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duel with Mr. Wm. Doyle, arising from anonymous attacks attributed to the latter, is
described at length in the Dublin papers of 17th and 19th January, 1775.

[96] I quote from Dr. Stubbs, extract, op. cit. p. 264. It appears from Duigenan’s
Lachrymæ, p. 145, that in Hutchinson’s time £200 a-year was voted by the Board of
Erasmus Smith for Prizes in Composition only.

[97] He was so popular in Dublin as to receive the honorary freedom of the city.
 C H A P T E R V.

D U R I N G T H E N I N E T E E N T H C E N T U R Y.

“Semel arreptos nunquam dimittet honores.”

Motto from the Earliest Gold Medal.

1792-1892.

oman Catholics were not permitted to take Degrees in the University of Dublin
up to the year 1793. By an Act of the Irish Parliament of that year, followed
by a Royal Statute of the College in 1794, this disability was removed, but
neither Roman Catholics nor Protestant Dissenters could at that time, nor for
nearly eighty years after, be elected to Fellowships or Scholarships on the
foundation of the College. In 1843 an attempt was made to contest the law
on this point. Mr. Denis Caulfield Heron, a Roman Catholic Sizar, became a candidate for
Scholarship in 1843, and was examined in conformity with the Statutes. There were
sixteen vacancies, and his answering would have placed him fifth in order of merit, but
the electors did not consider him to be eligible on account of his religion. Mr. Heron
appealed to the Visitors, who declined to enter into an inquiry on the subject. He then, in
Trinity Term 1844, applied to the Court of Queen’s Bench to grant a mandamus to force
the Visitors to hear his appeal. This, after argument, was granted by the Court in June,
1845. In accordance with this command, the Visitors held a Court of Appeal in December,
1845, and they heard the arguments of eminent counsel on both sides, aided by their
assessor, the Right Hon. Richard Keatinge. Their decision was to the effect that,
considering the precise and pointed language of the Act of 1793, and the whole body of
College Charters and Statutes, it was the clear intention of the Crown, by the Royal
Statute of 1794, merely to give to Roman Catholics the benefit of a liberal education and
the right to obtain Degrees, but without allowing them to become members of the
Corporation of Trinity College, or in any manner changing its Protestant character.

In order that the students who were not members of the then Established Church
should not be debarred from the advantages of Scholarships, the Board in 1854 decided
to establish a class of “Non-Foundation Scholars,” which should not be restricted to any
religious denomination. The Scholarships were awarded as the results of the same
examination by which the Foundation Scholars were elected, and were confined to those
whose answering at the Scholarship Examination was superior to that of the lowest of
those who were elected to Foundation places. The tenure and the value of the Non-
Foundation Scholarships was the same as of those on the Foundation, and they were
awarded for good answering either in Mathematics or in Classics.

Matters remained in this state until the year 1873, when the late Mr. Fawcett,
afterwards Postmaster-General, succeeded in passing an Act of Parliament, 36 Vic. c. 21,
with the full assent of the College authorities, which abolished Tests in the University of
Dublin, except in the case of Professors and Lecturers in the Faculty of Theology, and
opened all offices and appointments in the College to every person, irrespective of his
religious opinions.

At the time of the Union with Great Britain, in 1800, the University lost one of its two
members, but it continued to return one member to the Imperial Parliament, the electors
being, as before, the Provost, Fellows, and Foundation Scholars. This constituency, taking
account of minors, fell much short of one hundred. By the Reform Act, in 1833, the
second member was restored to the University of Dublin, but the constituency was
enlarged so as to include ex-Scholars, Masters of Arts, and Doctors in the several
faculties, and special Commencements were held in the following November, at which a
very large number of Masters’ degrees were conferred; the number of registered electors
at once rose to 1,570. The constituency now numbers 4,334.

