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This includes the following Grammar topics as essential for

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- Mind Faces ©️

1. Tenses
2. Non-finite Verbs
3. Clauses
4. Types of sentences
5. Synthesis of sentences
6. Modal Auxiliaries
7. Articles
8. Direct – Indirect speech
9. Prepositions

10. Active – Passive voice

11. Degrees of comparison
12. Transformation of sentences & Activities based on
transformations and corrections of errors
13. Use of too’ and ‘enough’
14. Framing ‘wh’ question & Change part of speech of the
word in sentence
15. Use of ‘as well as’, ‘either -or, not only – but also’
16. Grammar topics useful for correction of the errors

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1. Types of Sentences

Sentences are categorized based on their structure and purpose. Here's a detailed
explanation of each type:

a) Assertive or Declarative Sentence:

These sentences make a statement or express a fact, idea, or opinion.

• Structure: Subject + Verb + Object

• Example: The sun rises in the east.
o The subject "The sun" is followed by the verb "rises," and "in the
east" is the object.

b) Interrogative Sentence:
These sentences ask questions and end with a question mark.

• Structure: Wh-word/ Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object

• Example: Are you coming to the party?
o "Are" is the auxiliary verb, "you" is the subject, and "coming to the
party" is the main action.

c) Imperative Sentence:
These sentences give commands, requests, or instructions. They can either be
affirmative or negative.

• Structure: Base Verb (sometimes Subject is implied)

• Example: Please close the door.
o The verb "close" is used in the base form, with the subject (you)
being implied.

d) Exclamatory Sentence:
These sentences express strong feelings or emotions, often beginning with
"What" or "How."

• Structure: What/How + Adjective/Adverb + Noun + Verb

• Example: What a beautiful painting!
o This expresses awe at the painting's beauty.

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2. Synthesis of Sentences

Synthesis is the process of combining two or more simple sentences into a

single, more complex one.

a) Using Conjunctions (Coordinating or Subordinating):

• Coordinating Conjunctions link words or phrases of equal rank (for,

and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
o Example: I wanted to go to the park, but it started raining.
o "But" connects two independent clauses.
• Subordinating Conjunctions link an independent clause to a dependent
clause (because, although, since, if, when).
o Example: She went to bed early because she was tired.
o "Because" links the dependent clause "she was tired" to the
independent clause "She went to bed early."

b) Using Participles: Participles are used to join sentences with actions in a

more concise way.

• Example: Having finished my homework, I went out to play.

o "Having finished" is a past participle that helps combine two
actions into one.

c) Using Relative Clauses: Relative pronouns like "who," "which," "whom,"

and "that" help combine sentences.

• Example: The teacher who is wearing a red shirt is my aunt.

o "Who is wearing a red shirt" is a relative clause modifying "The
teacher."

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3. Modal Auxiliaries

Modal auxiliaries are verbs that help express ability, necessity, permission, or
possibility. They do not change form for tense or subject.

Common Modal Verbs and Their Uses:

• Can: Expresses ability or permission.

o Example (Ability): She can swim well.
o Example (Permission): Can I borrow your book?
• Could: Indicates past ability, polite requests, or possibility.
o Example (Past Ability): When I was young, I could run faster.
o Example (Request): Could you please help me with my
homework?
• May: Expresses permission or possibility.
o Example (Permission): May I leave early today?
o Example (Possibility): It may rain later.
• Might: Indicates a slight possibility or suggestion.
o Example: I might go to the party if I finish my work.
• Must: Indicates necessity, obligation, or strong recommendation.
o Example (Necessity): You must complete your homework before
going out.
o Example (Recommendation): You must try the new restaurant.
• Shall: Used for future actions, especially in formal contexts.
o Example: I shall return soon.
• Should: Expresses advice, obligation, or expectation.
o Example (Advice): You should drink more water.
o Example (Expectation): The train should arrive at 10 AM.
• Will: Indicates future actions or willingness.
o Example (Future Action): I will call you tomorrow.
o Example (Willingness): I will help you with your project.

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4. Articles

Articles help define nouns as specific or non-specific.

a) Definite Article (The):

• Refers to a specific object or person known to both the speaker and

listener.
o Example: The book on the table is mine.
o "The" refers to a particular book that is known to both parties.

b) Indefinite Articles (A, An):

• Refers to non-specific or general objects or persons.

o Example (A): I saw a dog in the park.
▪ "A" refers to any dog, not a specific one.
o Example (An): She ate an apple for lunch.
▪ "An" is used because "apple" begins with a vowel sound.

5. Tenses

Tenses describe when an action occurs, whether in the past, present, or future.

Present Tense:

• Simple Present: Habitual actions, facts, general truths.

o Example: She studies every day.
• Present Continuous: Actions happening at the moment of speaking.
o Example: She is studying now.
• Present Perfect: Actions that started in the past and are relevant to the
present.
o Example: She has finished her homework.

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• Present Perfect Continuous: Actions that began in the past and are still
continuing.
o Example: She has been studying for two hours.

