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An Arduino Based Modular Battery Management System for Protection and Real
Time Monitoring of Lithium-Ion Cell

Conference Paper · December 2023

DOI: 10.1109/NPEC57805.2023.10384861

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 An Arduino Based Modular Battery Management
System for Protection and Real Time Monitoring of
Lithium-Ion Cell
Somnath Meikap Nihal Kumar Chandan Kumar
2023 11th National Power Electronics Conference (NPEC) | 979-8-3503-1164-8/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/NPEC57805.2023.10384861

Student Member, IEEE EEE Dept.,NIT Mizoram Senior Member, IEEE

EEE Dept., IIT Guwahati Aizawl, India EEE Dept., IIT Guwahati
Guwahati, India [email protected] Guwahati, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Battery management systems (BMS) are widely used power battery packs for motorsport applications. In [5], a BMS
for proper protection and utilization of battery systems. In this with a modular structure is proposed for a hybrid balancing
paper, a modular BMS circuit is proposed for the design of strategy that combines passive and active balancing. In [6], a
modular battery stacks that can be reconfigured depending upon
utilization. The real-time evaluation is carried out using four cascading modular battery system was demonstrated. In order
local modules and one central module. An Arduino nano with an to improve overall system performance and minimise system
analog-digital converter (ADC) multiplexer and voltage divider complexity, a modular active charge balancing and control
circuit is used as central module in the BMS system. The BMS scheme architecture was suggested in [7].
voltage measurement accuracy is evaluated with the measured The percentage of capacity left in a battery to its maximum
value. The state of charge (SOC) measurement technique is
developed to calculate the SOC of each cell. A protection circuit usable capacity is known as the state of charge (SOC). Accu-
is designed for under-voltage, over-voltage, and short-circuit in rate battery SOC calculation ensures a dependable and secure
battery cells. The circuit also provides passive cell balancing. vehicle operation. Additionally it helps to deliver information
The hardware results verify the operation of the circuit as well about the battery’s real-time remaining capacity and energy
as the cell balancing in the battery cells during the charging and [8]. Moreover, SOC data is required for charging of batteries
discharging cycle.
in vehicle and other applications [9]–[11]. However, Battery
Index Terms—BMS, modular battery, Arduino, state of charge.
SOC cannot be directly detected due to its non-linear, time-
I. I NTRODUCTION varying properties and electro-chemical processes [12]. There
Batteries are used for different applications like energy are mainly four types of SOC estimation techniques, they are
storage systems (ESS), electric vehicles (EVs), uninterruptible (1) look-up table based methods, (2) ampere-hour integral
power supply (UPS), etc. due to its ability of providing method, (3) model-based estimation methods, and (4) data-
constant voltage supply with very low maintenance. Among driven estimation methods [8]. In [13], SOC estimation is
batteries, lithium-ion battery packs have recently acquired carried out by using open-circuit-voltage (OCV) method, i.e.,
popularity, particularly for EV applications. Battery packs for converting OCV estimate to SOC estimate based on SOC-
hybrid and EVs are made up of series and parallel layouts OCV relationship. It is a type of look-up table based method,
of lithium-ion cells [1]. Even if manufactured in the same where the OCV curve is developed depending upon the SOC
batch, battery cells have parameter variances of 1% or more. v/s OCV table sent by the manufacturer. In [14], an improved
As per [2], resistance varies by 0.3% and capacity varies by adaptive extended Kalman filter approach is used for curve
1.3%. Therefore, an efficient battery management system can fitting of SOC v/s OCV curve.
protect individual cell and maintains cell balancing. In this paper, an Arduino based BMS system and real time
A battery management system (BMS) monitors, controls, monitoring system is developed for modular battery systems
and protects battery cells in order to address inconsistencies that can be easily configured into series parallel system.
that causes performance instability such as early aging effects An SOC estimation technique combining Coulomb counting
and degradation of the cell [3]. There are three types of BMS method and OCV based SOC estimation method is used for
topologies: (1) centralised, (2) distributed, and (3) modular better SOC estimation with faster response. A SIMULINK
[4]. Out of which, modular topology has been found to be the based BMS and cell monitoring platform is developed that
most effective [4]. In [4], a modular BMS is proposed for high can work with the Arduino setups and store data for future
use.
This work was supported by IIT Guwahati Technology Innovation and The paper is organized as follows. Section II discusses
Development Foundation (TIDF) under project grant TIH/TD/0407 and in
part by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of hardware design of BMS. Section III explains SOC estimation.
Science and Technology, India, under the Research Grant CRG/2022/001685. Section IV discusses the results and the paper is concluded in

