.0 m
LR R 0.3x1000
L3 903
Shift, S    0.338 m
24 R 24 x1000
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 Tangent length IT= (R+S)tan(/2) + (L/2)
 = 342.580
 1= L/2R rad = 90/(2x1000) x(180/)= 234’42’’
 Angle subtended by CC = =  - 21 = 2758’36’’
 Length of the curve, l = (R/180) = 488.285 m
 Chainage of T = Chainage of I – IT = 1188.105 m
 = 59 + 8.105 chains for peg interval 20 m
 Chainage of T1 = Chainage of T + L = 1278,105
m
 = 25 + 28.105 chains for peg interval 50 m
 Chainage of T2 = Chainage of T1 + l = 1766.390
m
 = 35 + 16.390 chains for peg interval 50 m
 = 88 + 6.390 chains for peg interval 20 m
 Chainage of U = Chainage of T2 + L = 1856.390 m
 = 92 + 16.390 chains for peg interval 20 m
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 Length of the first sub chord for transition
 (59 + 20) – (59 + 8.105) = 11.895 m
 Length of first sub chord for circular curve
 (25 + 50) – (25 + 28.105) = 21.895 m
 Length of last sub chord for circular curve
 (35 + 16.390) – (35 + 0) = 16.390 m
Deflection angle for transition curve
1800l 2
  0.006366 l 2 min
RL
 Deflection angle for circular curve
c
  1718.9 min
R
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Setting out data for 1st transition
curve

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Setting out data for circular curve

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Setting out data for 2nd Transition
curve

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 Vertical Curve

Vertical curves (VC) are They should be of sufficiently large curvature

used to connect to provide comfort to the driver, that is, they
intersecting gradients in should have a low ‘rate of change of grade’.
the vertical plane.

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Vertical curve formula

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Derivation of vertical curve equation

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Example

 A vertical curve 120 m long of the

parabola type is to join a falling gradient
of 1 in 200 to a rising gradient of 1 in
300. If the level of the intersection of the
two gradients is 30.36 m give the levels
at 15-m intervals along the curve.

A
C
1/200
(p = -0.5%) 1/300
q = (+0.33%)
B
30.36
Chainage 2000
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Solution

Chainage of A = Chainage of B – L/2

= 2000 – 60 = 1940 m
Chainage of C = Chainage of B + L/2
= 2000 + 60 = 2060 m
Elevation of A = Elev. B + (PL/200)
= 30.36 + (0.5*120/200)
=30.660

Elevation of C = Elev. B + (qL/200)

= 30.36 + (0.33*120/200) =
30.56 m
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 H1 = (-0.5x15/100) – (-0.83x15x15/(200x120))

Station Chainage x(m) H1 Elevation (m) =

(m) (m) Elev. A + H1
A 1940 0 0 30.660
1 1955 15 -0.0672 30.593
2 1970 30 -0.1189 30.541
3 1985 45 -0.1550 30.505
4 (above B) 2000 60 -0.1755 30.485
5 2015 75 -0.1805 30.479
6 2030 90 -0.1700 30.490
7 2045 105 -0.1437 30.516
8 (C) 2060 120 -0.1020 30.558 30.56

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Building Setting Out

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Bridge Setting out

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CONTROLLING VERTICALITY

 Using a plumb-bob
 Using a theodolite
Plan

Section

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Underground Survey

 Underground surveying is quite

different from surveying on the
surface.
 In tunneling or mining operations it
may be hot, wet, dark, cramped,
dusty, dirty and dangerous, and
usually most of these.
 The essential problem in underground
surveying is that of orientating the
underground surveys to the surface
surveys.
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Underground Survey - Optical

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Underground Survey - Mechanical

 Weisbach triangle method

(Refere Schofield (6th ed) pp 508-509

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Underground survey - GYRO-THEODOLITE

 An alternative to the use of wire methods

is the gyro-theodolite. This is a north-
seeking gyroscope integrated
with a theodolite, and can be used to
orientate underground baselines relative
to true north

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LOGO