MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

NAME RUMBIDZAI CHIMUTENGA

REG NUMBER R151182Y

SUPERVISOR MR NGWARU

MODE OF ENTRY PARALLEL

TOPIC: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY SHARE OWNERSHIP TRUSTS

ON COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. THE CASE OF MHONDORO NGEZI
DISTRICT FROM 2012 TO 2017

A research dissertation in submission of partial fulfilment of Bachelor of Social Science

in Politics and Public Management Honours Degree
APPROVAL FORM

The undersigned certify that they have read and recommend to the Midlands State University

for acceptance of a dissertation entitled:

The effectiveness of Community Share Ownership Trust on community development. A

case of Mhondoro Ngezi from 2012 to 2017

Submitted by Rumbidzai Chimutenga (R151182Y) in partial fulfilment of the requirements

of Bachelor of Social Sciences in Politics and Public Management.

Supervisor........................... Date............................

Mr Ngwaru

Chairperson.......................... Date.....................

Mrs F. Mutasa

i
DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that this dissertation is a product of my original work and has not been
published to any university. Other sources have been properly acknowledged.

ii
Dedication

This research is devoted, to my father Thomas Chimutenga who passed away and my loving
mother, Diana Chimutenga.

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Acknowledgement

Firstly, my appreciation goes to the Lord Almighty for the strength and guidance throughout
my studies.

To my supervisor Mr Ngwaru, for the patience, guidance and dedication throughout my

research.

Furthermore, to ZMNCZ CSOT CEO Mr Phiri, his staff and Mhondoro-Ngezi community for
their providing of data for my project. Without their support this study would not have been
possible to conduct the research.

My special thanks goes to my mother Diana Chimutenga for all the unwavering support, love
and encouragement. Gratitude also goes to my siblings Gracious, Blessings, Carrington and
Oscar for the love and care in difficult times. I also want to appreciate my friends Talent
Makondo and Tariro Gonzo for willing to assist.

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Abbreviation

BEE- Black Economic Empowerment

CSR- Corporate Social Responsibility

CEP- Citizen Economic Empowerment

CSOT- Community Share Ownership Trust

IEEA- Indigenisation Economic Empowerment Act

NIEEB- National Indigenisation Economic Empowerment Board

MDC- Movement for Democratic Change

ZANU PF- Zimbabwe African National Union- Patriotic Front

ZMNZC CSOT- Zimplats Mhondoro Ngezi Zvimba Chegutu Community Share Ownership
Trust

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Abstract

CSOTs were established in order to empower the indigenous rural people who have been
historically disadvantage from the national development. Therefore, the study seeks to
analyse the effectiveness of Community Share Ownership Trust towards developing the
communities. The study centres on the objectives of finding out the role of CSOT in
promoting community development, community participation in the decision making, the
effectiveness of CSOTs engagement in rural development from 2012 to 2017 and the
challenges that are affecting the operation of CSOT in promoting community development.
The researcher employed the use of both qualitative and quantitative as way of collecting
data. Questionnaires, observation and interviews were, also used as research instrument in
order to attain reliable information. The findings from the research pointed that, the CSOT
has empowered the community of the Mhondoro-Ngezi through income generating and social
projects which have improved the living standards. On the other hand, the CSOT
developmental progress is hindered by political interference and lack of expertise of board
members. The researcher recommends that, community programmes should benefit everyone
regardless of been a political party member. The scheme is viable for local development but
there is need to overcome challenges.

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List of Tables

Table 1: Number of targeted population…………………………………….20

Table 2: Number of respondents for questionnaires…………………………27
Table 3: Employment status of Mhondoro-Ngezi……………………………29
Table 4: Number of schools constructed……………………………………..34

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Contents

Dedication ................................................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. iv
Abbreviation ........................................................................................................................................... v
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. vi
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... vii
Chapter one- Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Background of the study ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Statement of the problem .......................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Research objectives .................................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Research question ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.6. Significance of the study ........................................................................................................... 4
1.7. Limitation to the study .............................................................................................................. 4
1.8. Delimitations............................................................................................................................... 5
1.9. Chapter One summary .............................................................................................................. 5
1.10. Dissertation structure .............................................................................................................. 5
Chapter two: literature review ............................................................................................................... 6
2.1. Literature review ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Conceptual definition of terms.................................................................................................. 6
2.2.1 Community development .................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Rural development ............................................................................................................... 7
2.3. The importance of community participation in development ................................................ 7
2.4. Role of mining companies towards community development ................................................ 8
2.5. Economic empowerment as a strategy for community development ................................. 10
2.5.1 China ................................................................................................................................... 10
2.5.2. South Africa ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.5.3 Botswana ............................................................................................................................. 12
2.6. Community share ownership trust towards community development ............................... 12
2.7. Impact of CSOT on community development in Zimbabwe ............................................... 15
2.8. Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................... 16
2.8.1. Bottom up approach ......................................................................................................... 16
2.8.2 Empowerment theory ........................................................................................................ 17
2.9. Chapter summary ................................................................................................................... 18
3.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 19

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 3.2. Research design ........................................................................................................................ 19
3.3. Study population ...................................................................................................................... 20
3.4. Sampling ................................................................................................................................... 20
3.4.1. Sampling size ..................................................................................................................... 21
3.5. Sampling technique .................................................................................................................. 21
3.5.1. Simple random sampling .................................................................................................. 21
3.5.2 Judgmental Sampling ........................................................................................................ 21
3.6. Sources of data collection ........................................................................................................ 22
3.6.1. Primary data...................................................................................................................... 22
3.6.2 Secondary data ................................................................................................................... 22
3.7. Data collection techniques and procedures ........................................................................... 22
3.7.1 Questionnaires .................................................................................................................... 22
3.7.2. Observation ....................................................................................................................... 23
3.7.3. Interviews........................................................................................................................... 24
3.8. Ethical considerations .............................................................................................................. 25
3.9. Data processing, analysis and presentation ........................................................................... 25
3.10 Chapter summary ................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter four- Data Presentation, Discussion and Analysis................................................................... 27
4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 27
4.2.1. Questionnaire response rate ............................................................................................. 27
4.2.2. Age rate of Mhondoro-Ngezi community ....................................................................... 28
4.2.3. Gender................................................................................................................................ 28
4.3. Community’s perception on the relevance of CSOT in developing the community .......... 29
4.4. Community participation in local development .................................................................... 31
4.5. The role played by CSOT in improving the living standards of Mhondoro-Ngezi ............ 32
4.5.1 Social development............................................................................................................. 32
4.5.2. Economic development projects ................................................................................................ 35
4.6. The effectiveness of the CSOT towards community development ............................................ 37
4.7. Challenges faced by the CSOT in implementing socio-economic development projects... 39
4.8. Chapter conclusion .................................................................................................................. 40
Chapter five: Recommendation and conclusions ................................................................................ 41
5.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 41
5.2. Summary................................................................................................................................... 42
5.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 43
5.4. Recommendation...................................................................................................................... 44
Reference list ........................................................................................................................................ 45

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Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 50

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Chapter one- Introduction
1.1. Introduction
Rural areas in Zimbabwe have experienced years of exploitation and dispossession to
participate in their own socio-economic development despite, having the natural resources.
This has increased poverty in the rural communities since, the resources were benefiting the
foreign companies. In the quest to empower the rural communities, the Zimbabwean
government come up with Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment policy that led to the
establishment of Community Share Ownership Trust. The main objective of the CSOTs is to
implement socio-economic projects that improves the living standards of the communities
located near mines. Hence the thrust of this, research is to assess the effectiveness of the
CSOT towards developing the local communities of Mhondoro-Ngezi.

This chapter provides background information on the formulation of CSOTs, problem

statement, significance of the study, research questions, research objectives, delimitations and
limitation of the study.

1.2. Background of the study

During the colonial era, the African economies were designed to serve the interests of white
minority at the expenses of black’s majority. According to Matsa and Masimbiti (2014), the
colonial system excluded Africans to participate in the national development. The indigenous
black people were disadvantaged and disempowered while, the colonialist were benefiting
from the mineral wealth resources. This led to underdevelopment of rural areas as pointed out
by Tevera and Moyo (2000).

Mapuva (2015) commented that, the Rhodesian government passed on restrictive legislative
instruments that consolidated land gains by the white settler farmers and ensured that
indigenous groups remained disadvantaged and confined to unproductive land among other
economic facets. Mawowa (2007) added that, the discriminatory laws such as the Land
Apportionment Act of 1930, the Cattle Levy (1931), the Maize Control Act (1931) and the
Native Registration Act of 1936. He went on to say that, this constricting laws affected the
development of the rural areas as there were side-lined from the national development. On
top of that, the colonial settlers forced the indigenous blacks to settle in reservoirs which had
infertile lands as they occupied areas with fertile soil and good rainfall. As such Mapuva

1
(2015) commented that the colonial law worsened the development of rural areas in
Zimbabwe. The colonialist was very oppressive to the extent of looting mineral resources.

After gaining independence, the African introduced economic empowerment programmes.

The aim of the empowerment was to give an opportunity for the indigenous Africans to
benefit from the natural resources and correct the injustice brought about by the colonial rule.
South Africa implemented the Black Economic Empowerment which empowered the local
communities in mining areas that were previously marginalised during the Apartheid as
mentioned by Mawowa (2013).

In 1980, the Zimbabwean government made efforts of improving the living standards of
black indigenous people. Zhou and Zvoushe (2012) pointed out that, the government aimed at
transforming the administration systems and processes that previously focused on minority
rather than majority. Since attaining independence, the Zimbabwean government has come
up with various policies such as Growth with Equity in 1981, Transitional National
Development Plan of 1982, Land Reform in 2000 and Resettlement programme in an effort
to redistribute wealth, addressing the socio-economic inequalities and developing the rural
areas. However, Matunhu (2012) argued that, even though the policies were meant to
empower the local people, but the rural communities continued to experience poverty.

