FAN ENGINEERING

Information and Recommendations for the Engineer FE-400

Protective Coating Guide for Fans

Introduction
The direct cost of corrosion in the U.S.A. is approximately With these points in mind, the corrosion resisting
15 billion dollars annually. The application of special paint or finish can be applied either to the airstream of
finishes for the prevention of corrosion, abrasion and the fan or to the entire fan, both inside and out.
erosion has been the subject of study in the air handling Bearings, motors, and drives are items that are
industry for quite some time. As might be expected, some usually not coated by the fan manufacturer. Shafts are
materials or finishes are more resistant to corrosion than normally coated with a very thin coating of an asphaltum
others, but no finish or coating is completely immune from based paint to prevent corrosion. A light asphaltum
corrosion in all respects. Therefore, protection from coating has been specified for fans but many field
corrosion is of degree only, based upon a variety of problems, such as rusting, were reported. To prevent
choices of base materials and coatings made for any this, a heavy coating of asphaltum must be specified.
particular potential corrosion problem. The data set forth Airstream and all surfaces are commonly specified as
in this document is based on the experience of and requiring corrosion protective coatings. Airstream surfaces
recommendations by the manufacturer of such paints or include the entire impeller, the inside of the housing and
coatings. all surfaces of the inlet cone and ring. All surfaces
include all surfaces inside and outside except the motor,
drives, shaft, and protective guards.
Fan Corrosion Some fans are used in the direct or indirect contact
The rate of corrosion for any application depends to a with food. In these cases, the paint coatings must meet
large extent on the concentrations of fumes, their the requirements of either the FDA or USDA. Due to the
temperature, and the amount of moisture associated with expense of meeting the requirements and the limited
them. These parameters make it extremely difficult to demand, there is a limited number of coatings available.
define the corrosion resistance of any one coating by a Government regulations have limited the amount of
single rating. This is shown in the Corrosion Resistant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in coatings. This has
Guide (Table 4 on pages 6 and 7). Plant engineers with increased the use of high-solids coatings, waterborne
experience in specific applications may be in a better coatings and powder coatings to avoid these regulations.
position to suggest the best coating for their requirements. It also has limited the availability or in some cases has
Refer to them when possible for such advice. obsoleted some coatings. An example of a coating that
The following are seven of the most common reasons used to be used on fans but is now very difficult to get
to apply a protective coating to a fan. is chlorinated rubber.
1. Protection from corrosion by acids and alkalies.
2. Protection from weather elements (rain and UV).
3. Protection from abrasion and physical wear. Surface Preparation
4. Protection against process contamination. For all paints on steel surfaces, fans are phosphatized
5. Provide easy cleanable surface or decontamination. and washed followed by one prime coat and one or
6. Good aesthetics. more finish coats, depending upon the application and
7. Safety (fireproofing, low glare, visibility). its requirement. Phosphating is the formation of a layer
of zinc, iron or manganese phosphate crystals on the
Some restrictions on fans to be coated are deserving surface of the part to be painted. It is used to increase
of mention: corrosion resistance and improve paint adhesion. The
phosphate coating is a transition layer. It is less dense
• Bearings cannot be placed in a corrosive airstream. than most metals but more dense than paint. It has an
• The coating of variable intake vanes and outlet dampers intermediate thermal expansion between paint and metal.
is not recommended since it is almost impossible to The effect is that the phosphate layer can smooth out
properly protect some of their component parts such the thermal expansion differences that would otherwise
as linkages, bearings, etc. exist between the metal and the paint.
Generally, the parts to be coated are treated with a
• Shaft seals of a variety of types are available and phosphating solution, which is sprayed on. Upon curing,
should be used. Special types of seals may be required the paint solidifies and is locked into the phosphate
in some instances. pores. Adhesion is greatly enhanced. The quality of the
• Belt and shaft guards are usually made from light phosphate on a surface is usually expressed in milligrams
gauge material. Steel blasting would distort these parts. per square foot of surface rather than in units of
Therefore, steel blasting (and special coatings requiring thickness.
steel blasting) is not recommended for these parts. The method by which the phosphatizing process
works is as follows: The acid first attacks the metal at
• Belt and shaft guards are usually painted OSHA yellow. the crystalline grain boundaries. The phosphate crystals
• Drains, especially in handling moist atmospheres, are begin to grow along the grain boundary lines. After the
a necessity. grain boundaries are attached, the acid begins to etch
 the grain surfaces and phosphate crystals appear at • lower toxicity
