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Contents
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... v
COMPANION WEBSITE CONTENTS ..............................................................................................xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................... xix
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. xxi
■ Film is a Collaborative Art Form .............................................................................................xxiv
■ Teaching and Learning Filmmaking .......................................................................................xxiv
WHAT’S NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION ........................................................................................ xxvii
■ Celluloid Film Information is Relocated to the Website ...................................................... xxvii
■ Changes in Voice & Vision Third Edition ............................................................................... xxvii
CHAPTER 19: POSTPRODUCTION OVERVIEW: WORKFLOW AND THE EDITING STAGES ...445
■ The Postproduction Team .......................................................................................................445
■ Technical Workflow: From Start to Finish ..............................................................................446
Low-Budget Workflows ..................................................................................................................446
Format Workflow: Codecs and Containers.....................................................................................447
LUTs and Workflow .........................................................................................................................449
High-End Workflow .........................................................................................................................450
Any Film Can Distribute as a DCP ..................................................................................................452
■ The Editing Stages ...................................................................................................................452
Edit Process Overview ....................................................................................................................453
Viewing Dailies ................................................................................................................................453
First Assembly Edit .........................................................................................................................455
Rough Cuts .....................................................................................................................................455
Fresh Eyes and Review Screenings................................................................................................456
Cutting Dialogue .............................................................................................................................457
The Fine Cut and Picture Lock .......................................................................................................457
Finishing..........................................................................................................................................459
Mastering ........................................................................................................................................460
CHAPTER 23: CUTTING SOUND AND WORKING WITH MULTIPLE TRACKS ..........................541
■ Working with Multiple Tracks ..................................................................................................541
Building Your Essential Audio Tracks .............................................................................................542
Refining Your Sound Design ...........................................................................................................542
Tweaking Sound and Using Workspaces .......................................................................................544
Sound Track Labels by Type...........................................................................................................545
■ Basic Sound Design: Analysis of a Simple Scene .................................................................545
Dialogue Tracks ..............................................................................................................................547
Room Tone Track ............................................................................................................................548
Sound Effects Track........................................................................................................................549
Ambience Track ..............................................................................................................................552
Music Track.....................................................................................................................................552
■ The Sound Mix ..........................................................................................................................554
The Sound Mixing Steps ................................................................................................................554
Step 1: Final Sound Selection, Placement, and Splitting Tracks....................................................554
Step 2: Audio Sweetening ..............................................................................................................554
Step 3: Creating Audio Transitions .................................................................................................557
Step 4: Audio Level Balancing........................................................................................................558
Step 5: The Mix Down ....................................................................................................................561
■ Advanced Sound Mixing Programs ........................................................................................561
Why Go Pro? ..................................................................................................................................563
xvi CONTENTS
When you see this hand pointer icon in the pages of this book, it indicates that
material related to that section is available online at www.routledge.com/cw/hurbis-
cherrier
Short Films
This section contains links to stream the example short films discussed in the book. The
films are:
■ The Black Hole. Directed by The Diamond Dogs Phil & Olly (3 min.)
■ Plastic Bag. Directed by Ramin Bahrani (18 min.)
■ Waking Dreams. Directed by John Daschbach (24 min.)
■ When I Was Young. Directed by Huixia Lu (15 min.)
■ Vive le 14 Juillet. Directed by Didier Rouget (4 min.)
■ Winner Take Steve. Directed by Jared Hess (2 min.)
■ This is It. Directed by Alexander Engel (3 min.)
■ The Wake. Directed by Gemma Lee (7 min.)
■ Before the Making of Sleep Dealer. Directed by Alex Rivera (12 min.)
■ Kiarra’s Escape (scene excerpt) (2 min.)
■ You Got It (multiple scene excerpts).
Naturally, warmest thanks go to the team at Focal Press (Taylor & Francis): Sheni Kruger,
John Makowski, Abigail Stanley, Jonathan Merrett, Emily Boyd, Simon Jacobs, Dennis
McGonagle, Emily McCloskey, Peter Linsley, and of course, the former acquisitions editor
Elinor Actipis, who initiated this entire project.
I am deeply grateful to the filmmakers who generously provided their excellent short films
for analysis and streaming on the book’s companion website: John Daschbach, Huixia Lu,
the Diamond Dogs Phil & Olly, Ramin Bahrani, Didier Rouget, Alexander Engel, Gemma
Lee, Alex Rivera, Jared Hess, and the Wexley School for Girls.