In order to improve the poverty levels in the rural areas, the government came up with
Indigenization and Economic Empowerment in 2007 as a policy meant to empower the rural
people. To further ensure broad based economic empowerment of indigenous Zimbabweans
within which natural resources are being exploited, the government, in accordance with IEE
Act Chapter 14:33 of 2010, formulate Community Share Ownership Trusts (CSOTs) in 2011
as a way to foster development among the rural areas. Matsa and Masimbi (2014) stated that,
the motive behind the formation of the CSOTs was that mining companies have been for long
enjoyed mining without contributing to the development of the community where the
minerals are being extracted. As such Mawowa (2013) commented that local mining
communities have a share of the minerals, thus they must benefit from them. According to
the IEE Act foreign mining companies who are involved in exploitation of natural resources
are to give 10% to the CSOT. This was meant to ensure that the local people take charge of
their own development.

The purpose of the CSOTs is to facilitate that the communities benefit from the natural
resources through infrastructural development, enterprise development projects, job creation

2
and poverty eradication. In this case, the local communities are empowered to participation in
decision making that will improve their living standard. Ndebele (2013) quoted former
President Mugabe when he commented that, CSOTs have given back the assurance to the
communities and they are able to become self-supporting without relying on aid from non-
governmental organisation. Hence, the CSOT was an initiative designed to develop the rural
communities.

Dube (2013) pointed out that, 50 CSOTs have been established across Zimbabwe. Some of
the CSOT established includes Zimplats Mhondoro Ngezi Zvimba Chegutu CSOT,
Tongogara CSOT, Zvishavane CSOT, Gwanda CSOT and Bindura CSOT. Thus, the major
focus of this research is to analyse the effectiveness of the CSOTs towards implementation of
socio-economic projects that develop the rural areas.

1.3. Statement of the problem

CSOT’s were introduced in Zimbabwe as a way of addressing the socio-economic problem
that communities were facing. This initiative is meant to benefit the indigenous people that
were previous deprived there during the colonial era. Despite this initiative, the benefiting
communities are still bedevilled by socio-economic challenges. Most rural areas located
within natural resources are still underdeveloped as the people living there are facing poverty,
unemployment and poor access to quality health care. The operation of CSOTs is mainly
characterised by delayed implementation of developmental schemes, unfair representation of
the community and lack of consultation with the community on their needs that should be
addressed. Therefore, the research has been motivated by the problem of poor development
towards improving living standards of people in the rural areas.

1.4. Research objectives

Since objectives set the concrete steps of this study of assessing the effectiveness of the
CSOT’s capability to bring about local development.

1. To analyse the role of CSOT in promoting community development.

2. To access whether CSOT is involving the communities in the decision making.
3. To investigate the effectiveness of CSOTs engagement in rural development from
2012 to 2017

4. To assess the challenges that are affecting the operation of CSOT in promoting
community development

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 5. To proffer recommendation that can be adopted by CSOT in order to improve their
implementation strategy

1.5. Research question

1. What is the role of CSOTs in promoting socio-economic development?
2. Are the CSOTs involving the communities in decision making?
3. To what extent has the CSOTs full filled its mandate of implementing socio-
economic projects?
4. What challenges has CSOT encountered in developing the rural community?
5. How has the CSOT improved the rural community?

1.6. Significance of the study

The study is significant to the development of rural communities in Zimbabwe as it
highlight’s the important role played by CSOTs on empowerment of local people in the rural
areas. The research adds an understanding of the CSOT operation in improving the living
standards of people in the community. Information obtained from this research study will
immensely contribute to literature as it will fill up the empty gaps on the importance of
CSOTs in community development and it will benefit academic communities such as
universities and professional peers. This study will review the important aspect of community
involvement and participation in the local economic development.

More so, the study is a vital research to the nation as it will assist the government, private
sector and non-governmental organisations on coming up with strategic plans for rural
communities that will help to curb unemployment and enhance living standards. The research
will greatly benefit the policy formulators, rural district council and other development
agencies with full detailed information on how to improve rural development in Zimbabwe.
Also, the study will prescribe solutions on how the CSOTs can improve their operations on
the projects in the rural communities so as to spur rural development.

1.7. Limitation to the study

The study has faced constrains which have hindered the research to be productive. The
unwillingness of some people to give detailed information about the CSOT because of fear of
political victimisation even though the researcher produced the academic permission from the
University to conduct interviews. The information gathered may be biased because, some
respondents did not have adequate information about Mhondoro Ngezi CSOT, so the
researcher had to analyse the facts and observe so as to have accurate and reliable

4
information. Another issue is of financial constrains that hindered the viability of the study
because the researcher had to travel to all the 16 wards in Mhondoro Ngezi which was costly.
The researcher had limited time and was unable to cover up all the wards in Mhondoro Ngezi
since, there are disperse. Also, the researcher faced challenge of contracting interviews with
Chiefs and CEO of Zimplats Mhondoro Ngezi Zvimba Chegutu CSOT since they were
occupied with their work.

1.8. Delimitations
Delimitations refers on how the researcher will conduct the study. The research will focus on
particular area of Mhondoro Ngezi district and the period from 2012 to 2017. The study looks
at socio-economic projects by CSOT and how it has contributed to the rural development of
the district. The study will also analyse the involvement of community to participate in
decision making.

1.9. Chapter One summary

This chapter focused on providing an understanding of CSOTs contribution towards rural
development, by giving background information of how the government come about with the
initiative of CSOTs. The chapter also highlighted statement of the problem, research
questions and objectives, justification of the study, limitation of the study and delimitation of
the study.

1.10. Dissertation structure

Chapter One: Introduction and Background information

Chapter Two: Literature Review

Chapter Three: Research Methodology

Chapter Four: Data Analysis, Presentation and Discussion

Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendation

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Chapter two: literature review

2.1. Literature review

This chapter will review literature on the contribution of CSOTs towards local development.
This research seeks to examine, interrogate and analyse the work undertaken by other
researchers concerning in order to contextualise and conceptualise the topic under study. It
also draws on examples from other countries in Africa and beyond. The researcher reviews
the theoretical that explains and analyses the effectiveness of CSOTs in promoting
community development.

2.2. Conceptual definition of terms

2.2.1 Community development
Digby (1986) views community as a group of people that stay in a same area with similar
characteristics such as beliefs, traditions and norms. Merriam Webster dictionary defined
community as people with share the same interests living together in an area.

Chambers (1997) to defined development as a good transformation. World Bank (1991)

defines development as a way of improving the living conditions through the provision of
education, health and environmental. In this case, development is essential for the community
as it empowers them to become independent.

De Beer and Swanepel (1998) argues that community development is a way of transforming
the local areas and implementing projects or programmes. It is a strategy that is meant to
change the quality of life for the communities. However, the World Bank (1991) viewed
community development as an effort that aims at giving the people the power to take control
of their own production and to involve the community in decision making process. This will
ensure self-sustaining among the people as they have the capacities that will enhance
development. On top of that Flora et al (1993) explained that community development is
characterised by the community working together with other stakeholders in order to achieve
meaningful progress in the area rather than centring on individualism.

Lombard (2005) also emphasise that community development is regarded as a process aimed
at enabling and encouraging communities to become involved with necessary support from
the private and government in improving and managing their own living conditions in all
areas of development. Korten (1990) claims that community development is a procedure

6
were the communities have power and access to manage their own resources that are meant
to facilitate their production that will develop the community area.

2.2.2 Rural development

Ward and Brown (2009) pointed out that, previously, progress of rural areas was centred on
agriculture and forestry but, with globalisation rural development has diversified to other
areas such as mining, tourism and manufacturing. Mapuva (2012) commented that, through
rural development it has encompasses the local people to participate in their own
development without the influence of other actors. Hence it is a strategy designed to improve
the economic and social life the rural people.

Malcom (2003) goes on to say that, rural development is a way of improving the living
conditions of rural people especially those who have been segregated from meaningful
development. Word Bank (1975) supports that rural development is a strategy for reducing
poverty and increasing productivity by providing basic services like health, education and
sanitation. Rural development entails aspects of redressing inequality, exploitation and
deprivation in any conceivable sense.

Harris (1982) explains rural development as a process of transforming the rural societies
either by the community themselves or government. The main goal is of improving quality of
life of rural poor and the rural weak of the country. Rural development is a vital component
of fighting poverty and eradicating dependency on communities.

2.3. The importance of community participation in development

Participation of community members is vital to ensure development in rural areas. Theron
(2005) refers community participation as a procedure of giving the community the ability to
be part of their own development. Participation has come to be recognized as an absolute
imperative for development. Lynos et al (2001) pointed out that participation is a means of
empowering the community leading to the development of the area. Hence, including people
in developmental projects has the potential to improve the livelihoods conditions and foster
development. Community participation in project and implementations universally
acknowledged as an essential in put for socio-economic transformation of rural the areas.
The CSOTs have ensured that, local people are actively involved in the decision making
through needs assessments were there can air out they views concerning the projects that are
relevant. This incorporates the community and the projects will be viable and meaningful to
them. More so, CSOTs in Zimbabwe are structured in a way that there have representative

7
from the communities that include the chief, woman, youth, disable person, as the needs,
suggestion and recommendations are presented. Participation in this case is increased and
projects undertaken represents the concern of the community. Mate (2002) commented that
the involvement of communities in the development is a way of empowering them as they
have the capacity of control natural resources in the area. Through CSOTs scheme,
communities will benefit through direct ownership of their mineral resource. It also
contributes to the socio-economic development the local people. Hence, community
participation is an important element for the development of communities and it improves
grassroots participation.

2.4. Role of mining companies towards community development

Martin and Taylor (2001) asserts that mining companies have the ability to reduce poverty as
well as developing in the surrounding communities. Maodza (2012) pointed that mining
companies are able increase the communities in mining regions enables them to participate in
their own development. Through the mining companies, local communities can be
empowered by gaining from the natural resources. Bryn and Hofmann (2007) noted that
mining companies should also consider cooperate social responsible by developing the
communities and alleviating poverty in developing countries.

In Africa the mining companies have taken a form of corporate social responsibility in
developing the local communities. Watts (2004) regarded as process whereby corporates are
expected to act in an ethical way and improve the living standards of employees as well as
the general community. Companies operate in a society they have a social responsibility of
developing the community as pointed out by Robbins (2003). As such, business cooperating
in a surrounding society has an obligation of creating employment, improve the
infrastructural and environment sustainability. Through CSR, organisation enhance their
image in order to create a good reputation to the public and business community.