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 Section V.

II. H ARDWARE D ESIGN OF BATTERY M ANAGEMENT Battery 18650 Battery 18650 Battery
S YSTEM charger Li ion Protection Li ion Protection
cells System cells System
The hardware setup of the BMS consists of several compo-
nents. The block diagram of hardware setup is shown in Fig.
1. Some of the key components of the BMS are:
1) Cell protection module.
2) Analog-digital converter (ADC) multiplexer. Voltage divider circuit
3) Arduino nano.

A. Cell Protection Module

16 channel Multiplexer
A battery protection module has the following features
Channel selector

{
1) Over-voltage protection. ADC
2) Short-circuit protection.
3) Under-voltage protection.
4) Passive cell balancing.
Arduino
The battery protection module hardware components are
given in Table I. Fig. 2 shows the battery protection module
hardware setup. It mainly consists of three parts:
1) Cell balancing circuit. Arduino code via simulink platform
2) Over-voltage, under-voltage and short-circuit protection
circuit. Fig. 1. Block diagram of an Arduino based BMS setup.
3) Parallel MOSFET’s .
1) Cell Balancing Circuit: HY2212 BB3A is a single cell TABLE I
balancing IC that is used for cell balancing circuit [15]. Fig. BATTERY P ROTECTION M ODULE C OMPONENT D ETAILS .
3 shows a single 18650 cell balancing circuit. It acts as a Component Name Specifications
resistive based passive charge balancing circuit. The IC has a DW01-A Battery protection IC
voltage divider circuit connected to the input VSS and VDD, Single cell Li-Ion battery charge
BB3A
where VSS is connected to the negative end of battery and VDD balance IC
is connected to the output of voltage divider circuit. VSS and N-Channel enhancement mode
D472
VDD are connected to the overcharge detection comparator, field effect Transistor
G1 (MMBT5551) High voltage transistor (NPN)
which gives pulses to the Q22 MOSFET. When the cell N-Channel enhancement mode
voltage exceeds the maximum charge voltage level, HY2212 A2SHB
field effect Transistor
sends a HIGH signal to the MOSFET gate terminals, turning 2L (PMST5401) PNP high-voltage transistor
it on. The resistor R37 is then connected to the cell. The SS34 Schottky rectifier
cell starts discharging because of the current flowing through
the resistor. As soon as the voltage level gets reduced the
signal from balancing IC (IC5) becomes LOW and the resistor state. The comparators compare the voltage between the CS
is disconnected. Therefore, the voltage level of each cell is pin and VCC to find short circuits and over currents in the cell.
balanced by one cell balancing IC. The series resistor with The values of the over-voltage protection (OV), under-voltage
MOSFET is selected depending on the rate of discharge of protection (UV) and short-circuit (SC) protection point are
the battery cell. The rate of discharge can be found by Ohm’s given in Table II [16].
law The battery pack’s protection circuit is displayed in Fig.
4. The positive and negative terminals of the cell are shown
Vcell in this context by the symbols Batt+ and Batt-, respectively.
IDrain = (1)
R37 Based on the electrical characteristics mentioned in Table II,
where R37 is the series resistor connected to MOSFET in Fig. the IC controls the over-discharge (OD) and overcharge (OC)
3. pins, thus regulating the transistors M1 and M2 shown in the
2) Over-Voltage, Under-Voltage and Short-Circuit Protec- Fig. 4. The IC measures the voltage of the cell using an internal
tion Circuit: A protection IC for single cell Li-Ion battery voltage divider circuit between the VCC and ground pins. As
called DW01-A is in-charge of the BMS’s entire protective seen in Fig. 4, the VCC pin is connected to the cell’s positive
system. One DW01-A is attached to each individual cell, terminal by a resistor R1, and a capacitor C1 connects VCC
which keeps track of the cell’s health. Its internal voltage and GND. To reduce the ripples from charger, the capacitor
divider circuit is in-charge of determining the cell’s voltage C1 and resistor R1 are crucial components.