these sites. The resulting mass of phosphate crystals • use equipment similar to solvent spray
spread over the surface and grow into one another. The The primary limitations of waterborne coatings include:
process is controlled by regulating the temperature, • surfaces must be very clean
chemical concentrations, and the rinsing pressure. The • stainless steel or plastic pipe and fittings are
final surface appears smooth to the naked eye. recommended (due to corrosion in application
In some cases, steel, sand or glass bead blasting of equipment)
the parts to be coated is necessary. For the paint to • some formulations must be protected from freezing
adhere, the profile generated by steel blasting is • better control of booth temperatures and humidity
required. The surface profile for most fans coated with may be required
special paint is 1 to 2 mils peak to peak. • longer flash-off times may be needed
The two basic standards to describe surface High solids coatings are usually solvent based and
preparation are the National Association of Corrosion contain greater than normal amounts of pigment and
Engineers Standards (N.A.C.E.) and the Steel Structures binder-usually at least 40% on weight basis. Some
Painting Council (SSPC) “Surface Preparation coatings are 65% solids or higher. The major advantages
Specifications.” Table 1 identifies some of the SSPC of high solids coatings are:
specification. • less paint must be shipped, stored, pumped and
sprayed
Table 1. Surface Preparation Specifications • lower oven air volumes are required
• less paint must be sprayed to provide a given film
Solvent Cleaning (SSPC-SP1) is removal of oil, build
grease, dirt, soil and contaminants by cleaning with • formulations may be less expensive to produce
a solvent, vapor, alkali, emulsion or steam. (NACE- • less energy is needed for solvent evaporation. Savings
N/A) of 20-25% are common
• less solvent is emitted to the atmosphere. This means
Hand Tool Cleaning (SSPC-SP2) is removal of
less difficulty in meeting regulatory requirements
loose rust, loose mill scale and loose paint by
The primary limitations of high solid coatings are:
hand chipping, scraping, sanding and wire
• high viscosity. Paints must often be heated to 200°F
brushing. (NACE-N/A)
to achieve sprayability
Power Tool Cleaning (SSPC-SP3) Removal of • difficulty in pumping and atomizing, especially when
loose rust, loose mill scale and loose paint by cold
power tool chipping, descaling, sanding, wire • cleaning and phosphating quality is usually more
brushing and grinding. (NACE-N/A) important than for conventional paints because there
is less solvent present to “clean as it coats”
White Metal Blast Cleaning (SSPC-SP5) is removal
• sticky overspray which is messy to clean up because
of all visible rust, mill scale and paint and foreign
it never dries
matter by blast cleaning. (NACE-1)
These negatives may actually be beneficial since it
Commercial Blast Cleaning (SSPC-SP6) is blast means that pretreatment must be better than usual.
cleaning until at least two-thirds of each square Thus, corrosion resistance may be improved.
inch is free of all visible residues. (NACE-3)
Powder coating is the application of paint in the form
Pickling (SSPC-SP8) is complete removal of rust of a finely ground powder. The powder adheres weakly
and mill scale by acid pickling, duplex pickling or by means of electrical attraction. After application, the
electrolytic pickling. (NACE-N/A) coated part is heated to melt the powder then cooled
so the melted powder forms a solid film.
Near White Blast Cleaning (SSPC-SP10) is blast
cleaning until at least 95% of each square inch is Powder coating has the following advantages:
free of all visible rust, mill scale, paint and foreign • little waste since overspray can be used
matter. (NACE-2) • no solvent cost or handling problems
• less fire hazard (higher ignition energy than solvent
Selection of Coatings air mixtures)
• less toxicity
Paints can be grouped according to their physical type, • no air or water pollution
such as waterborne, high-solids or powder metal paints. • no liquid mixing or pumping is required
No one paint can meet the requirements of every • no flash-off space is needed
application. The selection process must answer the • less tendency to trap airborne dirt
following questions: • fewer shrinkage stresses developed during cure
a. In what environment will it be used? The major disadvantages of powder coatings are:
b. How long must it last? • powder films have more appearance problems. There
c. How much cost can be tolerated? is more orange peel than conventional coatings
Waterborne coatings are those in which water is the • the powder must be kept dry and this demands
major solvent or dispersant. Numerous resins are used constant attention to equipment and technique
in waterborne systems. Modified epoxies, polyesters, • changing colors is difficult. Each color must be kept
acrylics, alkyds, vinyl acetate-acrylics and styrene- separate
acrylics are available. Both thermoplastic and thermosetting • cleaning before application is very important
formulations (discussed later) are used. Some resin • requires a baking oven
systems cure when heated. Others require the addition • hard to apply in tight areas, i.e., corners, behind
of a crosslinking agent. angles and hidden areas
Paints can also be classified as “thermoplastic” or
The major advantages of waterborne coatings are: “thermosetting.”
• reduced fire hazard
• reduced solvent emission