In Zimbabwe, the mining companies have been involved in developing the community
through corporate philanthropy. The Unki Mine, has developed the community through
provision of boreholes, bursaries and infrastructural development. Mandina et al (2014)
pointed out that, Unki Mine made donations of about $21.183 to the community. The living
standards of the local people is improved. Zimplats mining company, has initiated projects
that include drilling of boreholes, road construction, agro-industrial projects. These projects a
clear indication of the efforts of Zimplats to take part in the development of the area and to

8
give back to the community. Caroll (2008) commented that, through corporate social
responsibility poverty must be reduced and ensure that there is a sense of ownership by
incorporating the local people to participate in their development. Although most of these
mining companies are taking part in some certain corporate philanthropy activities, local
communities are still underdeveloped. The Zimbabwe Environment Law Association has
challenged the government to come up with comprehensive law governing the mining
industry which compels companies to plough back to the community they mine. McPhail
(2010) commented that the government should aim to include the mining sector in order to
develop the rural areas and reduce poverty.

In Africa rural communities such as DRC and Central Republic Africa are located around
natural resources wealth which is meant to benefit them but, they do not have control over the
resources. The problem is that, mining companies for years have been extracting and
shipping out natural resources without benefiting local communities. Power (2002) argues
that in African countries mines are operated by foreign companies that mainly focus on
gaining profit derived from the mineral rather than developing the local communities. The
mining has contributed low suitable development. Hence, the rural communities have been
affected by high levels of poverty and underdevelopment despite having natural wealth
resources as reviewed by Zimbabwe Mining Indaba (2012). As such, the rural areas have
faced poor economic performance.

Exploitation of resources has negatively affected the environment of the indigenous people
around the mining area. Mining activities has resulted to the displacement of people and it is
a threat to human security. Ranji (2016) commented that displacement of people will usually
result to loss of land, prostitution and lack of proper housing facilities. Gualnam (2008)
argued that mining extraction has negatively affected the environment leading to civil wars in
order to acquire land. Mining activities cause environment damages that usually is harmful to
people. This leads to serious health complications as the local communities are affected by
diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. The mining activities have reduced vegetation in
the local areas that affects the biodiversity. Local people agricultural activities have been
hindered, leading to hunger and violation of human rights. In addition, the mining processing
involves chemical use as such it leads to air and water pollution within the communities.
Thus, the mining companies have done more harm than development in the local
communities.

9
The Zimbabwean government has put measures that are meant promote develop communities
in the mining areas. Community Share Ownership Trust have been implemented for the
benefits of locals from exploitation of the natural resources in their local area.

2.5. Economic empowerment as a strategy for community development

According to Acemoglu et al (2007) the economic empowerment centres on the participation
of people in the economic progression. It ensures a point of ownership by the community in
the development process and operations. As such the study will analyse how the international
countries implemented the economic empowerment programmes to empower the local
indigenous communities.

2.5.1 China
According Mawowa (2013) the principle of community ownership can be traced back to
China 1949, with the introduction of Shequs in order to facilitate participation for community
development. Bray (2006) alluded that Shequs provided participation at grassroots level as
member of the area were involved in decision making and responsibilities. The Shequs in
China were meant to develop socio-economic of the local communities. Chiuya e tal (2017)
pointed out that Shequs managed to promote economic and social life of the local people
especially those who lived in poverty. It also addressed the imbalances which created by the
industries that suppressed the community members who owned the local natural resources.
According to Mawowa (2013) the problems inspired bold steps by the community to
spearhead local socio-economic development with no legal authority or permission from the
central government. However, Chiuya e tal (2017) argue that the purpose of Shequs in China
did not arise from the need to redress past imbalances but, rather as a way of organising
entities for the purpose of benefiting communities from country’s natural wealth

2.5.2. South Africa

Most African countries came up with economic programmes as a results of colonial
deprivation and segregation of the black indigenous from participating in the national during
the colonial period as asserted by Hague (2000). During the apartheid period, the black
South African were severely restricted by legislation to have access to economy as the white
minority owned the means of production. Frezier and Gumede (2004) commented that,
apartheid made it hard for the blacks to be employed in skilled and semi-skilled positions.
Apartheid policies and legislation were designed to have the effect of systematically
disempowering the blacks. After gaining freedom, in 1994, the South African government

10
pursued to given power to indigenous people through the Black Economic Empowerment
policy. Crouch (2004) pointed out that the South African government managed to put the
Black Economic Empowerment policy so as to rectify socio-economic discrimination of
apartheid.

Kruger (2001) highlighted that the aim of BEE policy was to ensure that South Africans are
included to participate in the mainstream economy, in a way that they are able to get
employment, fair income and economic growth. The South African Department of Trade and
Industry outlined the BEE was to increase the number of indigenous people so that they have
ownership and control the country’s economy. In this case, the BEE emphasised on
readdressing the inequalities of the Apartheid by giving opportunities to the black indigenous
in all sectors.

According to Mawowa (2013), the South African government in 2007 improved the BEE
policy to Broad Based Economic Empowerment which looked at the broader picture of
involving black people in activities that enhance their skills which are linked to economic
development and procurement of government ideas rather than ideas of transferring assets.
Through the BBEE, it emphasised on community involvement mainly for the black
indigenous local communities to develop and community trust were established. Dube and
Chiunya (2017) noted that, South African communities benefited from the Bafokeng Trust
funded by Royal Bafokeng Nation and Implats mining companies. The trust provided
education, enterprise development health systems as well as capacity building for the
indigenous communities. Wise and Shytyall (2007) commented that mining companies have
a greater impact to development through business models that integrate local enterprise into
value chain, thus promotes local entrepreneurs. The UNESEC (2009) pointed out that, the
BEE is one of the viable empowerment programme since it incorporated the foreign mining
companies to allow local participation and ownership of mineral assets.

However, the BEE has some challenges to it, Plaunt (2012) noted that the black elites were
benefiting from the BEE at the expenses of black majority. The BEE was now addressing the
political black elites needs and it blamed for creating a small black wealthy elite whilst the
ordinary blacks were suffering. Plaunt (2012) went on to say that, most of the BEE benefits
have only empowered politicians and they ally. This has been a major threat to African as the
empowerment programs still remains as a theory and people who are meant to benefit are

11
side-lined. BEE policy is biased since majority of indigenous South Africans are still living in
poverty especially those located around mines.

2.5.3 Botswana
Botswana implemented the Citizenship Empowerment which was meant to benefit the
Batswana. The aim of the programme was to empower the previously disadvantage
indigenous people by the foreigners. Botswana Citizenship Empowerment Nation vison 2016
stipulated that foreign investors partner with the local so as to empower indigenous people
and develop investments and increase ownership and management of resources. Thus the
policy aimed at empowering the local Twanas to participate in their own economy. Citizen
economic empowerment through which citizens are given the opportunity to access and
derive advantage from their country’s economy. Under this initiative indigenous people
living in the mining areas where able to get a share of ownership that would enhance their
livelihood and lead to community development. The empowerment programme has
contributed to developmental projects such as infrastructure. Mabhena and Moyo commented
(2014) that Botswana has managed to sustain natural resources for develop through CEE.

2.6. Community share ownership trust towards community development

Mining companies in Zimbabwe greatly affected the local communities in negative ways
which include land degradation and water and air pollution. It is against this background that
the Zimbabwean government came up the CSOT an initiative meant to develop the local
communities. Government then, initiated the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment
Act Chapter 14:33 of 2007 which specifies that at 51% of shares of any foreign companies
will be owned by indigenous Zimbabweans as asserted by Tsvakanyi (2012). In trying to
empower the rural areas formulated the Community Share Ownership Trusts in 2011.
According to the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment (General) Regulation 21 of
2010 under section 14b states that CSOT are to receive 10% from 51% share from the
qualifying companies on behalf of the community and implement programmes and projects
that lead to community development. Maodza (2012) argues that the CSOT initiative
spearheads development in rural communities by allocating them 10% from foreign business
that were exploiting natural resources in the area. Thus, the main thrust of the government
was to facilitate a broad based participation of all the Zimbabweans into mainstream
economy. According to the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Board
(2014) CSOTs present a real opportunity that ensures local communities are empowered to
participate in the establishment and growth of the economy.

12
According to Dube (2013) the main goals of the CSOTS are that:

 The communities should benefit from their natural wealth resources

 Facilitate participation of the local people in the development process

 Communities should be included in the decision making process

According to Matunhu (2012) the government committed itself to empower the historically
marginalized members of the society to climb out of poverty. Mapuva (2015) pointed out the
policy was meant to enhance economic empowerment of rural communities to develop
themselves, promote the delivery of infrastructure such as roads and enhance social and
economic equality and prevention of exploitation. Additionally, Matunhu (2012) maintains
that the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment through the CSOTs embedded
opportunities for rural development and enhanced the transfer and transformation of wealth
from a capitalist system to the previously marginalised rural people. Kurebwa (2014) asserted
that through the Community Share Ownership Trusts in Zimbabwe should therefore be
viewed as a political means of correcting the colonial injustices and imbalances of colonial
past. Dube (2013) who argues that Community Share Ownership Trust model is also
economic in that it seeks to empower the marginalised local communities living close to
mines to develop themselves.

Mtsi (2013) pointed out that with the coming in of CSOT it would ensure empowerment
within the communities as a way of addressing the colonial imbalances and disadvantages
that were brought about by colonial rule on rural communities. He further argues the
empowerment program was necessary considering the fact that 70% of the population resides
in the rural communities and it would improve the national development. Tsvakayi (2012) in
Matsa and Masimbiti (2014) argues that the main objective of the Community Share
Ownership Trusts in Zimbabwe is to ensure that local communities benefit fully from
exploitation of the natural resources extracted from their areas through the provision of
schools, health care services and development projects like construction of dams.