The history of Trinity College during the first half of the nineteenth century offers but
little to note, apart from the great advances which were made in the studies of the
University and the Professional Schools, and which will be hereafter detailed in their
proper places. The increase in the funds of the College admitted, and the requirements of
the College demanded, an augmentation in the number of Junior Fellows from fifteen to
eighteen. This increase was made by a Royal Statute in 1808. It was enacted that there
should be no election to any of these Fellowships in any year in which there was a natural
vacancy, and that in the case of no such vacancy happening, one of these new
Fellowships should be filled until the number of three was in this way completed. These
three additions were made in the years 1808, 1809, and 1811. In the years 1802, 1803,
1804, and 1806 there had been no Fellowship vacant at the time of the annual elections,
and, but for this addition, from 1802 to 1811 there would have been seven years without
a Fellowship Examination.

At this period, although the Statutes of the College forbade the marriage of the
Fellows, yet it was well known that for a good many years many of them more or less
openly violated the law of the College in this respect. In some cases their wives
continued to be known by their maiden names; and the public understood this, and did
not discountenance it. In 1811 a new and very stringent Statute was enacted, which
required every Fellow on his election to swear that he was then unmarried, and that,
should he marry at any time of his tenure of Fellowship, he would within three months
inform the Provost. This practically required all future married Fellows to resign. An
exception, however, was made in favour of the existing Fellows, whether married or not
in 1811. The Celibacy Statute, as it was called, remained in force until 1840, when it was
repealed, and all restrictions upon marriage removed. This repeal was not effected
without considerable agitation, which commenced in 1836. The value of the benefices in
the gift of the College had fallen at least twenty-five per cent., in consequence of the
commutation of tithe payable by the occupier of land into a rent charge payable by his
landlord. In the greater part of the South of Ireland where the anti-tithe war had raged,
and where the clergy had found it impossible to collect the revenues of their benefices,
the change was decidedly advantageous. In the North of Ireland, however, where the
College livings lay, no such resistance to the payment of tithes had been experienced,
and consequently the change was a loss to the clergy. This, added to the poor’s rate,
which was then introduced, and the ecclesiastical tax upon livings, which was at that time
first imposed, had so greatly reduced the value of the College benefices, that many of
them failed to attract the Fellows. In addition to this, the income of the Junior Fellows
had become more equable and more certain, and their labours had diminished in
consequence of the change which was effected by the adoption of a division of tutorial
fees and of tutorial lectures in 1835; consequently few of the Junior Fellows were
disposed to change an agreeable literary life in Dublin for a retirement in the country,
even though they should be thus enabled to marry.

In February, 1836, the Provost and Senior Fellows, two only dissenting, agreed to
join the Junior Fellows in an application to the Lord Lieutenant for a repeal of the
obnoxious Statute, suggesting, however, that the six most Junior of the Fellows should be
exempted from the permission to marry. The Earl of Mulgrave, then Viceroy, declined to
recommend the change. At the end of 1838 a further memorial was presented to the
representative of the Crown, praying that the Fellows above the lower nine of the body
should be allowed to marry. The Provost and Senior Fellows concurred in the prayer of
the memorial, stipulating, however, that the plan should be accompanied by such
measures as would prevent the College livings from being declined by the whole body of
Fellows. On the arrival of a new Viceroy (Lord Fortescue) in 1839, a memorial was
presented to him by the College asking for a repeal of the Celibacy Statute. To this there
was a considerable opposition on the part of the great body of the Scholars and
prospective Fellowship candidates, on the ground that the existing Fellows would be
settled for life in the College, and the vacancies for fresh elections would become very
rare, and thus the highest mathematical and literary studies in the College would suffer.
It was known, also, that the Archbishop of Armagh, Lord John George Beresford, who
was then Vice-Chancellor, and who took a warm interest in the welfare of the College,
was strongly opposed to the repeal of this Statute. In the end the Government was
guided by the advice of Dr. Dickinson, afterwards Bishop of Meath, and in 1840 the
Celibacy Statute was repealed; ten new Fellowships were added, one to be elected each
year; the six junior of the Fellows were excluded from the emoluments of the tutors, and
restricted to the statutable emoluments of a Junior Fellow (about £37 a-year, with rooms
and dinner in the Hall); and the number of Tutor Fellows was increased from fifteen to
nineteen, the average income of the tutors being thus diminished by 21 per cent.