I would also like to thank my colleagues at Hunter College of the City University of New
York for their support, advice, and encouragement, primarily President Jennifer Raab, Jay
Roman, Joel Zuker, Andrew Lund, Ivone Margulies, Joe McElhaney, Shanti Thakur, Michael
Gitlin, Sameh Zoabi, Renato Tonelli, David Pavlosky, Carol Adams, and Peter A. Jackson.
Special acknowledgment goes to my colleagues Kelly Anderson and Martin Lucas, with
whom I worked on the documentary version of this book (Documentary Voice & Vision,
Focal Press, 2016), a process that informed this edition; and Ricardo Miranda who created
the interactive figures for the companion website.
During the writing of this book I have been deeply touched by the way Hunter College
film students eagerly rallied to my aid. To all of those who gave so willingly of their energy,
enthusiasm, and talent, I am grateful: Alana Kakoyianis, George Racz, Emily DiPaola,
Myles Glynn, Ivana Rai evi , Emilio Castro, Dennis Ragone, Nicole Pommerehncke, Ruomi
Lee Hampel, Rommel Genciana, Maya Sheppard, Elvis Maynard, Melissa Hill, Matt Post,
Nikki Hracs, Richard Unapanta, Tristan Allman, Eric Smith, Donna Chin, and Brian Kolb.
And, of course, I must acknowledge the many friends whose tangible and inspira-
tional support is woven throughout the pages of this text, especially Abbas Kiarostami,
Seifollah Samadian, Raymond Cauchetier, Rachel Morrison, Thelma Schoonmaker, Ellen
Kuras, John Inwood, Bill Collage, Pam Katz, Paul Cronin, Timothy Corrigan, Mike Figgis,
Shirin Neshat, Antoin Cox, Christine Vachon, Kim Fuller, Courtney Hunt, Don Harwood,
Heather Rae, Cory McAbee, Becky Glupczynski, Rain Li, Walter Partos, Zachary Sluser,
Michel Khleifi, Dag Bennstrom, Matt Anderson, Clarence Courtney, Claire Luke, Henny
Garfunkel, and Charles Merzbacher, Catherine Riggs-Bergesen, Laurent Tirard, Wes
Simpkins, Pete Abel at Abel CineTech, Jan Crittenden at Panasonic, and Joe Hannigan
at Weston Sound.
Deserving of extra gratitude are cinematographers Ben Silberfarb and Michael Carmine
for their generous assistance with the exposure chapters; Ken Dancyger, for prompting
me to write a book in the first place; and Michael Rabiger who has become a remarkably
perspicacious mentor ever since my collaboration with him on Directing: Film Techniques
and Aesthetics (Focal Press, 2013).
Also, a huge thanks to all of the people who created the online example film excerpts: (You
Got It) Marta Gac, Liz Dorovitsine, Namakula Mu, Don Puglisi, Tom Ashton, Edel Garstad,
xix
xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
George Mantzoutsos, Joanne Marino, Sydney Amanuel, Marion Kennelly, and Mihir
Chitale; and (Kiarra’s Escape) Miles Adgate, Jordan Cooke, Nick Vega, Sharine Mohamed,
Robert Youngren, Jessica Krueger, Victor Varela, and Rick Varela.
The introduction to the second edition, however, seemed a reversal of this concern. Only
a few years after publishing the first edition, digital technologies exploded and became
more powerful and available, and I noticed a trend with emerging filmmakers; they were
becoming so enamored with the technology that the lion’s share of their attention went
into securing 4K cameras, strategizing workflows, and designing cool green screen CGI
effects, while far too little attention was being paid to the foundational storytelling aspects
like writing a solid script, rehearsing actors, or creating expressive lighting and composi-
tions. I had seen more than a few novice filmmakers hire a cinematographer for no other
reason than they happened to have an Arri Alexa camera.
Are these two exhortations incompatible? Are they contradictory? Not at all, and this rep-
resents the steep learning curve for all new filmmakers; you’ve got to do it all. You have to
know your technology and tools, and you must maintain your focus on creative storytell-
ing, expressive image making, and convincing performance.
So how does a beginner absorb all of this—and fast? Practice, lots and lots of practice.