Maodza (2012) refers to the CSOTs as a viable programme for improving the living standards
through the mining companies. They have played a central role in promoting community
development in many areas. For example, Gwanda CSOT was able to drill a borehole in
Mapati area in order to provide clean water to the local people who have been consuming
unsafe water which jeopardised their lives and health as asserted by Dube and Chimunya

13
(2017). Also Maodza (2012) pointed out that Gwanda CSOT constructed and refurbished
irrigation schemes as a way of helping people to participate in income generating projects
which would enhance their living standards.

Ndebele (2013) commented that CSOTs have been received with different views from
various sectors within Zimbabwe due to lack of clarity. He justified the principle of CSOTs
that it was meant to readdress the colonial law which undermined the ability of local people.
Ndebele (2013) was against by the idea that CSOTs were used by ZANU PF as a
campaigning instrument. He argued that CSOT is an empowerment tool meant to benefit the
communities.

However, Gumbo (2014) reported that, the Marange-Zimunya CSOT under Chief Marange
was not concerned about developing the community rather used the resources for personal
benefits. He went on to say that, the trust spent $17 000 on board fees, about $14,500 on
travelling allowance and subsistence and training $13 000. The Chiefs were behaving in
corrupt way neglecting the purpose of the funds to benefit the community at large. Tendai
Biti one of the senior officials commented that the Trusts were only meant to benefit the top
officials. These schemes were abusing the funds to benefit only a few at the expenses of the
whole community.

Zhou and Zvoushe (2012) crushed Ndebele (2013) point that CSOT were not a political tool
for gaining power by arguing that, ZANU PF used indigenisation to manipulate, threaten and
control rural people through community leaders. The establishment of the CSOTs was highly
politicised excluded members suspected to be of Movement for Democratic Change (MDC)
and all those not actively aligned to ZANU PF. During the election CSOT were publicised
and communities were informed that voting for any party rather than ZANU PF will deprived
them the economic benefits of the programme. Machinya (2014) commented that, ZANU PF
aligned itself with the indigenisation policy as an instrument to de-campaign the MDC as
opponents against local empowerment. As such, ZANU PF used these Trusts as a political
tool for 2013 election as way of gathering votes from the rural people.

Machinya (2014) the involvement of chiefs in the CSOT, had a negative impact on
participation of ordinary communities. He argues that, community members were no longer
recognised in their development, as the chiefs were at the centre role of the development.
According to the Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition report (2013), the inclusion of traditional
leaders in Community Share Ownership Schemes as chairpersons pointed out that the

14
programme lacked reliability since most of chiefs in Zimbabwe have been accused of
partisanship in favour of ZANU-PF. Zhou and Zvoushe (2012) pointed out that, chiefs are
viewed as the ones who are hindering the progress development of the Indigenisation
Economic Empowerment policy in Zimbabwe. Maguwu (2013) gave an example that, in
2012 the former Minister Local goverment, Chombo allegedly forced several chiefs from
Zvishavane and Tongorara CSOT to give to back $2 million who had taken money from the
community’s trust. As such it demonstrates that chiefs were dominate and this reveal the
inequalities even within the community structures.

2.7. Impact of CSOT on community development in Zimbabwe

Various CSOTs have been established in mining areas that include Mhondoro Ngezi,
Gwanda, Bindura, Gwanda, Zvishavane, Shurungwi and Marange. National Indigenisation
Economic Empowerment Board (2014) stated that most community trusts had received seed
capital valued at $ 114 million by 2013. Since the establishment of the CSOT, they have
promoted development in rural communities through provision of education, health care,
empowerment projects and infrastructure development. According to Dube and Chimunya
(2017) the main motive of CSOTs in Zimbabwe is to promote community development
through income generating projects and infrastructure development in local communities.
CSOTs are to facilitate that the local communities benefit from the mineral resources thereby
eradicating poverty.

To ensure sustainable food security in the local communities, the CSOT’s embarked on
projects of rehabilitating irrigation schemes thereby making hundreds of hectares productive
to undertake farming actives that can supply the agro-production Zimbabwe is spending
millions of dollars on to import as asserted by National Indigenisation and Economic
Empowerment Board (2014). For example, Tongogara CSOT constructed the Guyu-Chelesa
irrigation scheme and Tshuma (2012) commented that about 64 household benefits from the
projects which led to employment as the people were engaging in agricultural activities.

Improving the water and sanitation standards in the communities as a way of providing safe
and clean water. Rural communities have been facing a problem of water shortages and the
CSOTs address it by constructing boreholes. Mhondoro Ngezi drilled 28 boreholes in the
Zvimba district hence the local community had asses to safe and clean water.

The CSOT also played a vital role of improving health system in the rural areas. Matsa and
Masimbiti (2014) alluded that the Tongogara CSOT constructed maternity shelter with proper

15
infrastructure with toilets and electricity. Also Bindura CSOT reconstructed the Foothill
clinic and Gwanda CSOT constructed Sitezi and Silikwe clinics. Hence, this ensures that the
local communities can easily assess health system without travelling a long distance.

Education is vital for people and development of the country as it leads to opportunities and
benefits. In many rural communities in Zimbabwe, education facilities are poor other building
were dilapidated such that pupils are exposed to the harsh learning environment. As such the
CSOT focused on the provision developing the schools around the community. According to
the National Indigenisation and Empowerment Board (2011) the building of schools is one of
the key objectives of the CSOT in Zimbabwe. Tongogara CSOT constructed the Masasa
primary school and greatly contributed towards the enhancement of live hoods in
communities.

2.8. Theoretical framework

In this study the researcher used the theories of bottom up and empowerment in order to
explain the effectiveness of the CSOT towards community development. These theories seek
to explain the importance of community involvement in local development.

2.8.1. Bottom up approach

According to Wijayaratna (2004) most developing countries, developing strategies focused
on top-down approach overlooking the contribution and participation of the local people that
are benefiting from the development. The top-down approach emphasised development by
other stakeholders who are not part of the communities as such the initiative remained
concentrated at the top rather than reaching the local people. Hence, bottom up approach
came as a response to top-down approach which failed to address the problems that the local
communities were facing.

Chambers (1992) pointed that the bottom up approach ensures that, disadvantaged groups in
societies are able to make their own decisions without the influence from government or non-
government organisation. In his view, the local people should be at the first position in the
development process rather than just initiating development by the outsiders. The CSOT,
have plays an important role in ensuring that the local communities participate in their own
development rather than the central government to detect programs without the concern of
the people. The aim of CSOTs is to ensure that the communities are participating and
involved in their own development. Moreover, Chambers (1992) asserted that bottom up
approach entails participation whereby local and individual realities are recognised accepted,

16
enhanced in development activities. Therefore, the bottom up approach means that they are
grassroots participation and the local people who came up with suitable projects and
programmes to uplift their own standards. On top of that, Reid (2000) supported that the
involvement of locals in decision making facilitates in meeting up the needs of the people.
Chowa (2013) highlighted that the establishment of CSOT was an efficient instrument for
broadening local participation in shareholding within several companies in their area.

According to Isidho and Sabran (2016) viewed bottom up approach as involving the
communities at various levels of the development and covers the identification
implementation, evaluation and the revision of the programme either directly or through
representative. The bottom up approach empowers the local people to have confidence to
exercise their own right over resources. This study according to the approach is based on
whether the CSOTs are enhancing local participation of the rural people in the developmental
projects.

2.8.2 Empowerment theory

According to Rappaports (1984) empowerment refers to method whereby the community are
given access and power over the control of resources in order to improve their living
standards. Community empowerment is an effective progress tool as every member of
community included in the development process. The rural communities in Zimbabwe were
excluded from local participation in development as their views were not concerned. It should
be noted that motive behind CSOTs was to empower the previously disadvantaged
communities to be actively involved in local development. The CSOTs in Zimbabwe have
made efforts to empower the local communities as they have developed the area by drilling
boreholes, constructing schools, road maintenance as well as irrigation projects. Friedman
(1992) pointed out that, empowerment is a way of improving participation of disadvantaged
people in the development. This has increased local participation because the community
members are involved in decision making. In this case, the communities were empowered to
take charge of their own development while benefiting from the natural mineral wealth in
their area. Hence, empowerment increases energy, problem solving skills, motivation and
self-determination of community members. However, on the ground the local people are still
living in poor conditions and they facing problem of been excluded in development process,
even though the government has initiated the empowerment through the CSOTs. Through
the empower theory the study will analyse if the CSOTs are incorporating the local people in
order to develop rural communities.

17
2.9. Chapter summary
Chapter two outlines various ideas and analyses from different scholars in line with the
effectiveness of the CSOTs towards community development. The chapter highlighted the
essence of community participation in local development, conceptual framework of
community development and rural development. Furthermore, the chapter looked at the role
of mining in promoting community development and how the government implemented
economic empowerment and its impact to the development. Lastly, the chapter focuses on the
theoretical views of bottom up approach and empowerment theory analyse the impact of
CSOTs in enhancing rural development.

18
Chapter three- Research Methodology

3.1. Introduction
This particular chapter focuses on the various research methodologies that were used by the
researcher to investigate the effectiveness of the CSOTs towards community development.
Khothari (2004) refers research methodology as a process of analytically solving the research
problem. Hence, certain research methods were chosen by the researcher in order to obtain
validity and reliable information pertaining the contribution of the CSOT in developing the
local community of Mhondoro Ngezi. The researcher used qualitative and quantitative
research methods as a way of collecting and analysing information which was beneficial to
the study. Furthermore, the researcher employed both primary and secondary sources in
collection and analysing of data. Lastly, the researcher was guided by ethical principles
throughout her study.

3.2. Research design

According to Kothari (2001) research design is defined as a process of planning ways of
collecting, analysing data. It gives a direction of how the research will be carried out. Gray
(2009) stated that research design is the centre plan for gathering, measurement and assessing
data. Yin (1994) pointed out that, research is a structured scheme that include the research
questions, data to collected as well as approaches of assessing the data. Hence, it helps to
come up with information that is useful for the study. Research design can be explained as a
method that is used to gather and analysis data through the use of various research tools and
reduces the errors so as to be in line with the study objectives as pointed out by Creswell
(1998). The research in this case employed the use of mixed method qualitative and
quantitative research design in order to analyse the effectiveness of CSOTs towards
community development in Mhondoro Ngezi. Creswell (2004) argues that the use of mixed
method reduces biasness and data collected will be reliable and valuable for the research.

