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SeeAssignment 2

Submitted by Iqra Hyder

Submitted to Farhat Shahab Raza

Student ID 0000901261

Course Human development and learning

Course code 8610

Semester Autumn 2024

Level B.Ed ( Special Education 1.5 years)

Unit 5-9
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Q. 1 What is emotional development? Discuss the different

aspects of social emotional development.
Answer Emotional development is a process by which a person
learns to identify and control his emotions and those of others.
PAN AND ZHANG explained that Emotional development,

encompasses emotional Recognition, expression and regulation

is closely linked to cognitive and social development. The
process through which children learn to understand and manage
their emotions, build relationship and develop social skills is called
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social emotional development. The development is influenced by

different factors like : Family, school and community environment.
It play a vital role in total well being and success in life.
💧💧💧Key aspects 💧💧💧
 Emotional awareness To recognize and understand one’s
and others emotions.
 Emotional regulation Learning to express owns
emotions in a positive manner.
 Social skills To develop skills like empathy, cooperation,
and communication to Interact with others.
 Self concept develop a sense of identifying and self worth.
 Relationship building Establish and maintain relationship
with family and others.
Social emotional development takes place during early childhood
kids experience temper, mood swings and expanding social
world. They must learn more about their and others emotions.
Positive and healthy social emotional development in early
childhood helps set the stage for life of healthy relationship.
Different aspects of social emotional development
1. Emotional Awareness:
This is all about being able to recognize and name your own
feelings. It means figuring out how emotions like anger, sadness,
happiness, or fear show up and being able to express them the
right way.
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 Emotional Regulation:
This is about handling your feelings in a good way. It includes
techniques for keeping your emotions in check, like calming down
when you’re frustrated or using positive thoughts when you’re
anxious. It’s super important for keeping relationships strong and
dealing with tough situations.

2. Empathy:
Empathy means understanding and sharing other people’s
feelings. It’s really important for building and keeping close
relationships. When you have empathy, you can meet others’
emotional needs and connect with them based on understanding
and care.

3. Social Skills:
These are the abilities you need to get along with others, like
talking, resolving conflicts, and cooperating. Social skills help you
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interact with peers, make friends, work in groups, and handle

tricky social situations.

4. Self-Concept and Identity:

A big part of emotional growth is knowing yourself, which includes
how you see your worth and self-esteem. As you grow, you get a
better idea of who you are, what you value, and how you fit into
the social scene.

5. Attachment:
When it comes to emotional development, how you bond with
caregivers really matters. A secure attachment gives you a solid
base for healthy emotional and social growth. Kids with secure
attachments usually build good relationships and manage their
emotions better.

6. Moral Development:
This is about developing your values and understanding right from
wrong. Social-emotional development includes learning how to
make moral choices and seeing how your actions affect others
emotionally.

7. Resilience:Resilience is all about bouncing back from tough

times, trauma, or stress. It’s about having emotional strength
and flexibility, which helps you deal with difficult situations by
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leaning on your social network and using emotional coping

strategies.

8. Social Understanding:
As you grow, you start to get a handle on social norms, roles, and
what’s expected. You learn how to read group dynamics, pick up
on non-verbal cues, and act appropriately in different social
situations.
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Q. 2 Briefly write the different moral characteristics of school going children.

Answer Moral values are defined as guidelines that assist a person

to decide that what is right and what is wrong. Moral values
development is a important process that should begin in early
childhood. Moral values can guide them to right path that helps
them to build a good personality of strong character. From an
early age it is important to tell good moral values and upright
moral compass in every child or students. Family and schools
play a significant role in guiding, supporting and holding hands to
right moral values to children. That’s the key to making the world
and society we live in a better place.
Here are some essential moral values that build character
and positive behavior in students:
 Respect Respect is a vital moral value that children have to
learn in early age. They must know to respect all people
regardless of their age, gender, religion, nationality, beliefs,
race, point of view. Parents and teacher should set an
example that show them that you respect every person
besides what their religion is, what the family they belong to.
You must teach them that their success id not based on
others failure.
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 Honesty “Honestly is the best policy” Children are taught

in schools in books, but teachers should show them in
practical life. Teach students to always accept their mistakes
with honesty rather than lie to hide them.