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FAN ENGINEERING – FE-400
Thermoplastic Chemical Composition of Generic
Thermoplastic is a coating which will dissolve in its own Coatings (Thermosetting)
solvent system. It is usually a single package material Epoxy — Epoxies require a catalyst to bring about the
which dries only by solvent evaporation. crosslinking that gives the coating its many desirable
Thermoplastic coatings are typified by vinyls and properties. The most commonly used catalysts are the
phenoxies. They cure by solvent evaporation and there reactive amines and polyamide resins.
is no crosslinking of the resin. The coating will redissolve
readily in the original solvent system. The term Polyesters — Coatings based not on epoxy resins but
thermoplastic means that if the coating is exposed to on modified alkyd chemistry, formed by the
heat (thermo) then it will become more plastic, i.e., soft polycondensation of dicarboxilic acids and dihyroxy
and pliable. alcohols.
Phenolics — Phenolic resins are made by the reaction
Thermosetting of phenol and formaldehyde. The reaction is driven by
Thermosetting is a coating which will not dissolve in its heat.
own solvent system. It is normally a two component Inorganic Zincs — Zinc dust is added to inorganic
coating which cures by solvent evaporation followed by binders. The Zinc metal acts as the cathode and
a chemical reaction. This chemical reaction of crosslinking corrodes in preference to the steel substrate.
enables a low molecular weight material to become a
large molecule or network of large molecules. Epoxy Phenolics — Coatings are modified phenolic
The following table is the generic classification of coatings created by blending phenolic resins with epoxy
coatings differentiated by their chemical composition: resins.
Polyurethane — Coatings are derived from prepolymers
Table 2. Various Generic Coating Types containing isocyanate groups and hydroxyl-containing
materials such as polyols and drying oils.
Thermoplastic Thermosetting
Alkyds Bake Phenolic Epoxy Polyamides — These coatings have a slower
crosslinking which leads to a more flexible finish.
Vinyls Epoxy-Phenolic
Acrylics Water Base Epoxy Practical Properties & Application
Typical water base Inorganic Zincs Requirements of Various Coatings
house paints Polyurethanes The following description of generic coatings provides a
Polyesters guide to specifying and selecting corrosion resistant
coatings for fan equipment. For chemical resistance to
specific chemicals, refer to Table 3.
ACRYLICS
Advantages: Excellent gloss retention, weathering
resistance, moderate flexibility, high
Here is a quick breakdown of some generic types by temperature resistance.
the thermoplastic or thermosetting definition. Some Disadvantages: Poor chemical resistance, poor solvent
alkyds and acrylics are baked and become thermosetting resistance.
coatings. VINYLS
Advantages: Fast dry in warm weather, excellent
Chemical Composition of Generic water and acid resistance, good adhesion,
Coatings (Thermoplastic) flexible.
Disadvantages: Usually low film builds, can lift other
Acrylics — Acrylic acid, made from acrylonitrile, is coatings, poor solvent resistance.
converted to various acrylates. These and methyl
methacrylate are the raw materials that are polymerized ALKYDS
into acrylic resins. Advantages: Inexpensive, good adhesion, flexible,
good gloss, may be applied over most
Vinyls — Resins are typically made by linking together other alkyds.
(polymerization) of vinyl chloride, a very toxic gas, vinyl Disadvantages: Poor chemical resistance, slow drying,
acetate and vinyl alcohol. These resins are formed by a low film build.
reaction between acetylene and an acid. EPOXY POLYAMIDES
Advantages: Moisture tolerant during cure, long pot
Alkyds — Commonly referred to as oil based paints. life, excellent adhesion.
Chemically, alkyds are modified polyesters. The Disadvantages: Less solvent resistant, more expensive,
modification is the natural oil, used along with the less chemically resistant.
alcohol, to react with a dibasic acid to form the polymer.
The curing mechanism is a reaction between oxygen in POLYESTER
the air and the oil of the polymer. This is a complex Advantages: High solids, excellent mineral acid
reaction and not completely understood. resistance; strong and hard films.
Disadvantages: Poor solvent resistance, marginal
adhesion.
(continued on page 4)