It’s a good thing that exceptional filmmaking tools are neither expensive nor difficult to
acquire, and this makes extensive practice doable. If you are just starting out in your career
as a filmmaker, don’t get bogged down in complex technologies and expensive workflows.
Stay lean. Work simply. Produce much. You can make fantastic films with little more than a
good camera, an off the shelf editing system, and a small cast and crew of eager creative
people—and of course a great script. Producing multiple short films, quickly, will teach you
more about the real world of filmmaking than a film production class, or online forums, or
YouTube tutorials, or even a book on filmmaking . . . oh, wait! Of course, if you have all four
resources working in coordination, then every short film you make as a beginner will rep-
resent a veritable crash course.
So, don’t immediately jump into features or 30-minute films. These can take a very long
time to simply get off the ground. You should be producing, producing, producing. Some
of your movies will be good, others may be not so good—doesn’t matter. Making multiple
short films with a simple workflow will allow you to develop your core storytelling tech-
niques like writing a solid screenplay, visual storytelling, working with actors, controlling
rhythm and tone, and harnessing the storytelling power of editing and sound design. And
while none of these things requires a big budget, complex workflows, grip trucks, or a 4K
DCP, you will nonetheless be gaining a degree of mastery over the tools of cinematic sto-
rytelling. Making many short films quickly will also give you familiarity and confidence with
the filmmaking stages, set-protocol and most importantly, working collaboratively. Then,
as you begin to add more advanced technologies and workflows, and larger crews and
budgets, you’ll still remain in control of the filmmaking process, rather than having the
process control you. You will be able to tell the difference between a cinematographer who
thinks creatively about image making from one who has a lot of awesome gear, but no eye
xxi
xxii INTRODUCTION
for image making or story sensitivity (and there are a lot of those). You’ll gain a clear-eyed
perspective for the relative value between a well written screenplay and a fine actor versus
the latest 8K camera and a D-Cinema workflow. In other words, you will discover who you
are as a filmmaker and you will be equipped to do good work over the long haul, in what-
ever production situation you find yourself in, no matter how technologies and workflows
change in the future.
This little pep talk does not simply apply to directors; it goes for anyone seeking to work
in one of the creative filmmaking roles. A budding cinematographer is better off making
five short films in one year with a DSLR and a basic lighting package, rather than spend-
ing that year hunting down an Arri Amira, attending training workshops to learn how to use
it, researching a technical workflow that includes transcoding proxies and 3D LUTs for it,
finding a reliable DIT, and shooting only one project. Shooting many projects will help you
understand how to become an expressive shooter with any camera, rather than being just
a gearhead, and you will learn about collaboration and how to recognize good directing
and good screenwriting. The same goes for editors, and art directors, and sound design-
ers, and special effects designers, and so on. So get out there and make films, lots of
them, take risks, experiment, try different approaches—find your voice.
I have included trimmed down versions of the previous introductions here in the third edi-
tion because while the technology of filmmaking may have changed dramatically since
2007 (!), the basic principles behind learning and practicing the craft have not. These intro-
ductions are still relevant and instructive, and will give you a good sense for the philosoph-
ical and pedagogical underpinnings of this book. Please do give them a read.
This is not an unusual conversation these days. I have seen countless students labor so
mightily over the mysteries of production formats, transcoding, compression ratios, work-
flows, container formats, and codecs, that the creative dimension (the hard work of craft-
ing a compelling story with convincing characters and expressive images) often takes a
backseat. But they’re not entirely to blame for this tendency. The technology of filmmaking
and film distribution has accelerated rapidly, oftentimes outpacing the end user’s ability
to fully absorb the new paradigms. American video standards are now completely digital
and analog NTSC is a quaint antique. High Definition video has come down in price and
saturated all market levels to the point where HD formats are the new standard. Anything
resembling tape stock, whether in sound recording or video recording, is totally archaic;
sound and picture production is file based and solid state. Elite film camera manufactur-
ers like Aaton, Arriflex, and Panavision have fully entered the digital cinema arena and left
celluloid behind. Additionally, the web, which has become an essential tool for promo-
tion, fund raising, and distribution, requires yet another set of technical skills to success-
fully harness. And if the past five years has shown us anything, it’s that we can expect the
same rate of technological transformation in the next five years—perhaps even greater. So
it’s understandable why a young filmmaker would reel off the technical dimensions of his
project before the story; getting a handle on all of it does constitute an accomplishment
of sorts. But this is exactly why we must be extra vigilant not to let the tail wag the dog.