Yin (2011) refers qualitative research design as understanding the behaviour of human beings
within a certain environment. Qualitative research design generally aims to explain the real
life experiences of the people. It also gives an opportunity to understand the human and social
problems. In this case the researcher was able to analysis the living standards of the
community of Mhondoro-Ngezi. Qualitative research was a useful tool to the research
because it provided a detailed description and explanations of the progress and challenges

19
within the community. Yin (2011) also commented that, qualitative research has an
advantage as it represents the views and perspectives of the participants in the study. Hence
through interviews the researcher engaged in discussion that reviewed respondent’s attitudes
and outlooks concerning the developmental projects initiated by the CSOT and how it
improved the living conditions in Mhondoro-Ngezi.

Quantitative research methodology was also beneficial in attaining data from the respondents
regarding the effectiveness of CSOTs in developing the local community. According to
Babbie (2010) quantitative research method is a way of analysing data in form of numbers or
percentages. Hence, the use of both methods by the researcher helped her to investigate on
how the CSOT has developed the rural area of Mhondoro Ngezi.

3.3. Study population

According to Bhattacherjee (2012) population consists of people or objects which have
similar features that are useful to the researcher. Bryman (2008) views study population as
the total number of individuals or objects that are significant to the research questions. Thus,
study population becomes an interest group in order to gather information for the research.
This study targets the CEO of Mhondoro Ngezi CSOT, traditional leaders, community
residents of Mhondoro Ngezi, district administrator of Ministry of Youth, Sport, Arts and
Culture and councillor.

Table1: shows the sample size of respondents

Respondents Population Sample population

Community residents 104 000 80
Traditional chief 5 5
District 2 2
Administrator
CEO of CSOT 1 1
Councillor 16 16

3.4. Sampling
Bhattacherjee (2012) refers sampling as method of selecting a subgroup from the population
for research purpose. Sampling is used in order for the researcher to select a subset to
represent the entire population, for the purpose of acquiring information relevant of the entire

20
population the study. Sampling is beneficial for the research because it saves time and it is
not expensive. This is convenient as data is collected through the use of limited resources.

3.4.1. Sampling size

Kumuar (1996) refers sample size as to actual number of people who responded to the
research instrument. In this case the research used sample size of 104 from the targeted
population. 80 participants were the community members and 1 from the Mhondoro Ngezi
CSOT, 2 district administrator as well as 5 traditional leaders.

3.5. Sampling technique

The researcher employed both probability and non-probability that include simple random
sampling and judgmental sampling. The use of these sampling technique enabled the
researcher to gather information from the selected population under study concerning the
effectiveness of CSOTs towards local development in Mhondoro Ngezi.

3.5.1. Simple random sampling

Kumar (2011) pointed out that, simple random sampling is a probability sample whereby
everyone in the population has an equivalent opportunity of been selected. Simple random
sampling was useful to the study because the researcher was able to obtain unbiased
information from the respondents. The researcher haphazardly picked out respondents around
the rural community of Mhondoro Ngezi basing on the fact that, they were situated in the
area that the CSOT is responsible for developing the community and to found out the
progress and the failures of the Trust. The researcher also, randomly selected community
members for the study regardless of education level and gender. However, the disadvantage
of this sampling technique is time consuming.

3.5.2 Judgmental Sampling

Cresswell and Clack (2011) pointed out that, judgmental sampling is a process of selecting
individuals or groups who are well-informed or have skills pertaining to the research.
Hence, the researcher considered purposive sampling as suitable technique for the study.
Kumar (2011) pointed out that, judgmental sampling it is valuable way of acquiring
information which has a limited research on. In this case the researcher employed purposive
sampling with the aim of attaining information about the impact of CSOT on the
developmental projects implemented in the community area of Mhondoro Ngezi. The
researcher chose to interview the CEO of ZMNZC CSOT, traditional leaders, councillor
officials and district administrator of Ministry of Youth, Sports, Arts and Culture. The

21
researcher selected these respondents because they had valuable information about CSOT
since they were part and parcel of the operation of the Trust. Purposive sampling was
beneficial to the researcher because she was able to gather information from the relevant
respondents hence, saving time and resources. Disadvantage of purposive sampling is that the
information might be biased.

3.6. Sources of data collection

Data collection is a process of gathering and measuring information on variables interest in
order to answer research questions and evaluate the outcomes. Hence in this study, the
researcher used both primary and secondary data sources in order to ensure that the
information gather was reliable.

3.6.1. Primary data

Primary data is defined by Scates (1994) as the original raw data collected by the researcher
of study undertaken. It implies acquiring first had information by a researcher from
respondents. In this case primary data was obtained through questionnaires, interviews as
well as observation. Advantages of primary data is that the information will be original and
limits cases of biasness. However, the procedure of using primary data to conduct researcher
is time consuming and costly.

3.6.2 Secondary data

Secondary data is the data that was collected assesses and complied by other researchers.
This method derives the information from existing resources such as the newspapers,
textbooks, journals and reports. Secondary data helped the researcher to form the basis of the
research. Through the use of secondary data, the researcher was able to obtain detailed
information concerning the contribution by CSOT in developing the community of
Mhondoro Ngezi. Advantages of using secondary data is that it provides foundation for
comparison data for data gathered by researcher, is accessible at any given time and it is less
expensive than primary data and . However, sometime the secondary sources

3.7. Data collection techniques and procedures

The research used various data collection techniques and procedures which include:

3.7.1 Questionnaires
Gray (2009) defines a questionnaire as a research instrument through which respondents are
asked to answer questions related to the study. The researcher employed open-ended and
closed ended questionnaires in order to obtain accurate information pertaining to the research

22
objectives. This assisted the researcher to collect relevant information from the respondents.
Open ended questionnaires require the respondents to give their own opinion concerning the
question asked without any restriction. Through this type of questionnaires, the research was
able to acquire detailed information as the respondents gave various views about the
operation of the CSOTs in developing the community. For the closed ended questionnaires,
required the respondents to give a specific answer either ticking yes or no and this provided
researcher with basic information about the study. the researcher distributed 82
questionnaires randomly to the community of Mhondoro- Ngezi and the district
administrators. Presenting of the questionnaire was important since it enable the researcher to
check the reliability and validity of data collected.

Advantages of questionnaires

 A large number of people can be reached relatively easy and results in obtaining
different views useful for the research
 They are cost effective
 Data obtained from the questionnaires is easily quantifiable especially when using
closed ended
 There is confidentiality as respondents will be able to give their own opinion without
any fear

Disadvantages of questionnaires

 Low rate of response as some of the questionnaires may be returned unanswered

which greatly reduce the chances of having valid information
 Some respondents may misinterpret questions asked hence giving responses that re
biased
 Questionnaires are subject to gross exaggeration

3.7.2. Observation
Yin (2011) views observation where the research applies sense of watching people or objects
related to the study and without involving opinion of the respondents. Observation reviewed
information which the respondents were unwilling or unable to provide. The researcher used
non-participant element to observe the projects that were implemented by the CSOT in the
community and to analyse if it was developing the local area of Mhondoro-Ngezi.

Advantages

23
  It does not have to rely on the respondent’s views
 It analyses the practical reality
 It is cheap as the researcher was be to conduct the study by herself.

Disadvantages

 It is time consuming as the information requires days of analyses

 It is biased
 It costly to conduct observation since one will be travelling in order to acquire
accurate information

3.7.3. Interviews
According to Monette et al (1986) interviews is a dialogue between interviewer and
respondents whereby the interviewer will be asking questions and respondents answering.
Flick (1998) commented that interviews pave way for respondents to air out their points of
views and suggestions. There two types of interviews the structured and unstructured. The
research used the unstructured interview in order to attain a wide range of information
pertaining study. Punch (2009) stated that unstructured interview is important to a research
because it used to understand the point of view of respondents without imposing restrictive
questions. Through interview the researcher was able to attain valuable data from different
respondents and created a platform for discussion. The research employed face to face
interviews with the CEO of CSOT, Chiefs and councillors. Thus, it assisted in capturing non-
verbal gestures and gave an opportunity to ask further questions. The researcher was able to
change language for instance using Shona since the study was also targeting rural
community. Also the information was collected at once unlike the questionnaires, the
researcher had to come back to collect them.

Advantages

 Interviews used as a means of gathering information about personal knowledge,

values, preference and attitude
 Interview creates a platform for in-depth discussion between researcher and
respondents
 Through interviews the researcher can clarify unclear questions
 Widen the response as it accommodates the illiterate

Disadvantages

24
  Interviews are expensive to conduct as compared to questionnaires
 Interviews lacks privacy that is provided by questionnaires and as such the respondent
will not be willing to expose some information
 Interviews are subject to exaggeration as the respondents some information in order to
please the researcher

3.8. Ethical considerations

Homan (1991) defines ethics as the science of morality. Blumberg et al (2005) views ethics
as norms that are meant to guide moral choices of behaviour in relationship with others.
Throughout the study, the researcher was guided by the principle of ethics in order to act in a
moral way to the respondents. The researcher managed to observe the principle of
confidentiality in conducting the research. Babbie (1998) illustrated that the researcher must
not disclose any information that might expose the identity of a respondent. As such the
information gathered was exclusively for academic purposes and high degree of secrecy was
maintained. The respondents were assured of obscurity and confidentiality. The research used
pseudo names as a way of protecting respondents who did not want their identity to be
reviewed. In addition, the research was based on informed consent to respondents. The
researcher would first explain the reason of the research and respondents decided to
participate in the study or not. As such the respondents were not forced to partake in the
study, instead it was based on willingness. To ensure sense of security the researcher
produced letter from the university that enabled the respondents to that know the information
was meant for research.

3.9. Data processing, analysis and presentation

In this research, the data from the field was edited for accuracy, completeness and
consistency. Kothari (2004) views data analysis as a process of interpreting and presenting it
in a form that answers the research questions. The researcher used content analysis approach
in presenting and analysing data. Bhattacherjee (2012) views content analysis as a way of
analysing the content of a text. The response’s view and opinion from the different interviews
and questionnaires were compiled into charts, tables and descriptive summaries in line with
the research objectives under study. Content analysis was a suitable technique to present data
concerning the contribution of CSOT towards the local development in Mhondoro-Ngezi
district.