Past Tense:

• Simple Past: Actions completed in the past.

o Example: I visited London last summer.
• Past Continuous: Actions that were happening at a specific time in the
past.
o Example: I was reading when the phone rang.
• Past Perfect: Actions that were completed before another past action.
o Example: She had finished the report before the meeting started.
• Past Perfect Continuous: Actions that were ongoing in the past until a
specific time.
o Example: She had been working for two hours when I arrived.

Future Tense:

• Simple Future: Actions that will happen in the future.

o Example: I will travel to Paris next month.
• Future Continuous: Ongoing actions that will occur in the future.
o Example: I will be studying at 8 PM tomorrow.
• Future Perfect: Actions that will be completed before a specific future
time.
o Example: By this time next year, I will have graduated.
• Future Perfect Continuous: Ongoing actions that will have been
happening for a certain period before a future time.
o Example: By 2026, I will have been working here for 10 years.

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6. Non-finite Verbs

Non-finite verbs do not change according to the subject or tense. They include
infinitives, gerunds, and participles.

a) Infinitives: The base form of a verb preceded by "to."

• Example: She wants to leave.

o "To leave" is the infinitive verb.

b) Gerunds: The "-ing" form of a verb that functions as a noun.

• Example: Reading books is fun.

o "Reading" is a gerund acting as the subject.

c) Participles: Verb forms used as adjectives.

• Example: The broken window needs repair.

o "Broken" is the past participle used to describe "window."

7. Clauses

A clause is a group of words with both a subject and a verb.

a) Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a sentence.

• Example: She went to the market.

b) Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone and needs an independent clause to

complete the meaning.

• Example: Because she was tired,

o The clause "Because she was tired" requires a main clause to form
a complete sentence, like she went to bed early.

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8. Direct - Indirect Speech

Direct speech quotes the exact words of the speaker, while indirect speech
reports the meaning.

a) Direct Speech:

• Example: She said, "I am going to the market."

o The words are quoted exactly.

b) Indirect Speech:

• Example: She said that she was going to the market.

o The words are reported, and pronouns, tense, and time expressions
change.

Key Changes:

• Pronouns: "I" becomes "she," "my" becomes "her," etc.

• Tenses: Present simple → past simple, present continuous → past
continuous, etc.
• Time expressions: "Now" → "then," "today" → "that day," etc.

9. Prepositions

Prepositions are words that indicate the relationship between a noun or pronoun
and other words in a sentence.

• Examples: in, on, at, by, under, over, between, among

• Example Sentences:
o She is in the room. (location)
o The book is on the table. (position)
o He went by car. (means)

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10. Active - Passive Voice

In the active voice, the subject performs the action, while in the passive voice,
the subject receives the action.

Active Voice Example:

• The teacher teaches the lesson.

o The subject "The teacher" performs the action "teaches."

Passive Voice Example:

• The lesson is taught by the teacher.

o The subject "The lesson" receives the action "is taught."

Transformation Rule:

• Object of the active sentence → Subject of the passive sentence.

• The verb changes to the appropriate form of "to be" + past participle.

11. Degrees of Comparison

Adjectives and adverbs can have three degrees of comparison: positive,

comparative, and superlative.

a) Positive Degree:
It simply describes a quality without comparing it to others.

• Example: She is a smart girl.

o "Smart" is the positive degree of comparison.

b) Comparative Degree:
It compares two things, showing which one has more of a quality.

• Structure: Adjective + "er" or "more"

• Example: She is smarter than him.
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o "Smarter" is the comparative form of "smart."

c) Superlative Degree:
It compares three or more things, showing which one has the most of a quality.

• Structure: Adjective + "est" or "most"

• Example: She is the smartest in the class.
o "Smartest" is the superlative form of "smart."

Irregular Forms: Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular forms in

comparative and superlative degrees.

• Example: Good → better → best, bad → worse → worst.

12. Transformation of Sentences

Sentence transformation involves changing a sentence's structure while keeping

its meaning. There are several common transformations:

a) Negative to Affirmative:

• Example: She did not come to the party.

o She failed to attend the party.

b) Affirmative to Negative:

• Example: She is always on time.

o She is never late.

c) Interrogative to Affirmative:

• Example: Is she going to the market?

o She is going to the market.

d) Imperative to Assertive:

• Example: Close the door.

o Please close the door.

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13. Activities Based on Transformations and Corrections of Errors

a) Use of "Too" and "Enough":

• "Too" is used to indicate excess, usually with a negative connotation.

o Example: The bag is too heavy to carry.
• "Enough" indicates sufficiency, usually with a positive connotation.
o Example: She is smart enough to solve this problem.

b) Frame "Wh" Questions:

"Wh" questions ask for specific information and begin with words like "who,"
"what," "where," "when," "why," and "how."

• Example: What is your name?

• Example: Where are you going?

c) Change Part of Speech of the Word in a Sentence:

You can transform sentences by changing a word from one part of speech to
another (noun to adjective, verb to noun, etc.).

• Example (Noun to Adjective): She is a beauty. → She is beautiful.