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 TABLE II
DW01-A IC E LECTRICAL C HARACTERISTICS D ETAILS .
B+
Test Condi-
Parameter Symbol Value Unit
B1 tions
Cell Balancing Supply current VCC=3.9V ICC 3.0 A
circuit Power-down
VCC=2.0V IPD A
current
B2 Overcharge protec-
DW01 Plus VOCP 4.30 V
tion voltage
Overcharge release
VOCR 4.10 V
B3 voltage
Overdischarge pro-
VODP 2.40 V
tection voltage
Overdischarge re-
B4 VODR 3.00 V
lease voltage
B- Protection MOSFET’s Overcurrent protec-
VOIP 150 mV
circuit tion voltage
Short circuit
current protection VCC=3.6V VSIP 1.35 V
Fig. 2. Battery protection module for 4S 18650 Li-Ion cell. Voltage
Overcharge delay
TOC 80 ms
time
Overdischarge de- VCC=3.6V
R37 TOD 20 ms
R
lay time to 2.0V
Overcurrent delay
IC5 BATTERY + VCC=3.6V TOI1 10 ms
time (1)
B1 R30 CELL
HY2213-BB3A Overcurrent delay
R 1 NC_1 Q22 VCC=3.6V TOI2 5 s
OUT 6 time (2)
2 NC_3 5 BSF030NE2LQ
VDD
3 4
B2 C5 VSS NC_2

R1
Fig. 3. 18650 Li-Ion Cell balancing circuit. 100
VCC
Batt+

C1
In normal period, the CS pin continuously checks its voltage 0.1μF DW01 Plus
in order to monitor the discharge current. The over current
protection circuit activates and shuts off the OC MOSFET, GND
Batt- CS
disconnecting the circuit, when there is an increase in current
TD
demand from the cell. When the load current reduces or the
OC

OD
battery’s impedance rises to more than 500 kΩ, then the over
R2 500kΩ
current protection turns off.
1k
3) Parallel MOSFETS: There are two sets of five MOS- M1 M2
FETs each connecting in anti-parallel. The OC protection is
handled by the first set, while OD protection is handled by the
second set. Since different cells’ health deteriorates at different
rates, it is necessary for all cells in the circuits to be able to
activate the OC or OD protection. In order to trigger them Fig. 4. 18650 Li-Ion Cell protection circuit.
simultaneously, the source pins and gates of all the parallel
MOSFETs are connected together.
The 74HC4067 is a 16-channel analog multiplexer. It is
B. ADC Multiplexer commonly used in projects utilising microcontrollers because
An Arduino Nano or other microcontroller possess more it can be controlled via digital signals.The device cnsists
analog input or output channels by using the analog multi- of four control pins S0-S3 and 16 analog input/output pins
plexer/demultiplexer IC (Integrated Circuit) like 74HC4067 also known as channels. One of the ADC channels can be
[17]. With the aid of this IC, it is possible to choose one connected to the common input/output pin by configuring the
input channel from a variety of accessible channels and route four control pins. The 74HC4067 can handle both analog and
it to output pin, or opposite. It’s a flexible component that can digital signals and operates across a wide voltage range.
be used in a variety of electronic projects where managing The steps below should be followed in order to use the
numerous analog signals efficiently is necessary. 74HC4067 multiplexer with an Arduino Nano. The connection

