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Cell Division and Differentiation

The document discusses cell division and differentiation, defining a cell as the smallest unit of life responsible for all life processes. It explains the stages of the cell cycle, particularly mitosis, which produces genetically identical daughter cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Additionally, it covers how cells differentiate into specialized types during embryonic development, controlled by gene expression.

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9 views

Cell Division and Differentiation

The document discusses cell division and differentiation, defining a cell as the smallest unit of life responsible for all life processes. It explains the stages of the cell cycle, particularly mitosis, which produces genetically identical daughter cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Additionally, it covers how cells differentiate into specialized types during embryonic development, controlled by gene expression.

Uploaded by

eiphyusinko85
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 1

CHAPTER 1: LIFE PROCESSES


CELL DIVISION AND DIFFERENTIATION
What is cell???

“A CELL IS DEFINED AS THE SMALLEST, BASIC UNIT OF

LIFE THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL OF LIFE’S

PROCESSES.”
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION

• Multicellular organisms like animals and plants begin life as a single


fertilised egg cell, called a zygote.

• This divides into two cells, then four, then eight and so on, until the adult
body contains countless millions of cells .KEY POINT
THE CELL CYCLE

Interphase
1.G1
2. S
3. G2
INTERPHASE
CELL DIVISION
CHROMOSOME
CHROMOSOME
CHROMOSOME
CHROMOSOME

DNA Replication
CHROMOSOME
DNA Replication
MITOSIS
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS
TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Two daughter cells


INTERPHASE
MITOSIS
CELL DIVISION
• Mitosis -under the control of the genes.

• First of all ,the chromosomes in the nucleus are copied, then the
nucleus splits into two, so that the genetic information is shared
equally between the two ‘daughter’ cells.

• The cytoplasm then divides (or in plant cells a new cell wall
develops) forming two smaller cells- take in food substances to
supply energy and building materials to be full size.

• The process is repeated.


46
chromatid

DNA replication

Chromosome: two sister chromatids


Cell division by Mitosis

Genetically identical
• Same chromosome type
• Same chromosome number
CELL DIVISION BY MITOSIS
• Mitosis produces daughter cells that are genetically identical and
have the same number of chromosome as the parent cell.

• Mitosis is important for the following processes:

A. Growth: in animals, this happens all over the body, in plants, it


happens in special growing areas such as the tips of stems and
roots

B. Repair of wounds: damaged tissues and wounds

C. Replacement of cells that wear out and die, such as red blood
cells which only live for a short time

D. Asexual reproduction: this occurs in fungi and in plants ,but is rare


in the animal kingdom.
• all the cells of the body have the same genes.
• For cells to function differently, they must
produce different proteins, and different genes
code for the production of these different
proteins.
• How is it that some genes are ‘switched on’ and
others are ‘switched off’ to produce different
cells?
CELL DIFFERENTIATION

• As the developing embryo grows, cells become


specialized to carry out particular roles.

• This specialization is also under the control of the genes,


and is called differentiation.

• Different kinds of cells develop depending on where they


are located in the embryo, for example a nerve cell in the
spinal cord, or an epidermal cell in the outer layer of the
skin.
Bone cell
Name of cell: …………………………………………

Adaptations …………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

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