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 INORGANIC ZINCS specification should read that the paint should be “salt
Advantages: Protect steel with single coat, not spray tested to ASTM B117 for 200 hours and have no
subject to ultraviolet degradation. scribe blisters. Maximum creep from the scribe should
Disadvantages: Dry spray in hot windy weather, porous be 1.0 mm creep.”
film to topcoat, limited pH range.
Color matching is both important and difficult; important
EPOXY PHENOLICS because of the customer reaction to mismatched colors
Advantages: Heavy build, excellent acid and solvent and difficult because of human variability in color
resistance. perception. Two panels which appear to be the same
Disadvantages: Requires shotblasting. color to one person may seem dissimilar to someone
else. A color may also change when viewed from
POLYURETHANE
different lighting, fluorescent versus outdoor light, for
Advantages: Excellent weathering, enamel-like finish,
instance. Color chips are used as a general practice in
flexible, damage resistant.
the fan industry to offer matched colors.
Disadvantages: Low film build, expensive, moisture
intolerant, chemical cure, temperature Corrosion Resistant Guide — The use of the information
sensitive. in Table 4 is straightforward. For example, if the
airstream has formic acid at between 15 to 85%
Testing Paints concentration, then air dried phenolic would be
acceptable. The other coatings that require steelblasting
The major reasons for testing paints are to: would also be acceptable but at a higher cost. The
• Evaluate products higher cost would be due to the cost of steelblasting
• Control quality and going to a better grade of epoxy paint. Sometimes
• Ensure process control there is no acceptable coating for the environment or
Paint viscosity is a very important property to control substance being handled and the fan itself must be
since it affects the quality of the applied paint. Viscosity constructed of a corrosion resistant material. For
is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Paint viscosity must instance, if the airstream contains over a 15%
be such that the proper atomization and flow-out can concentration of chromic acid, no coating would be
be achieved. acceptable. In this case, the fan would have to be
There are many instruments to measure viscosity. A constructed of 316 stainless steel.
common method is to use a Zahn cup. Paint viscosity
is determined by measuring the time required for a given
quantity of paint to flow through a hole in the bottom Field Problems
of a metal cup.
Field problems are defects which occur after the fan has
Film thickness of dry paint is important. Thin films will been painted and cured. Typically, they appear after the
not provide corrosion resistance. Thick films are likely to fan has been placed in service by the customer. Some
crack. There is a direct correlation between wet film and service defects occur or are made worse as a result of
dry film. Dry film is usually controlled by measuring the processes used in painting. Some defects listed as
wet film with a gauge with various “V” notches. There service defects are normal wear-out processes for the
are many commercial gauges to measure dry film paint.
thickness.
Fading is the gradual loss of color intensity. It is
Tape adhesion is a test to measure the adhesion of a observed with most paints as they age. It usually results
paint film to its substrate. It is often measured by pulling from a reaction of the paint with moisture or sunlight.
the paint away from a scribed “X” or grid with a strip These reactions are impossible to avoid if outdoor
of tape. The tape is pulled back upon itself as nearly in exposure is involved. Sometimes ultraviolet (UV)
the plane of the painted surface as possible. A numerical stabilizers can be added to the paint to retard
rating system is used to evaluate the tape adhesion test degradation but generally UV-resistant pigments must be
results. If a scribed grid has been used, the failure of used to slow down the process. Some pigments have
adhesion may be expressed as the percentage of such a low UV-resistance that they cannot be used in
squares which have experienced some loss of paint. outdoor paints.
Salt spray testing is the use of a salt spray system in Face and Scratch Rusting. Face rusting is the
an attempt to accelerate the corrosion process and appearance of rust on an undamaged paint surface.
cause early paint failure. Panels are usually exposed up Scratch rust occurs in locations where the paint has
to 14 days to a mist of 5 percent (weight-to-volume) been damaged by impact or scratching. To prevent
sodium chloride solution at 92° to 97°F. The mist is rusting, constant attention to process parameters is
produced by blowing hot, saturated air through a 5 essential. Rinsing is particularly critical to ensuring rust
percent salt solution. The panels are evaluated for two resistance. During shipping and the installation process
types of rusting: it is important to consider the nature of the coating and
handle the fan accordingly to prevent scratching and
1. Face Rusting — The percentage of the surface which
impact damage.
has rust visible through the paint.
Corrosion (Rusting). Corrosion is a defect in which the
2. Scratch-Creepback Rusting — the distance in 32nds
paint has failed to protect the underlying surface from
of an inch which has rusted away from a line
the corrosive action of the environment. Moisture from
scratched through the film to the metal.
the air reacts with the base material, generally with the
Sometimes acetic acid is added to the salt spray formation of the oxides, which then swells up beneath
solution to accelerate the corrosion. A common problem the paint and lifts it from the coated surface. Corrosion
has been that customers have asked if the paint is salt usually occurs if the exposure conditions are more
spray tested to an ASTM standard. The problem with severe than the paint can withstand. Assuming the paint
this is that the ASTM standard does not have has been properly applied, the only solution is to use a
acceptance/rejectance limits. As an example, the more corrosion resistant coating. Corrosion is more likely