• Example (Verb to Noun): He runs fast. → His running is fast.

d) Use of "As well as", "Either - or", "Not only - but also":

• "As well as" links two things, similar to "and."

o Example: He plays football as well as cricket.
• "Either - or" presents two alternatives.
o Example: You can either come with me or stay here.
• "Not only - but also" is used for emphasis and introduces two related
ideas.
o Example: She is not only intelligent but also hardworking.

e) If not - Unless:
"Unless" is used instead of "if not" to indicate a condition.

• Example (If not): If you don't study, you will fail.

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• Example (Unless): Unless you study, you will fail.

f) Add a Question Tag:

A question tag is added to the end of a statement to seek confirmation or
agreement.

• Example: She is coming to the party, isn't she?

• Example (Negative Statement): You are not going, are you?

14. Grammar Topics Useful for Error Correction

Error correction in sentences requires understanding the rules and applying

them effectively. Some areas that commonly involve corrections include:

a) Subject-Verb Agreement:
Ensure that the subject and verb agree in number (singular/plural).

• Example: She runs every day. (Singular subject "She" matches with the
singular verb "runs.")
• Incorrect Example: She run every day. (Should be "runs" to agree with
the singular subject.)

b) Tense Consistency:
Maintain the same tense within a sentence unless there's a reason to change.

• Example: She went to the store and bought groceries.

o Both verbs "went" and "bought" are in the past tense.

c) Misplaced Modifiers:
A modifier should be placed next to the word it modifies.

• Incorrect Example: She almost drove the car for two hours. (This
suggests that she almost drove, which is not intended.)
• Correct Example: She drove the car for almost two hours.

d) Double Negatives:
Avoid using double negatives unless necessary for emphasis.

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• Incorrect Example: I don't need no help.

• Correct Example: I don't need any help.

Practice Questions – Grammar Mind Faces

1. Types of Sentences

Instructions: Identify the type of sentence (declarative, interrogative,

exclamatory, or imperative).

1. "Can you help me with this?"

2. "The sun sets in the west."
3. "Wow! This is amazing!"
4. "Please pass me the salt."

2. Synthesis of Sentences

Instructions: Combine the following sentences into one sentence without

changing the meaning.

1. She was tired. She went to bed early.

2. I will go to the market. I need to buy some vegetables.
3. He is very tall. He plays basketball well.

3. Modal Auxiliaries

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct modal auxiliary (can, could,
may, might, must, should, would).

1. You ___ study hard to pass the exam.

2. He ___ speak French fluently when he was young.
3. You ___ not enter the restricted area without permission.
4. It ___ rain tomorrow. We should carry an umbrella.
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5. ___ you help me with this task, please?

4. Articles

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with "a," "an," or "the."

1. I saw ___ elephant in the zoo.

2. He is ___ honest person.
3. She went to ___ school yesterday.
4. I am reading ___ book on history.
5. Can you pass me ___ salt?

5. Tenses

Instructions: Choose the correct tense form for each sentence.

1. By this time next year, I ___ (complete) my degree.

2. She ___ (study) for three hours right now.
3. We ___ (go) to the park every Sunday.
4. I ___ (not finish) my homework yet.
5. They ___ (meet) at the café yesterday.

6. Non-finite Verbs

Instructions: Identify the non-finite verb in each sentence.

1. I love to read books in my free time.

2. She enjoys swimming in the pool every day.
3. Having completed his task, he went home.
4. To be honest, I don't like that movie.
5. He wants to learn how to cook.

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7. Clauses

Instructions: Identify the type of clause (main clause, subordinate clause).

1. I missed the bus because I woke up late.

2. Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
3. She was tired, so she took a rest.
4. He didn't come to the party because he was ill.
5. I will call you when I get home.

8. Direct - Indirect Speech

Instructions: Change the following sentences from direct speech to indirect

speech.

1. He said, "I am going to the market."

2. She asked, "Can you help me with the project?"
3. "I have finished my homework," said Rahul.
4. The teacher said, "Read this book carefully."
5. He said, "I will come tomorrow."

9. Prepositions

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

1. The book is ___ the table.

2. She arrived ___ the station just in time.
3. The cat jumped ___ the wall.
4. We are going ___ a holiday next month.
5. He is interested ___ learning Spanish.

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10. Active - Passive Voice

Instructions: Change the following sentences into passive voice.

1. The chef cooked a delicious meal.

2. They will announce the results tomorrow.
3. She wrote a letter to her friend.
4. The children are watching a movie.
5. I have finished my homework.

11. Degrees of Comparison

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective.

1. This book is ___ (interesting) than the other one.

2. He is the ___ (good) player on the team.
3. This is the ___ (bad) day of my life.
4. She is ___ (beautiful) than her sister.
5. This puzzle is the ___ (difficult) of all.

12. Transformation of Sentences

Instructions: Transform the sentences as indicated.

1. Change the following statement to a question:

He plays football every Sunday.
2. Convert the negative sentence into affirmative:
I cannot finish this project on time.
3. Change the following to an imperative sentence:
You should close the door.

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