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 of the pins of the 74HC4067 to the Arduino Nano is as follows: Battery cell voltage divider
1) VCC: Connect to +5V on Arduino Nano.
2) GND: Connect to GND on Arduino Nano.
3) S0-S3: Connect to digital pins on Arduino Nano (choose
any available digital pins). 74HC4067
4) COM: Connect to the analog pin (input/output) to be
used on the Arduino Nano.
5) SIG(0-15): Connect to the analog signals to be multi-
plexed.
5V
Then S0-S3 should be given a pulse in clockwise manner via
digital pins so that the COM analog pin gives the data of
one channel of ADC for some fixed time. A demultiplexer is
designed via code or graphical interface to take all the ADC 10k
values and save them in cyclic manner. The multiplexer input
is connected to the battery cell points via a voltage divider
circuit to get the voltage of individual cell. Fig. 5 shows the
74HC4067 multiplexer connection with Arduino and battery
cell via voltage divider circuit.

C. Arduino Nano 33 IOT

Fig. 5. 74HC4067 based ADC multiplexer with Arduino nano.
For Internet of Things (IOT) projects, the Arduino Nano
33 IOT is a small and adaptable development board. It
belongs to the Arduino Nano series, which is renowned for its
portability and compact design. Because it combines wireless
connectivity with cutting-edge functionality, the Nano 33 IOT
stands out and can be used for a variety of IOT applications.
Fig. 6 shows the pin layout of Arduino nano 33 IOT.
Key features and characteristics of the Arduino Nano 33
IOT is as follows:
1) Microcontroller: The Nordic Semiconductor nRF52840
microcontroller, which is based on the ARM Cortex-
M4 CPU, powers the Nano 33 IOT. This offers enough
resources and processing power for IOT applications.
2) Wireless Connectivity: The Nano 33 IOT has several
built-in connectivity options, including Bluetooth (BLE)
and Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11b/g/n). This makes it Arduino nano 33 IOT
possible to communicate with other gadgets, networks,
and cloud platforms without any issues. Fig. 6. Pin layout of Arduino nano 33 IOT.
3) Form Factor: The Nano 33 IOT resembles other Arduino
Nano boards. It is small and breadboard-compatible,
making it simple to prototype and incorporate into a III. S TATE OF C HARGE E STIMATION
variety of projects.
4) The board has a variety of digital and analog in- The Coulomb-counting approach, which integrates battery
put/output pins that make it possible to interface with current across time, is frequently used to estimate SOC. As
sensors, actuators, and other parts. OCV is considered as the representative factor for SOC esti-
5) Compatibility: The Nano 33 IOT is compatible with mation in BMS, another approach for SOC estimation involves
the Arduino ecosystem, including the Arduino IDE and converting OCV of the battery to SOC estimate through the
libraries. For those with experience with Arduino pro- SOC-OCV relationship.
gramming, this makes the development process simpler. In order to apply Coulomb-counting method, initial SOC
6) Cloud Integration: The Arduino IOT cloud platform needs to be calculated. The SOC calculation via Coulomb-
enables to simply construct IOT apps and link Arduino counting method is as follows
based devices to the cloud for data monitoring and Z tk

control. sk = s0 − ηIL (t)dt Q. (2)
t0

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 4.2

4
OCV (V)

3.8
(d) (c)
(e)
3.6

3.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
SOC

Fig. 7. SOC v/s OCV curve as per the curve fitting equation.