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FAN ENGINEERING – FE-400
to occur if the paint is applied too thinly or if it is
overbaked or underbaked. Poorly cleaned or rinsed
Cost
surfaces will result in low adhesion and make it easier After selecting the proper coating for a fan the final
for moisture to displace the paint film from the surface consideration is its cost. The cost of coatings varies
being protected. greatly from thermoplastic to thermosetting coatings and
with the surface preparation that is required. The
Peeling (Lifting, Flaking, Poor Adhesion). Peeling results following chart is a guideline of the relative cost
when a paint film loses contact with the surface. (compared to enamel) of the coatings that have been
Sometimes the paint curls off the surface or can be mentioned in this document.
peeled by hand. Other times it falls off in small pieces
with or without rubbing. The major cause of this problem
is simply poor adhesion between the paint film and the
surface. This may be a result of a surface contaminated Table 3. Relative Coating Costs
by oil or grease-like material. The solution is to look at
the cleaning process or for contaminants which have Surface Relative
Coating
coated the surface before painting. Common difficulties Preparation Cost
with the cleaning systems include temperatures, Enamel  1.0
pressures, and times that are too low, inadequate Asphaltum  2.5
rinsing, and concentrations which are too high or low.
No Vinyl  2.5
Clean surfaces may become contaminated in a variety
of ways. Touching the surface with oily hands or gloves Blasting Zinc (some require
can contaminate it. Allowing the fan to wait a long time blasting)  3.5
between cleaning and painting can allow contamination Epoxy  3.5
from the air to accumulate and cause problems. Synthetic Resin  3.5
Blisters (Swelling). Blisters are tiny areas beneath the Air Dried Phenolic  6.5
paint film where moisture has collected as a result of Baked Phenolic 18.5
passage through the paint film from the top. Usually Epoxy 19.0
such areas represent locations on the surface where salt
crystals occur as a result of poor rinsing after Blasting Phenolic Epoxy 19.0
phosphating or other cleaning operations. Salt crystals Heavy Vinyl 21.0
dissolve in the water and then pass through the paint Hi-Bake Epoxy 26.0
film and form droplets of salt solution. This solution can
produce enough pressure beneath the paint film to
cause it to lift away from the surface. Blisters are usually
a result of poor cleaning and rinsing processes. The
solution is to be sure that the cleaner concentrations
and temperatures are correct, pump pressures are up to
standard, filters are clean, and spray nozzles are
unobstructed. This way the parts receive adequate
cleaning solution and rinse water during all stages of the
preparation process.
Chalking. Chalking is a breakdown of the paint film.
Chemically, it results from the degradation of the paint
binder, usually as a result of exposure to moisture and
ultraviolet radiation. Chalked paint can be rubbed off the
surface with finger pressure. Chalking is an inherent
property of a paint film. It is not particularly influenced
by application variables.
Normal Paint Wear Out. The normal deterioration of a
paint film is a step-wise process which involves binder
degradation, pigment failure and finally, large scale
cracking and peeling. The binder degrades by reaction
with water, sulfur dioxide, and other chemicals. The
binder breakdown products work loose from the surface
by thermal expansion and contraction. Pigment failure
follows binder degradation. Once exposed as a result of
binder loss, the pigment begins to fail by reaction with
moisture and gases in the air. Large scale cracking and
peeling follow pigment failure because moisture is now
easily able to penetrate the paint film through cracks
and openings under the paint.