25
3.10 Chapter summary
The chapter indicated the research methodologies that were employed during the study. The
research as noted from the above she used mixed research method in order to gather useful
information. Also this chapter outlined sampling techniques and the researcher used simple
random and purposive sampling, the used of both primary and secondary sources and ethical
principles were considered. Hence, all these elements assisted the researcher to collect and
gather valid information concerning the effectiveness of CSOTs in promoting community
development in Mhondoro Ngezi.

26
Chapter four- Data Presentation, Discussion and Analysis

4.1. Introduction
This chapter focuses on the interpretation of data about the effectiveness of the Community
Share Ownership Trust towards community development. The data was collected with the
use of questionnaires, observation and interviews as way of presenting the research findings.
The researcher presented data in form of graphs, tables, pie charts and descriptive since, this
study used mixed research methods. Date collected from the study was guided by the
following research objectives which include:

 To assess whether if CSOT is enhancing community participation in decision making

 To analyses the role of CSOT in promoting socio-economic development
 To investigate the effectiveness of the CSOT towards community development in
Mhondor-Ngezi district
 To assess the challenges that are affecting the operation of CSOT in promoting
community development

4.2 Study Findings number

4.2.1. Questionnaire response rate

Table 2: below shows questionnaires that were answered

Participants Distributed Those who Those who did Percentage

questionnaires participated not participate
Community 80 74 6 92%
residents
District 2 2 0 100%
administrator
82 76 6 90%
Total

The above table indicates the response rate of questionnaires around the study area. The
questionnaires were dispersed to the community residents and district administrators. A total

27
of 82 questionnaires were administrated, 76 were fully answered and responses rate was 90%
which shows that the response was impressive because the researcher attained valuable
information for the study. 6 questionnaires were not answered because of unwillingness to
participate in the study.

4.2.2. Age rate of Mhondoro-Ngezi community

respondents
30

25

20

15

10

0
20-30 31-40 41-50 50 and above

Figure 1: The graph above shows the age responses of Mhondoro Ngezi community

The above graph shows the age range among the community members. 31-40 years had the
most representative of 27 people, followed by 41-50 years which had 22, then 50 and above
years with 14 and last but least 20-30 years with 11 people. This was an advantage to the
study since, the researcher was able to obtain reliable and valuable information from different
age groups within the community.

4.2.3. Gender
The chart below illustrates that, from the research male constituted 54% against women who
were 46%. In this case, the researcher obtained much of the information from males because
there occupy the top position in the society. This was important to the research to show the
presentation of male and female in order to indicate their opinion regarding gender
empowerment in rural through the CSOT.

28
 46% male
54% female

Figure 2: The above pie chart shows the percentage of gender in Mhondoro Ngezi community

4.2.4 Employment level of the community members

The researcher wanted to know the employment statues in order to assess the livelihoods
among the community members in Mhondor-Ngezi. The researcher found out most people
are engaged in their own projects to earn a living.

Table 3: shows the employment status within the Mhondoro-Ngezi community

Form of occupation Respondents Percentages %

Formally employed 21 28
Self employed 30 40
Unemployed 25 32

4.3. Community’s perception on the relevance of CSOT in developing the community

The researcher’s aim was to find out, the view of the community on the progress of CSOT in
promoting socio-economic development around the Mhondoro Ngezi area.

Figure 3: The below graph shows the percentage of Mhondoro-Ngezi views on the relevance
of CSOT to community development

29
The graph above shows that 47% of the respondents agreed that CSOT were relevant to the
developing.

47% respondents said that, CSOT is an important instrument for developing especially
looking at the socio-economic benefits that have improved the rural livelihoods of
Mhondoro-Ngezi. Other respondents indicated that, the coming in of CSOT it has managed to
increase participation levels especially by including local people in decision making as such,
the communities are being part and parcel of the development projects. One of the councillors
commented that “through the establishment of the CSOT community members are able to air
their views concerning the projects that they want to implemented”. This shows that CSOTs
can be a source that leads to community development as it eradicates poverty and create
employment. It is important to note that the development plans of the CSOTS should aim at
addressing people’s needs that they want.

38% of the respondents were of the view that, the CSOT should strive to reach out to all
wards of Mhondoro-Ngezi to ensure that all communities are incorporated. One of the
councillor of ward 14 stated that “the ward has no access to health facilities as such people
are still facing problem of travelling a long distance to get treatment. He went on to say that
pregnant women are at risk because some will not have the money to board a bus to access
medical care and it will result to child mortality”. In this case, it can be witnessed that
although, the CSOT has improve the livelihoods of Mhondoro-Ngezi community, they are

30
still some points that need to be addressed for it to be successful. However, 11% were neutral
about the development of the CSOT.

However, 15% responded were neutral about the CSOT progress. Some of them reviewed
that they not aware about the CSOT its mandate and operation. They went on to say that, no
change has been brought to them as they are still facing poverty.

4.4. Community participation in local development

Chart Title

9%

yes
26%
no

65% not sure

Figure 4: The chart above shows percentage of community participation in local developmet

65% agreed that the CSOT has involved the communities to participate in decision making.
In an interview with the CEO of CSOT pointed that, the Trust always conducts community
needs assessment meeting so as have an engagement with the local people on projects that
their want to be implemented in the area. In this case, the community suggested income
generating projects that there wanted to be implemented in the area such as agriculture, small
livestock production, clothing, manufacturing and bakery. This enhances participation of the
community members in decision making. Other respondents commented that, “I am happy
with how the CSOT operate, it was able to implement some of the projects for example
poultry and horticulture that we had suggested as a rural community”. Slocumand (1998)
commented, the involvement of communities ensures effective participation as their
incorporated in decision making. Councillor from ward 1 also mentioned that this ensures
grassroots participation in decision making as it gave an opportunity for the community

31
members to air out their own views. Dreier (1996) indicated that, participation will empower
the vulnerable groups to take part in decision making. Through the needs assessment local
people are taking part in the decision making process.

26% respondents, on the other hand were of the view that the CSOT is not fully involving
the community in decision making. One of the respondents pointed out that, political
interference as hindered some of the community members from actively participating in the
developmental projects. Respondents highlighted that the areas who were gaining were of
ZANU PF party at the expenses of the ordinary. Makumbe (2010) argued that, political
influence in community development is a great challenge because the local participate will
became limited and only concentrate on few people. Also, 26% respondents pointed out
element of favouritism especially in ward 14 were the CSOT is not visible in terms of
engaging the community to participate as compared to other wards. O’Donnell (1992)
indicated that discrimination selection has a negative effect on the participation of the
communities in development projects. The failure active participation of communities is a
challenge to the locals as quality of life remains the same.

On the other hand, 9% of community was not even sure about the CSOT because it was not
visible in their area. The respondents pointed out that, the CSOTs is lacking in spreading the
projects to other parts of Mhondoro-Ngezi. People from ward 14 commented that they are
still travelling long distance to assess basic services.

4.5. The role played by CSOT in improving the living standards of Mhondoro-Ngezi
The researcher conducted interviews, observation and interviews in order to find out about
how the CSOT has contributed to the community development of Mhondoro- Ngezi district.
Most of the respondents were of the view that, the introduction of CSOT had a positive
impact on their livelihoods through socio-economic development in the area.

4.5.1 Social development

32
 Chart Title
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
education health water and sanitation road maintenance

yes no

Figure 5: bar graph of social projects undertaken by CSOT

The above graph shows the social development projects that were undertaken by the CSOT
since 2012 in the Mhondoro- Ngezi area.

4.5.1.1. Education sector

The 67% respondents agreed that, the CSOT was able to empower the rural people by
improving the education sector and 33% were of the view there was still some areas that
needed to be addressed. The CSOT has enhanced education in the Mhondoro Ngezi district
such that the local people can benefit from it. Chairperson of the Trust pointed out that, the
CSOT has reached out to all through infrastructural development such as building and
rehabilitating schools across all wards. This has enable the local community situated in the
wards to have access to education without travelling a long distance. One of the councillors
stated that with the coming in of CSOT it has contributed to the empowerment of the local
people through education. It was revealed that previously in wards 4,5,9,10 and 16 the school
infrastructure was unable to accommodate as such pupils from different grades would end
using one block for the lessons. Furthermore, 67% pointed out that, some of the school blocks
were in bad state such that it was not safe to use. Hence, CSOT was able to fulfil its mandate
of promoting education to the people and developing the community of Mhondoro-Ngezi.

Table 4: Shows number of schools that were constructed by CSOT

33
 Name of schools Ward section Construction project
Murambwa Primary 1 One block
Kaponda Secondary 2 One block
Mvurachena Secondary 4 One block
Muchemwa Primary 5 One block
Gavhunga Secondary 7 One block
Manyoni Secondary 9 One block
Bandawe Primary 10 One block
Chingondo Secondary 11 One block
Madhodha Secondary 12 One block
Rerwe Secondary 13 One block
Wharley Ranch Primary 14 One block
Munyati Secondary 15 One block
Muzvezve Primary 16 One block

4.5.1.2. Health sector

Furthermore, in an interview with councillor from ward stated that, the CSOT increased
health services in the community. The CSOT constructed two blocks, toilets and mother’s
waiting shelter at Dondoshava clinic in ward 8 and Mukarati mother’s centre in ward 4. In an
interview with the councillor, who pointed out that the CSOT has managed to assist the local
people because they used to travel to Ngezi rural hospital for medical services. He
commented that, this was a great development to the people in ward 8. 53% were of the view
that, the construction of addition blocks was of great significance to them since, they no
longer had to board a bus to access medical services. This improved the socio welfare of local
people through access of health in the ward 8 community. The CSOT increased medical
services in Mhondoro- Ngezi particular ward 8, thereby developing the community.
However, 47% were of the view that CSOT has not improved some of that are in a bad
condition and have inadequate facilities. Hence, CSOT has still have some elements to
improve in the health sector.