Filmmakers must dig deep into the core of their creativity to find their true artistic voices,
even while they are digging deep into product spec sheets, user forums, and software
manuals. And this is very possible.
INTRODUCTION xxiii
I believe that this avalanche of technology is actually having an impact in two ways. Some
things are getting trickier, while other things are getting easier. Yes, the constant changes
to workflows, shooting formats, frame rates, scanning options, sensor types, and codecs
can be a veritable technological tar pit. At the same time, however, gorgeous, high-resolu-
tion images of broadcast or theatrical quality, which allow for precise creative control over
lighting and exposures, are now within easy reach for even a novice with very little money.
In the past, it was rare for a student to shoot a 35mm film, even a short one; now I have
many advanced students shooting on the same camera rigs used by commercial directors
like Soderbergh or Fincher, and many more recent graduates are able to embark on feature
films knowing that even midlevel camcorders and off-the-shelf editing software will yield
professional results. Perhaps all this easy and relatively inexpensive access to very high
production values, along with this state of constant technological flux, might just make the
technology less precious and encourage filmmakers to place their best energies into what
will truly distinguish them as visual storytellers—the script, the acting, the images, and the
ideas behind all of it.
So, yes, the technical information in this book is important—these are our tools, this is
how we express ourselves in this technological medium after all—and it is my sincerest
desire that this book give you the fundamental technical information you need to work suc-
cessfully as a filmmaker. I hope that the technical discussion in these pages empowers
you to make films, to make them look the way you want them to look, and to avoid costly
technical detours and errors. But I also hope that this book inspires you artistically and
encourages you to never lose sight of the fact that filmmaking is a creative endeavor. We
tell stories to move people, to make them cry, laugh, shriek, sit on the edge of their seat,
hold their lover a little harder, think about their actions, understand other people better, feel
warmth, joy, fear, or outrage. We do not tell stories to prove to the world that we know how
to use a RED camera shooting 24p at 4K resolution.
The point is that it really doesn’t matter what the equipment is. It really matters who the
artist is, and what their attitude is.
Mike Figgis (From Digital Filmmaking, 2007)
The central principle behind Voice & Vision is the notion that all of the conceptual, tech-
nical, and logistical activity on a film project should serve the filmmaker’s creative vision.
Making a film begins with someone wanting to tell a story, wanting to bring an idea to the
screen for the world to see. The next step then involves gathering together the people,
equipment, and resources to produce the movie. However, it’s quite common these days
to hear people who don’t want to bother themselves with the technical or conceptual fun-
damentals of filmmaking say that “it’s not about tech, it’s not about rules, it’s all about the
story.” That’s a little too facile. The fact is, it’s not enough to just have a story, no matter
how good it is; you have to be able to tell that story well. It’s not simply “all about story,”
it’s all about storytelling, and in this medium storytelling involves actors, a camera, lights,
sound, and editing. To develop your ability to tell a story on film necessarily means under-
standing the basic visual vocabulary of cinema, the process of production, as well as the
function and expressive potential of the tools; like a camera, a light meter, and editing soft-
ware. In a recent filmmaker’s master class, the great director Abbas Kiarostami stressed
xxiv INTRODUCTION
the point that a mediocre idea brilliantly told is preferable to a brilliant idea poorly told. Film
is a complex art form, and in order to make the right decisions and express oneself suc-
cessfully you must be clear about what your ideas are and what you want to say; and you
must gain control of the film language, tools, and production process in order to say just
that. As James Broughton, one of cinema’s great poets, once wrote:
Every film is a voyage into the unknown. . . . It is unwise to embark on the high seas
without knowing a few of the laws of navigation. To have a shipwreck before you have
cleared the port is both messy and embarrassing.
(From Making Light of It, 1992)
Voice & Vision elaborates on all of the essential information and skills necessary to ensure
that the student filmmaker will acquire the technical, logistical, and conceptual authority
needed to “speak in film” with cinematic eloquence and fluency. Think of the book like a
map—it may not predict every wondrous sight or challenge you’ll encounter on your voy-
age, but it’ll get you sailing into open waters.