where sk and s0 denote the SOC at discrete-time tk and

t0 , respectively. t0 denotes the initial value, dt denotes the (a) (b)
sampling interval. η denotes the Coulomb efficiency, IL (t)
denotes the load current of battery, Q denotes the maximum
available capacity. Fig. 8. (a) Battery protection system, (b) four 18650 battery in series, (c)
OCV based SOC estimation is easier and simpler to cal- 74HC067 16 channel ADC multiplexer, (d) Arduino nano 33 IOT and (e)
culate SOC for battery cells. There are mainly two ways of Voltage divider circuit in the BMS hardware setup.
OCV based SOC estimation techniques that are commonly
used. One is the look-up table based SOC estimation where
74HC067 16 channel ADC multiplexer, (d) Arduino nano 33
depending on look-up table data of OCV v/s SOC curve,
IOT and (e) Voltage divider circuit.
SOC is estimated. Another is curve fitting method, where
In this BMS testing, the MATLAB SIMULINK platform is
mathematically the OCV v/s SOC curve equation is calculated
used to upload code and deploy algorithms into the Arduino
as follows:
nano 33 IOT. A digital demultiplexer is designed inside the
pack
 cell 
Uocv (SOC) = α Uocv (SOC) SIMULINK for demultiplexing and differentiating the cell
cell
Uocv (SOC) = a0 · SOC 8 voltages from ADC value taken by the Arduino. A sample and
+ a1 · SOC 7 + a2 · SOC 6 . hold circuit is used to keep the value same till one iteration
5 4 3
of multiplexer. A low pass filter is designed to remove the
+ a3 · SOC + a4 · SOC + a5 · SOC error in ADC due to noise. Subtracting the cell point voltages
+ a6 · SOC 2 + a7 · SOC + a8 with one another and multiplying them with a gain gives the
(3) actual cell voltages. An ADC is connected to a current sensor
By substituting the SOC v/s OCV curve of 18650 Li-Ion cell LA-25P and signal conditioning circuit to get the current in
and negating the eight term of SOC in (3), the following the battery systems for Coulomb-counting method. The OCV
equation is considered. based SOC estimation is only used when the current becomes
cell
Uocv (SOC calculated ) = − 36.93SOC 7 + 142.4SOC 6 zero and cell voltage change is low.
During the experimentation, an variable voltage supply (0-
− 214.8SOC 5 + 158SOC 4
(4) 30 V) is used to give 16.4 V for charging while a variable
− 56.25SOC 3 + 7.9SOC 2 resistance of 15 Ω fixed at 6 Ω is used for discharging of the
+ 0.4SOC + 3.44. battery. The results are taken from the monitoring setup in
SIMULINK. Four 18650 Li ion cell of 3.7 V and 2 Ahr are
Fig. 7 shows the SOC v/s OCV curve [4]. During non
connected in series for the battery operation.
charging and loaded condition, the SOC is estimated via a
The battery is first connected to load through double-
Newton Raphson based algorithm with the equation to get the
pole double-through (DPDT) switch for 30 minutes and then
SOC with least error with the OCV measured from cells.
connected to a controlled dc supply for 30 minutes. The
cell cell
error = Uocv (SOC measured ) − Uocv (SOC calculated ) (5) regulated dc power supply is set at max current of 10 A, so
that the battery does not get charged with current beyond its
During loaded or charging time, the Coulomb-counting charging rate. The charging voltage is kept fixed at 16.4 V
method is used for SOC calculation and the current data comes to charge the battery completely within half an hour. Fig. 9
from charger current sensor. shows the discharging and charging real time data acquitted
by the BMS. Fig. 9(a) shows that the passive cell balancing
IV. R ESULTS
works well and cells does not have charge imbalance. Fig.
Fig. 8 shows the BMS hardware setup. It shows (a) Bat- 9(b) shows the calculated SOC by BMS from cell voltages
tery protection system, (b) four 18650 battery in series, (c) and battery current. Fig. 9(c) shows the battery current and

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 4.1 the cells during charging and discharging shows that the cell
Cell 1 voltage
4 Cell 2 voltage voltage is balanced during the whole operation.
Cell 3 voltage
3.9 Cell 4 voltage R EFERENCES
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