4.5.1.3 Water and sanitation

The researcher gathered that, over the years Mhondoro-Ngezi has faced problem of water
shortage and access to water. Clean water is very crucial to human being consumptions as

34
such, the CSOT drilled various boreholes in Mhondoro Ngezi area. Previously people had to
fetch water from the rivers and dams. 78% respondents felt that, water from these sources
was not safe for drinking considering that they used for other activities such as washing
clothes and bathing. The councillor from ward 5 stated that, provision of boreholes was to
ensure that the community members have access to clean water as a way of reducing water
borne diseases. 78% indicated that, drilling the borehole had a positive impact on the
community since there had to walk some distances in search of clean water. The CEO of
CSOT noted that, the Trust drilled six boreholes that are benefiting wards 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and
11 and constructed Mumwe pipe drifts in ward 9. This shows that the CSOT was able to
prioritise the needs of the community of providing clean and safe water to the community.
Waugh (2009) indicated that, water is a human priority and right as such people should have
access to safe and clean water. Therefore, the CSOT was effective in providing safe water to
the community such that there can easily access it without walking a long distance. Although,
22% of the respondents reviewed that, some parts of the such ward 14 are still facing problem
of water shortage in the areas that needs to be addressed.

4.5.1.5. Road maintenance

54% respondents felt that the CSOT has improved link access through road maintenance. One
of the councillor noted road maintenance was an important factor to the development of the
community since they would easily access other service through road. The CSOT constructed
a footbridge in ward 8 in order to assist the communities to cross the river safely. The
respondents indicated that, this was a good initiative to the community because there are now
can travel safe without fear of crossing the river especially in the raining season. Foot bridge
that were constructed improved the communication networks and alleviating challenges that
were caused by flooded rivers. The community members are able access to schools, clinics
and other related services through the footbridge. On the other, 46% pointed out, there some
roads in other parts are still dusty roads which cannot be accessed during the raining
seasoning and this affects the living standards of the people.

4.5.2. Economic development projects

Another principle mandate of CSOT is to implement enterprise development projects in order

to facilitate local entrepreneurs. The CSOT has launched various projects that include
poultry, bee keeping and honey production as well as horticulture. The coming of CSOT as
introduced a number of income generating projects that are meant to eradicate poverty and

35
create employment. The projects also aim at economic empowerment that assist the local
people to have a sustainable livelihood.

4.5.2.1 Poultry production

The researcher gathered that, the CSOT had implemented poultry production projects for the
community to generate income. The researcher conducted an interview with the CEO of the
Trust who alluded that, the CSOT carried out a study and realised that small-scale broiler
farmers have the potential to grow and compete in the formal markets but there were facing
problem of proper funding. The Trust engaged into a partnership with Sable Foods, Brand
Agro and Fresh Frozen where farmers produce broilers under contract which provides a
guaranteed market. The CSOT has effectively established community based business hubs for
poultry production in Mhondoro Ngezi rural districts securing agri-business value chains for
those businesses. The chairperson, Chief Mushava commented that poultry production was
meant to empower the local people in order to improve food security and nutrition hence,
eradicating poverty in the area. The trust so far has engaged about 5 farmers in the district
with capacity of 3000 to 5000 birds. The project is expecting to include more people in the
broiler production. Respondents commented that the introduction of poultry has actual
empowered the rural people to become entrepreneurs. One of the councillor expressed his
view that, the Trust should aim to engaged more people from the community so as to enhance
empowerment.

Furthermore, the CEO pointed out that, the Trust also ventured into egg production. He said
that, the rural communities were being excluded from egg production due to unavailability of
start-up capital, limited supply of day old chicks, limited knowledge, high production costs
and weak market linkages. The egg production has benefited about 122 people including the
youths from different wards in Mhondoro Ngezi. Councillor from ward 1 said that, the egg
production was a good project because it has empowered women, youth as well as the
disadvantaged groups. One of the respondents mentioned that, the Trust has removed
dependency syndrome among the rural people who only relied on donation from
organisation.

4.5.2.2. Apiculture

The researcher from the interview with CEO of Trust found out that, the CSOT introduced
bee keeping in the community. This is meant to empower the local people to have income
generating that would assist them in their livelihoods. Councillor from ward 12 commented

36
that bee keeping is good initiative for the rural people as it would help them to earn a living
and reduce poverty. Bee keeping has been introduced in ward 1,10 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15.
Ward 1 was successful in bee keeping as it harvested 16kgs of honey and the rest of the
farmers still facing a problem of harvesting the honey due to lack of regular hive monitoring
and inspection.

4.5.2.3. Horticulture production

The researcher gather that horticulture is another incoming generating project that is been
implemented by the Trust. Most respondents were of the view that, horticulture production
was a good initiative to them as it would provide income and reduce hunger. The chairperson
of the CSOT pointed out that, the Trust has ventured into horticulture production in order to
create employment opportunities for community members. He stated that, the aim of the
Trust is to implement a horticulture project that facilitates relay cropping in order to maintain
product availability throughout the year that enables to empower the local rural people. In
order to achieve this state, the Trust engaged partners who can assist farmers in the
technology of greenhouse construction to enable farmers to practice horticulture throughout
all seasons. In this case onion production has been implemented in ward 6 with only ten
members using 2 ha of land and project has reached maturity stage. It is expected to yield
good results that will directly empower the locals to venture into agriculture business.
Furthermore, strawberries production is at its early stage and has created employment around
the Mhondoro- Ngezi area. Councillor was of the view that, horticulture production would
enhance the livelihood for rural people hence, promoting economic development.

4.6. The effectiveness of the CSOT towards community development

Chart Title

80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
infrastuctural employment poverty reduction
development

yes no

37
Figure 8: graph illustrates the effectiveness of CSOT in promoting community development

4.6.1 Infrastructural development

The researcher gathered that, the CSOT enhanced community development through
infrastructural development. 79% highlighted that, the CSOT constructed schools, clinics and
footbridge which was beneficial to the community. Councillor of ward 8 commented the
infrastructural development by the Trust was a positive move to community because the local
people have now the access to the services such as education. He went on to say that,
previously people had to travel long distances just to access education, water and medical
care. 78% commented that CSOT is a viable scheme that has improve the rural livelihoods of
Mhondoro-Ngezi community. 21% pointed out that, there cases were the CSOT has not fully
developed such as road maintenance.

4.6.2 Creation of employment

In an interview with councillor from ward 8, stated that the CSOT has empowered the local
community through creation of employment. 57% highlighted that, before the coming of
CSOT, the area had high rate of unemployment as such some resolved to illegal mining and
prostitution to earn a living. Unemployment in the community increased the levels of
poverty. According to the CEO of Trust, the CSOT come up with income generating projects
in order to create employment in the community. The aim of economic development project
was to create a platform for the communities to generate income so as to acquire basic
facilities. Councillor ward 1 highlighted entrepreneurial projects were meant to curb the
problems of unemployment in Mhondoro-Ngezi. 57% indicated that poultry, bee keeping and
horticulture had empowered the local farmers to engage in commercial farming. This
facilitated sustainable socio-economic community development and stimulate growth local
economy. The researcher also gathered that, the Trust created local employment when
construction of a project such as school, clinic or road maintenance. Respondents indicated
that, employment had a positive impact on the community as it resulted to sustainable
livelihoods and economic emancipation. Mkodzongi (2013) commented that, some farmers
and communities have benefitted from the projects and managed to improve their socio-
economic conditions. 57% agreed that through employment, the CSOT was able effectively
develop the Mhondoro-Ngezi community and improved the economic conditions.

38
However, 43% highlighted that those who were been employed were an associate of the
ZANU PF party as such, ordinary residents had no chance be empowered in the
developmental process.

4.6.3. Poverty reduction

53% of the respondents pointed out that, the CSOT was able to reduce the poverty levels in
Mhondoro-Ngezi. The community had faced a problem of poverty since there was no
employment and only lied on small scale farming. Respondents commented that, the CSOT
brought significant change to the community by adding services that were necessary to the
people. The councillor of ward 1 commented that, the trust reduced poverty rates through the
economic development projects. In an interview with, CEO of the Trust indicated that the
main aim of the CSOT was to reduce poverty in the area by providing income generating
projects that would improve the livelihoods of the people.

Although, the CSOT has managed to reduce poverty levels, 47% felt that still living under
poverty conditions. Respondents from ward 14 reviewed that, there were neglected from
entrepreneurial projects that were meant to generate income. Other respondents pointed out
that, even the social projects were not implemented. Hence, there is no improvement towards
their livelihood.

4.7. Challenges faced by the CSOT in implementing socio-economic development

projects
In an interview with the CEO of the trust, indicated that the CSOT is faced with a challenge
of change of government administration. The CSOT were introduced under the
administration of Mugabe through the Indigenisation policy which implies 51% to the
indigenous and 49% to the foreign company. However, with the coming in of the new
dispensation under Mnangangwa the Indigenisation policy was relaxed and now only applies
to platinum and gold mineral sectors. The CEO pointed that, there are not sure if the CSOTs
are still relevant in the new dispensation. Furthermore, there still some confusion on which
ministerial sector does the CSOTs belong to since the previously Ministry of Youth and
Indigenisation was dissolved. He said that there has been no formal communication with the
government informing the CSOT which ministry governs them.

Another challenge that is facing the CSOT in its operation is that of political interference.
The CEO alluded that some of the projects developed are been interfered by political figures
in order to drive their own political interest. As such, the politicians interfere in their day to

39
day business and in turn hindering them to actual implement projects successful that develop
the community. The politicians are gaining at the expense of the indigenous people who must
benefit from their natural resources. Makumbe (2010) articulated that political interference
has proved to be an obstacle for communities to actively participate in decision making.
Some were of the view that, the involvement of the Chief on the leadership position was
simply a political strategy by the ruling party meant to full-fill the interest of individuals at
the expenses of the community.

Lack of technical skills by the board of trustees has hindered the operation of the CSOTs. The
leadership of Trust was design in a way that, chairmanship rotates among the chiefs of which
some of them do not pose expertise or technical skills of managing the CSOTs. Some of the
respondents revealed that, the leadership of this CSOT was a clear sign that, these trust were
doomed and it is difficult for them to develop all the communities in Mhondoro Ngezi.