Film writing and directing cannot be taught, only learned, and each man or woman has
to learn it through his or her own system of self-education.
Alexander Mackendrick (From On Filmmaking, 2004)
The great film director Alexander Mackendrick (The Ladykillers, Sweet Smell of Success)
raises a pertinent issue when he states in his book, On Filmmaking, that you cannot teach
film, but you can learn it. The interesting twist, however, is that Mr. Mackendrick was also
a legendary film teacher at the California Institute of the Arts for 25 years, so he must
have believed that something about film could be taught, or at least conveyed, and that
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Jane istui vanhalle tammipenkille ja katseli ympärilleen. Kirkas
auringonvalo tunki sisään maalattujen ikkunain läpi miedontuen
merenkultaiseksi, purppuraviiruiseksi.
Vihdoin Garth puhui: "En ajatellut itseäni", sanoi hän hitaasti. "En
taida selittää, mitenkä niin on ollutkin, mutta en ole ensinkään
ajatellut itseäni siitä pitäen, kun te olette kokonaan täyttänyt
mieleni. Siksi en ole tarkannutkaan, kuinka vähän minussa on
semmoista, josta te saatoitte välittää. Minä luulin, että te tunsitte
niinkuin minäkin, että me olimme — suorastaan toinen toistamme
varten." Hän ojensi kätensä ikään kuin olisi halunnut koskettaa
Janeen, mutta antoi sen heti raskaasti pudota sivulleen. "Olette
aivan oikeassa", sanoi hän. "Ettehän voi mennä naimisiin kenenkään
kanssa, jota pidätte vain nuorena poikana."
Kahdestoista luku.
LÄÄKÄRIN MÄÄRÄYS.
"Kello kun löi yhtä?" — Siitä oli nyt lähes kolme vuotta, kun kello
oli Shenstonessa lyönyt yhtä yöllä ja Jane oli tehnyt päätöksensä —
päätöksensä, joka ainiaksi karkoitti Garthin hänen luotansa. Tämä ei
ollut iskusta murtunut. Hän kesti sen pystyssä päin ja hänen keveä
astuntansa oli tavallista varmempaa, kun hän meni ulos kirkosta ja
jätti hänet, sanattomana ja malttavana kuunneltuaan hänen
vastauksensa. Jane itse oli yksin jäätyään epätoivoisena vaipunut
polvilleen. Vieläkin häntä värisytti, kun hän muisti, miten hänen
sydäntänsä silloin karmi. Oi, miten olisi mahtanut käydä, jos Garth
olisi palannut, kun hän sietämättömän tuskan ja yksinäisyyden ensi
hetkinä kutsui häntä takaisin? Mutta Garth ei ollut niitä, jotka
norkoilevat oven takana uutta sisäänpääsyä, kun ovi kerran on heiltä
suljettu. Kun hän työnsi hänet luotaan ja Garth huomasi sen olleen
täyttä totta, poistui hän kokonaan hänen elämäntieltänsä. Garth
ennätti asemalle samoihin aikoihin kuin hänkin palasi
päärakennukseen, ja sen koommin he eivät olleet tavanneet
toisiansa. Ilmeisesti piti Garth velvollisuutenansa välttää tapaamista
eikä sitä milloinkaan rikkonut. Kerran tai pari meni Jane kyläilylle
perheisiin, joissa tiesi Garthinkin oleilevan. Tämä sattui aina
matkustamaan pois aamulla, jos hänen oli määrä saapua
aamiaisajaksi, tai jollakin aikaisella iltapäiväjunalla, jos häntä
odotettiin teelle. Garth sovitti ajan aina niin, ettei heille sattunut
minkäänmoisia ikäviä tapaamisia teeskentelyineen asemalla, eikä
heidän myöskään tarvinnut vaihtaa muodollisia tervehdyssanoja
toisen ollessa juuri lähdössä, kun toinen saapui —, muuta ei olisi
tarvittukaan herättämään uinuvaa tuskaa ja ihmisten ihmettelyä.
Häveten Jane ajatteli, että tällaista näyttelemistä hän oli Garth
Dalmainilta odottanutkin. Mutta tämä mies, jonka arvokas
mukautuminen hänen päätökseensä oli hämmästyttänyt häntä,
ihmetytti häntä yhä lujuudellaan, sillä, että hän näin sanaakaan
kysymättä piti päätöstä peruuttamattomana ja pysyi poissa hänen
tieltään. Jane ei tuntenut iskemänsä haavan syvyyttä.