 Compassion Compassion is an act of love, kindness for

others, parents and teachers should teach tye compassion
to students from an early age.
 Hardwork Students will be far happier in working hard
towards their goals as adults if we teach them to perceive
hard work as an opportunity rather than a barrier.
 Kindness Teach students “Do good without expecting
good in return “ be kind to children they will do the same to
others.
 Gratitude teach your students/children that be content and
happy with what you have. Gratitude is willingness to
express appreciation for what you have.
 Sharing Sharing is caring. Students must understand that
necessity of sharing with those who are in need is caring.
Encourage child to share toys, books, stationary even lunch
box to their classmates, siblings, cousins.
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 Cooperation The first step towards cooperation is to

collaborate at home. A family should practice collaboration
by doing house chores together and listen one another’s
Difficulties. These small things encourage child to think in
terms on “us” instead of me.
 Responsibility Setting an example for your child is the
greatest method of teaching him act if responsibility. Wash
your dishes yourself, keep everything on its place, spend
time with family. Students and children can learn and
perform little duties like changing uniform, do their home
work on time.
 Generosity Teach the children to lend a helping hand to
those in need in and outside of the classroom. Generosity is
very important in developing a nice and socially responsible
person.
⚡⚡Moral values /characteristics are the foundation of your
kids. Shaping their moral values results in becoming a strong and
responsible individual its important to get your kids on the right
path is to start early. The first step towards ensuring your child’s
sense of right and wrong begins with selection a school that with
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not only give knowledge to your child but also transfer good moral
values to the students in young age.
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Q. 3 What is language? What is language development?

Answer Language is defined as communication system that
involves sounds, written characters used by individual to convey
thoughts, emotions.
Components of language
 Phonology Examination of speech.
 Semantics The analysis of meaning of words and
sentences.
 Syntax The principles to arrange sentence.
 Pragmatic Exploration of how language is used in different
context.
Forms of language
 Acquisition Huma learn language through social interaction,
specially during early developmental stages.
 Linguistics The systematic study of language is call
linguistics.
💧💧💧Language development 💧💧💧
It is a process in which individuals particularly children learn to
understand and use language.
It begins even before birth with infants recognizing the pitch of
their mother’s voice and continues throughout childhood as they
continuously progresses from gesture to forming words and
sentences.
These key aspects if language development shape a child growth
:The progression from auditory recognition to verbal expression,
fge role of language in fostering cognitive and emotional
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understanding and its significance fir literary and interpersonal

relationship.
➡️Language develops from auditory recognition to verbal
expression, supporting early communication and academic
success.
➡️Language is integral to cognitive and emotional growth,
enabling problem-solving, learning, and emotional
expression.
➡️Language lays the foundation for literacy and relationships,
fostering reading skills and meaningful interpersonal
connections.
From birth to age 5 infants quickly develop telegraphic speech.
The rate and age at which a child posses each spoken language
milestone varies considerably. That’s why a child’s spoken
language skill development should be compared to norms nit
other children. Girls can acquire language more quickly than
boys. Language is a fundamental indication of brain development.
After age 5 speech skill become more difficult and it indicates the
language disorders.
Child begin learning language skills by speaking single word
before combining them inti two mini sentences and three word
phrases.
🔹What are the stages of language development🔹
Language development milestone is a significant tool for
monitoring children language development. Every child learn at
their own speed but missing a milestone may be a Early warning
that your child may have a disorder.
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➡️Milestone for language and child development for infants

aged 0-2 years: They respond to speech sound by actively
listening
and express emotions by cooing, gurgling, smiling, and weeping.
Cognitively the child begin exploratory play by mouthing and
touching things wil observe the eyes and mouth of listeners.
4 to 6 months : child listen your voice and other noises
attentively. Respond to his own name, cognitively child start to
play, examine things and reach out to pick up fallen objects.
7 to 12 months: child recognize family members attend to music.
Respond to others like visual signals (bye,bye) , by 12 months the
child may be able to say 3 to 4 words. Understand simple
commands. Cognitively the child will play trial and error to achieve
goal.
13 to 18 months
Around 15 specific words are produced. Long term consistency in
simple sentence. Cognitively child deliver a toy when requested,
investigate surroundings seek attention.
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19 to 24 months
Child pulls a person to show something. Use incomplete sentence
like want water, car go.
By 24 months child may be able to utter 200 to 300 words. Able to
speak complicated sentence. Infants cognitive development
continues to mature.
🔹When considering theorists and theories of speech development
B.F skinner, Noam Chomsky, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky
are among the theorists who have made significant contributions
to spoken language development.
1🔹 BF Skinner He was an American psychologist. He thought
that behavior are acquired by reinforcement. According to him
Learning is a conditioning process in an environment of
stimulation, reward and punishment
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2➡️ Noam Chomsky He is known for his contributions to