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 Table 4. Corrosion-Resistant Guide to Generic Coatings
NO STEEL BLASTING STEEL BLASTING
AIR
CORROSIVE ASPHALT- SYNTHETIC HEAVY BAKED PHENOLIC HI-BAKED
VINYL ZINC EPOXY DRIED EPOXY
UM RESIN VINYL PHENOLIC EPOXY EPOXY
PHENOLIC

NUMBER OF COATS 2 2 2 1 4 3 5 2 2 2 2

ACIDS

ASCETIC F F U G G E G G E E E

BORIC E G E G G E E E E E E

CARBOLIC F U U G G U U G E E E

CARBONIC F G E E G E E E E E E

CHROMIC F G U F U G G U F U G

CITRIC G G U G G G E G E E E

FLUOROBIC X G U X G X E X X X X

FORMIC F G X G E G E E E E E

HYDROBROMIC X X U X U G E X U X U

HYDROCHLORIC G G U G G E E G E G E

HYDROFLOURIC F F X G U U F G U E E

HYDROCHLOROUS F X X F X E F F F G G

LACTIC F G U G E E G E E E E

NITRIC F G U G G E G F F X X

PERCHLORIC U F U F F U E U G U G

PHOSPHORIC F G U G G E E G E E E

PICRIC F X X U X E F X X X X

SULFURIC ACID F F U G G G U U E G G

SULFUROUS ACID X G U G G G U G E E E

HYDROCARBONS

BENZENE U F E G G U E E E E E

BUTANE X X X X G E G X E X X

GASOLINE U G E G G E G E E E E

XYLOL / TOLUOL G U G G U U U E E E G

GASES AND FUMES

STEAM VAPOR (SATURATED) G G X G U E X E E E E

AMMONIA GAS (DRY) G F X X U E E G U G X

AMMONIA (WET) X X X F U X X X U X X
CHLORINE (DRY) G G X G G E E G E E E

HYDROGEN SULFIDE G G U G G G E E E E E

SULFUR DIOXIDE X X U X G G U U E U U

KEY: E — Satisfactory from 15%-85% (depending upon coating) of concentration of fumes and for continuous operation.
Also suitable for splash or condensation.
G — Good for up to 5%-15% concentration of fumes. Not recommended for applications involving splash or condensation.
F — Fair. Recommended for low (maximum 5%) concentration application.
Should not be specified unless detail application is available.
U — Unsatisfactory and is not recommended.
X — Sufficient data not available. User comments would be appreciated.

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FAN ENGINEERING – FE-400
Table 4 (continued). Corrosion-Resistant Guide to Generic Coatings
NO STEEL BLASTING STEEL BLASTING
AIR
CORROSIVE ASPHALT- SYNTHETIC HEAVY BAKED PHENOLIC HI-BAKED
VINYL ZINC EPOXY DRIED EPOXY
UM RESIN VINYL PHENOLIC EPOXY EPOXY
PHENOLIC

NUMBER OF COATS 2 2 2 1 4 3 5 2 2 2 2

ACID SALTS, NEUTRAL SALTS, ALKALINE SALTS, ALKALIES, ETC.

