1. What is IoT (Internet of Things)?

IoT is a network of interconnected physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to

exchange data over the internet. These devices collect and share data to automate tasks and improve

efficiency in homes, cities, industries, etc.

2. What do you mean by replication?

Replication refers to the process of copying and maintaining database objects, like data or files, in multiple

locations to improve data availability, reliability, and performance.

3. What do you mean by BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)?

BLE is a wireless personal area network technology designed for low power consumption. It's used in

applications like fitness trackers, smartwatches, and home automation devices for short-range

communication.

4. What are the different components of IoT?

IoT consists of sensors/devices, connectivity (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth), data processing, cloud storage, and user

interface. These components work together to collect, transmit, and analyze data.

5. What are the advantages of IoT?

IoT increases efficiency, enables remote monitoring, automates processes, improves safety, and reduces

costs. It is widely used in industries, healthcare, smart homes, and agriculture.

6. What are the challenges or risks associated with IoT?

Security, data privacy, interoperability, high costs, and lack of standardization are major challenges. Devices

may be vulnerable to cyber attacks if not properly secured.

7. What are different types of sensors in IoT?

Common sensors include temperature, humidity, proximity, motion, light, gas, pressure, and accelerometers.

These sensors collect data from the environment for analysis.

8. What are different layers of the IoT protocol stack? Write the classification of IoT protocols.

IoT layers: Perception, Network, and Application. Protocols include MQTT, CoAP (Application), IPv6,
6LoWPAN (Network), and Zigbee, BLE (Perception).

9. What are different communication models in IoT?

IoT uses Device-to-Device, Device-to-Gateway, Device-to-Cloud, and Back-End Data Sharing models for

communication between components.

10. Write some of the most common IoT applications.

Smart homes, smart cities, healthcare monitoring, industrial automation, agriculture (smart farming), and

wearable devices are popular IoT applications.

11. Explain how IoT works.

IoT devices collect data using sensors, send it via networks to cloud servers, where it is processed and

analyzed. Based on insights, actions are triggered or users are notified.

12. Explain the characteristics of IoT.

Key characteristics include connectivity, intelligence, sensing, dynamic changes, heterogeneity, and

interoperability among devices and systems.

13. What is a thermocouple sensor?

A thermocouple sensor measures temperature using two different metals joined together. When heated, it

generates a voltage that corresponds to temperature.

14. Explain the term smart city in IoT.

A smart city uses IoT technologies to improve urban services like traffic management, waste disposal, energy

use, and public safety for better living conditions.

15. What do you mean by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)?

PWM is a technique to control the amount of power delivered to a device by varying the width of digital

pulses. Its used in motor control, LEDs, etc.

16. What do you mean by Raspberry Pi?

Raspberry Pi is a low-cost, credit card-sized computer used for learning programming, DIY electronics, and

IoT projects. It runs Linux and supports GPIO pins.

IoT connects diverse devices over the internet with analytics. M2M (Machine to Machine) is direct device

communication using point-to-point or cellular networks.

18. What do you mean by IoT Gateway? What is the role of a gateway in IoT?

An IoT gateway connects devices to the cloud, translating protocols, ensuring security, and managing data

traffic between edge devices and cloud services.

19. Explain the meaning of Arduino.

Arduino is an open-source microcontroller board used for building electronics projects. Its easy to program

and widely used in IoT, robotics, and automation.

20. What is GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output)?

GPIO pins are programmable digital signal pins on microcontrollers or boards like Raspberry Pi, used to read

or control connected devices like sensors or LEDs.

21. State difference between Arduino and Raspberry Pi.

Arduino is a microcontroller for hardware projects; Raspberry Pi is a full computer with OS. Arduino is better

for controlling devices, Pi is good for computation.

22. Name some of the wearable Arduino Boards.

Popular wearable Arduino boards include Arduino LilyPad, Arduino Gemma (Adafruit), and Arduino Flora.

They are small and designed for integration in clothes.

23. What are some of the different types of sensors used in IoT?

Types include temperature, humidity, motion, pressure, gas, proximity, smoke, infrared, and water level

sensors. They enable devices to detect real-world data.

24. What are the latest trends in IoT?

Trends include edge computing, AI integration, 5G connectivity, smart wearables, IoT in healthcare, and

cybersecurity improvements in IoT devices.

25. What are some of the protocols used for IoT communication?
Common protocols: MQTT, CoAP, HTTP, AMQP, Zigbee, Bluetooth, LoRaWAN, and 6LoWPAN. These

enable efficient data exchange in different IoT layers.

26. What is NodeMCU?

NodeMCU is an open-source IoT platform based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. It includes firmware and

development board for building Wi-Fi-enabled projects.