Eivät ihmiset kertaakaan asettaneet hänen tuloansa mihinkään
yhteyteen Garthin lähdön kanssa. Aina oli jokin erinomainen ja vallan
luonnollinen syy hänen pakolliseen lähtöönsä, ja aivan kaihtelematta
hänestä puhuttiin ja häntä kaivattiin. Jane sai kuulla kaikki viimeiset
"Dal-jutut" ja huomasi itsekin joutuneensa ilmapiiriin, jossa vielä oli
tämän kauneutta rakastavan luonteen tuntua. Tavallisesti hänelle
hyvin luottamuksellisesti osoitettiin jotakuta tyttöä — aina seurueen
kauneinta — jonka kanssa varmasti olisi tullut jotakin, jos Dal vain
olisi ollut vielä parikymmentäneljä tuntia hänen seurassaan. Mutta
tytöstä itsestään ei huomannut mitään sydänkipua, hän
silminnähtävästi tunsi vain suurta ystävyyttä, omaksuen kaikki Dalin
mielipiteet taiteesta ja väreistä, ja oli niin luottavan onnellinen, kun
tunsi varmasti olevansa kaunis, suloinen ja viehätysvoimainen. Ei
Dalista milloinkaan jäänyt muistoja, jotka olisivat pahoittaneet sen
naisen mieltä, joka häntä rakasti. Mutta itse hän oli aina tiessään —
auttamattomasti tiessään. Garth Dalmain ei ollut niitä miehiä, jotka
odottavat oven takana, että nainen sisällä pääsisi päätökseen.
"En minä voi, Deryck", vastasi Jane, yhä hiljaa soitellen säveltä.
"En ole moniin kuukausiin laulanut."
Sitä tulikin.
Sitten tohtori otti rakkaan pienen käden, joka oli yhä hänen
olallansa, ja suuteli sitä hellästi Janen ollessa vielä selin heihin. Sillä
tohtorillakin oli menneitä kokemuksia rististä, ja nyt olivat helmet
hänelle hyvin kallisarvoisia.
Niin seurasi Jane määräystä, ja pari vuotta siihen meni. Täällä hän
nyt oli suuren pyramidin huipulla ja oli vielä päällepäätteeksi
kiivennyt sinne ennätysajassa. Hän nauroi, kun ajatteli, miten
kertoisi tästä Deryckille.
SFINKSIN VASTAUS.
Kuutamo erämaassa.
Jane odotti, kunnes koko seurue oli päässyt näkyvistä eikä sen
puhetta eikä nauruakaan enää erottanut. Sitten hän palasi
paikalleen, missä oli tuntenut Garthin olleen niin lähellä häntä. Hän
katsahti vielä kuun valaisemaan sfinksiin ja suureen pyramidiin.
Neljästoista luku.
Janelle oli selvänä, että hänen oli mentävä Garthin luo, mutta hän
tunsi olevansa aivan kykenemätön suunnittelemaan, miten se
tapahtuisi. Asia oli pulmallinen, sen sanoi hänen selvä
ymmärryksensä, vaikka kaipaava syli ja särkevä sydän huusivat: Oi,
Jumalani, eikö se ole aivan yksinkertainen? Sokea ja yksin! Minun
Garthini!
Deryck."
*****
Jane oli pessyt ja puhdistanut itsensä ja oli nyt oikein virkeä, kun
seisoi vaununosastonsa ikkunan edessä junan vieriessä Charing
Crossille.
Näin koko ajan puhellen tohtori raivasi Janelle tietä tungoksen läpi,
avasi siron auton oven, auttoi häntä siihen, istui hänen viereensä, ja
niin he kiitivät vinhasti Strandille ja kääntyivät sieltä Trafalgar
Squarelle.
Tohtori oli ääneti kotvan aikaa, ikään kuin olisi miettinyt tätä
oudostuttavaa tunnustusta. Sitten hän nosti hienon, voimakkaan
käden polveltansa ja kumartui suutelemaan sitä — miehen
kunnianosoitus naisen ylevälle suoruudelle.
Viidestoista luku.
TOHTORI TUTKII.