4.8. Chapter conclusion

The above chapter gave an insight on the research findings that the research discovered
during the field study. The researcher was able to come up with data presentation and
analysis through the use of questionnaires, observation and interview. Data derived from the
study indicated that the CSOT was able to include the local communities in the decision
making which is important to development. The findings also pointed that the played a
significant role CSOT in developing Mhondoro-Ngezi. In addition, the chapter indicated that
the CSOT was able to reduce poverty conditions through the enterprise projects such as bee-
keeping and horticulture, hence increasing employment. However, the CSOT are facing some
challenges that include political interference and lack of technical skills that are hindering the
process of effective development in Mhondoro-Ngezi.

40
Chapter five: Recommendation and conclusions

5.1.1 Introduction
This chapter provides an overall summary of the whole study. It also gives conclusion from
the research findings. Finally, recommendation shall be presented based on findings in order

41
to ensure that CSOTs will improve their operations so that the rural communities’ in
Zimbabwe develop.

5.2. Summary
This research aimed at assessing the contribution of the CSOT in enhancing community
development. The research provided background information of the CSOT in Zimbabwe
pointing out that it was formulated to develop the rural communities who were previously
undermined. The study was conducted through research objectives and question in order to
investigate that, were the CSOT are full-fill their mandate of developing the local
communities.

literature review was conducted to analyse other scholar’s perception on the viability of
CSOTs in promoting community development. The researcher employed conceptual and
theoretical framework in order to provide an understanding of the CSOT in Zimbabwe.
Views on CSOT pointed out that, the Trust were established political strategy by the ZANU
PF as a way of gaining support in the rural areas. On the other hand, scholar like Chowa
(2016) justified the position of the CSOT as an important fact to the development. The
research gave an insight on other countries like South Africa who have successfully
implemented BEE which has empowered the indigenous people.

Furthermore, the researcher employed mixed methods qualitative and quantitative in order to
attain valuable and reliable information. The researcher used simple random and judgmental
sampling were applied for selecting targeted population that include community of
Mhondoro-Ngezi, CEO of ZMNZC CSOT, traditional chiefs, district administrators and
councillors. The data was collected through research instrument that include questionnaires,
observation and interviews.

From the study, the researcher conducted an analysis and presentation of data that was
obtained using questionnaires, observation and interviews. Findings of the research reviewed
that, the most respondents were in support of the progress of the CSOT in developing the
community through socio-economic projects. Respondents indicated that, the participation
was improved as the communities were involved in the decision making. On the other hand,
the findings indicated that lack of experienced people in the board and political interference
are the major challenges affecting the CSOT to meant up its mandate.

42
5.3. Conclusion
The main focus of the research was to analyse the effectiveness of CSOT in promoting
community development in Mhondoro-Ngezi. The study was guided by the research
objectives, that conclusions were drawn.

The researcher found out that, the CSOT have managed to assist development in the
community through socio-economic projects that improved the livelihoods of the people. The
local people were being involved in the decision making process. Participation of community
members was increased through the needs assessment meetings. Therefore, the CSOT
implemented projects that were of concern to the community as they were given platform to
decides what is of great importance’s to them.

In addition, the study analysed the role of the CSOT in its operations. The research pointed
out that the CSOT was able to delivery it’s objectives of promoting socio-economic
development in Mhondoro-Ngezi. The CSOT was able to full-fill its mandate by constructing
school blocks, clinics, bridges as well as drilling boreholes. This has assisted the community
members to have access to basic social services that were lacking. Furthermore, the study
noted that, the CSOT also improved community empowerment through enterprise projects
such as poultry and bee keeping. The community viewed these projects as viable to develop
Mhondoro-Ngezi.

Furthermore, the research investigated the contribution to rural development by the CSOT in
Mhondoro-Ngezi district. The study indicated that the CSOT was able to develop the rural
community. The CSOT created employment within the community by providing entrepreneur
projects such as horticulture, poultry and bee keeping which led to reduction of poverty. The
infrastructure was development such as constructing schools, clinics, drilling boreholes as
well as maintenance of the roads. Through questionnaire and interview point out that the
Trust has helped to upgrade the livelihood quality of the rural people. Overall, the research
noted that, CSOT have been relevant to most of the issues affecting rural communities.
However, there is still some gap in the developmental process because some wards have not
yet fully benefitted from the CSOT.

The study also reviewed that, political interference has hindered the progress of the CSOT.
Some respondents pointed out that, political interference is affecting the operation of the
CSOT as some of the projects are diverted to benefit only a few at the expenses of the
community. Another challenge which the CSOT is facing is that the board is mainly consists

43
of unprofessional members and it affects the operation since they do not have adequate
experience. Above all, the CSOT has made significant impact on Mhondoro-Ngezi
community in as far as socio-economic development is concerned.

5.4. Recommendation
 Qualified personnel- The responsible ministry should select personnel based on their
technical skills of running a Trust rather than just employing some people with no
experience at all. The board Trustee should be appointed on merit in order to ensure
good management of the schemes especially the chairmanship position. Lack of
skilled personnel will result to mismanagement of funds.
 Avoid politicization of programmes- The government should aim to implement
policies that accommodate everyone not based on political affiliation that ensures
sustainable economic emancipation. Community programmes should not be driven
by the desire of serving the interest of a political group. As such, the non-partisan are
left out from the economic development projects and will be deprived their benefits.
Hence, the involvement of every community member should be incorporated in the
development process regardless of political party and will certainly enhance local
development.
 Equal distribution of projects- The CSOTs scheme should aim to implement
projects that cover up all wards. Some wards are left out from the development of
the projects as it will be only focusing in a few areas. Through equal distribution of
projects, it will lead to community develop of the whole area.
 Formulation of the legislation- The government should aim to formulate a clear
legislation on how the CSOTs should operate in developing the communities and the
ministerial sector that govern its action. There is need to clarify the position of the
CSOT especially with coming in of the new administration of Mnangangwa.
 Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms- the government should monitor the
progress of the CSOTs on how their developing the communities. This ensures that
the CSOT will put more efforts in delivering their services to the community. Strict
measure should be employed in order to guarantee socio-economic development.
Monitoring and evaluation process will assist the government to evaluate the
progress work of the CSOTs.
 Direct participation- the CSOT should ensure that every community member is
incorporated in decision making and operations.

44
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Appendix

Questionnaire guide

My name is Rumbidzai Chimutenga (R151182Y) I am currently studying Politics and Public

Management at Midlands State University. I am carrying out a research on “The effectiveness
of Community Share Ownership Trust on community development. A case of Mhondoro
Ngezi District from 2012 to 2017. I kindly ask you asking you to participate in this research

50
by answering the questions. Your participation is entirely voluntary and all the information
provided you provide is mainly for academic purposes. Therefore, you are assured that you
will not be identified in any way and the information you will provide shall be confidential

Instructions

I. Answer all questions

Section A

1. Sex: Female Male

2. Age group: 20-25

26-30

31-35

36-40

41-45

45 and above

3. Form of employment: formally employed

Self employed

Unemployed

Question Question Answer

Number

YES NO NEUTRAL

5. Is the CSOT effective in delivering socio-economic

development in the Mhondoro-Ngezi

6. Is the CSOT incorporating community in decision

making

51
7. Is the CSOT relevant to the development of
Mhondoro-Ngezi district

SECTION B

1. what do you know about Community Share Ownership Trust?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

2. what developmental projects has the ZMNCZ CSOT conducted in the Mhondoro-
Ngezi districts?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

3. How has the ZMNCZ CSOT enhanced community participation in decision making?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

4. How has the CSOT empowered the local people

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

5. Is the CSOT fulfilling its mandate of promoting socio-economic development in the

community?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

6. What are the challenges facing the ZMNCZ CSOT in its operation?

52
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

7. What recommendation do you offer to Mhondoro Ngezi CSOT so as to improve its

operation?

Interview questionnaire targeting the CEO of Zimplats Mhondoro Ngezi Chegutu

Zvimba CSOT

My name is Rumbidzai Chimutenga (R151182Y) I am currently studying Politics and Public

Management at Midlands State University. I am carrying out a research on “The effectiveness
of Community Share Ownership Trust on community development. A case of Mhondoro
Ngezi District from 2012 to 2017. I kindly ask you asking you to participate in this research
by answering the questions. Your participation is entirely voluntary and all the information

53
provided you provide is mainly for academic purposes. Therefore, you are assured that you
will not be identified in any way and the information you will provide shall be confidential.

1. When was the ZMNCZ CSOT launched and with what aims?

2. How does the ZMNCZ CSOT operate in promoting community development?

3. Are all the areas in Mhondoro Ngezi benefiting from this trust?

4. What was the poverty situation of Mhondoro Ngezi district before the introduction of
the CSOT?

5. What socio-economic developmental projects that the CSOT has implemented since
its establishment and how has it benefited the community?

6. Do you think the community is heavily involved in terms of participation and decision
making?

7. How has the CSOT empowered the local people?

8. Do you think the CSOT will go a long in developing the community of Mhondoro
Ngezi district?

9. Every program has a challenges, as a CSOT what challenges are you facing in
developing the community?

THANK YOU!!!!!!

Interview questionnaire targeting the Councillor, Chief

My name is Rumbidzai Chimutenga (R151182Y) I am currently studying Politics and Public

Management at Midlands State University. I am carrying out a research on “The effectiveness
of Community Share Ownership Trust on community development. A case of Mhondoro
Ngezi District from 2012 to 2017. I kindly ask you asking you to participate in this research
by answering the questions. Your participation is entirely voluntary and all the information

54
provided you provide is mainly for academic purposes. Therefore, you are assured that you
will not be identified in any way and the information you will provide shall be confidential.

1. What was the poverty situation of Mhondoro Ngezi district before the introduction of
the CSOT?

2. Are all areas benefiting from the CSOT?

3. What socio-economic developmental projects has the CSOT initiated since, its
establishment and how has it benefited the community?

4. Do you think the CSOT is making an effort of involving the community members in
decision making?

5. What are the challenges that are hindering the CSOTs in its operation?

6. What recommendation can you give in order to improve the operation of the CSOT?

THANK YOU!!!!!!

55