cognitive science, psychology and linguistics. He thinks Children
learn spoken language naturally in the absence of formal
language children would build their own system of
communication.
3➡️ Jean Piaget He is notable for his theory of cognitive
development. He said A child must grasp a topic before learning
its verbal form. Piaget felt that infants must first grow intellectually
before they can acquire a full grasp of spoken world.
4➡️ Vygotsky The Theory of language development proposed by
LEV Vygotsky centered on social learning and zone of proximal
growth. ZPG is a degree of development attained when infant
participates l in social interaction with others. It represent the gap
between a child learning potential and actual learning.
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Q.4 Define learning. Explain general characteristics of

learning.
Answer In psychology learning is the application of daily human
process enhanced by past experiences human and cognitive
environmental and emotional factors. Learning is a permanent
change in behavior from practice pof past experience. Therefore it
can be positive and negative. It is important in motivation,
activation of previous gained knowledge and evaluation.

➡️General characteristics of Learning:

1. 💧Change in Behavior or Knowledge: Learning leads to a

significant transformation, which can appear as a
modification in behavior, knowledge, or comprehension. This
transformation signifies the absorption of new information or
abilities.

2. 💧Relatively Permanent: The alterations resulting from

learning are generally enduring, although certain types of
learning (such as skills) may necessitate practice to sustain.

3. 💧Experience-Based: Learning usually occurs as a

consequence of experience, whether through hands-on
practice, observation, or study. It involves engaging with the
surroundings and interpreting those experiences.
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4. 💧Active Process: Learning is an engaging endeavor in

which the individual actively interacts with the material,
environment, or tasks to comprehend and integrate new
information.

5. 💧Occurs at Different Rates: Individuals learn at varying

paces, with speed influenced by factors like age, existing
knowledge, motivation, and the complexity of the content.

6. 💧Influenced by Motivation: Motivation significantly impacts

the learning journey. Individuals are more inclined to learn
efficiently when they are driven and interested in the topic.
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7. 💧Generalization and Transfer: Learning is not limited to a

specific scenario or context. It can often be applied to other,
comparable situations, and skills or knowledge acquired in
one context may sometimes be utilized in another.

8. 💧Cumulative: Learning is a cumulative process, where new

information builds upon previously acquired knowledge or
skills, creating a continuous cycle of advancement and
growth.
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Q.5 Discuss the nature of individual differences. Also

explain different areas of individual differences with
reference to school going children.
Answer Individual differences
Individual differences stand for those differences which in their
totality distinguish one individual from another.
According to Borich & Tombari (1997), “Individual differences
are the variations we observe among members of any group
in a particular characteristic, such as temperament, energy
level, friendship patterns and parent-child attachment.”
“Individual differences stand for the variations or deviations
among individuals in regard to a single characteristic or a
number of characteristics.” – Carter B. Good
“The child must know that he is a miracle, that since the
beginning of the world there hasn’t been, and until the end of
the world there will not be, another child like him.” – Pablo
Casals

Individual Differences Among School-Aged Children

🌎Cognitive Abilities: Differences in intelligence, memory,
problem-solving capabilities, and learning preferences affect how
children absorb information and gain knowledge.
🌎Personality Traits: Variations in temperament, sociability,
emotional control, and resilience shape how children engage with
their peers, teachers, and the educational setting.
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🌎Motivation and Interest: Disparities in intrinsic motivation,

personal interests, and goal orientation impact children’s
involvement in academic pursuits and extracurricular
engagements.
🌎Social and Emotional Development: Diverse social skills,
empathy levels, and emotional regulation capacities influence
children’s relationships with peers and adults, as well as their
overall mental health.
🌎Physical Development: Differences in physical growth, motor
abilities, and sensory processing skills can influence children’s
involvement in physical education and sports activities.
🌎Learning disabilities and special needs encompass various
neurodevelopmental conditions, such as dyslexia and ADHD,
which necessitate customized educational assistance to tackle
unique learning obstacles.
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🌎 Recognizing and adjusting for these individual differences is

essential for teachers to foster inclusive learning spaces and offer
personalized support that enhances each child’s potential
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8610 reference
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296669358_Emotio
nal_Development
https://www.invictus.edu.kh/news/10-important-moral-values-
for-students
https://www.structural-learning.com/post/language-
development
https://www.studocu.com/row/messages/question/11524918/
discuss-the-nature-of-individual-differences-also-explain-
different-areas-of-individual-differences
And books.