ALUMINUM CHLORIDE G G X G G E E E E E E

ALUMINUM NITRATE F F X X F E X X G F X

ALUMINUM SULPHATE G G E G G E E E E E E

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE F G G G G G E G F U E

AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE E G G G U E E F E U E

AMMONIUM NITRATE E E E E G X E E G G E

AMMONIUM SULFATE G G G G F E E G E G E

BRINE X X X G G E X G E E E

BROMINE U U U X U X X U U U U

CALCIUM CHLORIDE E E G F G E E E E G E

CALCIUM CARBONATE E E X E G E E E E E E

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE E E G E E E E E E E E

CALCIUM DISULPHIDE F G E G G U U E E E E

COPPER SUPHATE G G E G E E E E E E E

FERRIC CHLORIDE G G E G E E E E E E E

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE F F X G U G U U U U G

POTASSIUM CYANIDE X X X X G X E X E X X

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE E E U G F E E U U U G

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE G F E F G X E G E E E

SODIUM BICARBONATE E E X G E E E E E G E

SODIUM CHLORIDE E E E E E E E E E E E

SODIUM DICHROMATE E X E X U X X X F X X

SODIUM HYDROXIDE F G G G U G E G U U G

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE F F U F U G U U U U G

ZINC CHLORIDE X X X X G E G X G X X

ZINC SULFATE G X U G G E U E E E E

MISCELLANEOUS

ABRASION U U G U G G G G G G G
FORMALDEHYDE F G E G G X G E E E E

MOISTURE E E E E E E E E E E E

SALT SPRAY E E E E G E E E E E E

ACETONE U U E G G U U G E E E

ALCOHOL F F E G G E E E E E E

METHYL ETHYL KETONE F U E G G U U U E G G

MINERAL OILS E E X E F U G G E G X

POLYVINYL ACETATE X X X E U X X X G X X

TRI CHLORETHYLENE X U U G G U U U E U U

KEY: E — Satisfactory from 15%-85% (depending upon coating) of concentration of fumes and for continuous operation.
Also suitable for splash or condensation.
G — Good for up to 5%-15% concentration of fumes. Not recommended for applications involving splash or condensation.
F — Fair. Recommended for low (maximum 5%) concentration application.
Should not be specified unless detail application is available.
U — Unsatisfactory and is not recommended.
X — Sufficient data not available. User comments would be appreciated.

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