It could scarcely be expected that an institution like Trinity College, which at that
time had many political enemies, should escape a searching inquiry at the hands of a
Royal Commission; and accordingly, in April, 1851, a full and minute investigation was
made into the working of the College, the Commissioners being Archbishop Whately, Lord
Chancellor Brady, the Earl of Rosse, the Bishop of Cork, Doctor Mountiford Longfield, and
Edward J. Cooper, Esq. The Commissioners reported in April, 1853, and in a manner
highly favourable to the College. They found “that numerous improvements of an
important character have been from time to time introduced by the authorities of the
College, and that the general state of the College is satisfactory. There is great activity
and efficiency in the different departments, and the spirit of improvement has been
especially shown in the changes which have been introduced in the course of education,
to adapt it to the requirements of the age.” They ended in recommending some twenty-
five changes. But they took care to add that these recommendations did not involve any
great or fundamental alteration in the arrangements of the University, or in the system of
education pursued in it. “From its present state,” they add, “and from what has already
been effected by the authorities of the College, we do not believe such changes to be
required.”

Most of these recommendations have since that time been carried out by Royal
Statutes, which were obtained at the request of the Provost and Senior Fellows, and in
the application for which they were strengthened by the report of the Commissioners. 1.
The Statutes underwent a complete revision. 2. Senior Fellows ceased to hold
Professorships. 3. The Board obtained power to vary, with the consent of the Visitors, the
subjects prescribed for the Fellowship Examinations, and to regulate the mode in which
the Examination should be conducted, so that any Junior Fellow who holds a
Professorship may now be summoned to examine in the subject of his Professorship. 4.
Each vacancy for Fellowship or Scholarship is now filled by a separate vote of the
electors, and the successful candidates are placed in the order of merit. 5. The fees
payable to the tutors are no longer divided irrespectively of the number of pupils of each
tutor, but a proportion of the fees paid by each student is paid directly to his College
tutor, and the remainder paid into a common fund, from which certain Professorships are
endowed, which are tenable by Junior Fellows alone. 6. The general obligation to take
Holy Orders is no longer imposed on the Fellows, the number of Lay Fellows being at first
increased from three to five. 7. Ex-Fellows are now eligible for the Regius Professorship of
Divinity. 8. The Professors of Modern Languages are now elected as other Professors, and
these languages may now be selected by students of the Sophister Classes and for the
B.A. degree in lieu of Greek and Latin. 9. The Board and Visitors have now the power of
altering the subjects for the Scholarship Examination, and by a recent Statute the tenure
of the Scholarship has been limited to five years. 10. Twenty Senior and twenty Junior
Exhibitions of £25 each tenable for two years have been founded, and they are open to
students without respect to creed. 11. No distinction is now made between Pensioners,
Fellow Commoners, and Noblemen as to the course of education required for the B.A.
degree. 12. The formal exercises then required for the different degrees have been
discontinued, and (except the M.A. degree) all the higher degrees have been made real
tests of merit. 13. Full power to admit readers to the College Library has been conferred
upon the Provost and Senior Fellows. 14. An auditor of the College is now appointed by
the Visitors, and an audited balance sheet and account of income and expenditure is
annually presented to them, and is open to the inspection of all members of the
Corporation. 15. The Bursar is now paid by salary and not by fees, and local land agents
have been appointed in cases in which the occupying tenants hold directly from the
College. 16. The College officers formerly paid by fees are now paid by salaries in
proportion to the services performed by them. 17. There has been a gradual reduction in
the number of Non-Tutor Fellows created by the Statute of 1840. These form the great
majority of the recommendations of the Royal Commissioners.

In addition to these alterations some considerable improvements were effected by

the Royal Statute of the 18th Victoria. The whole of the College Statutes were carefully
revised, and the obsolete and injurious enactments were repealed. The power of
assigning or of transferring pupils from one tutor to another, which Provost Hutchinson
attempted to exercise in an arbitrary manner, was removed from the Provost and vested
in the Board; and to the Board, with the consent of the Visitors, was given the power,
which they had not before, of founding new Professorships and offices, and of assigning
salaries to be paid to them from the revenues of the College.

Immediately after these powers had been granted by Letters Patent, the Board and
Visitors acted in conformity with their new authority. In 1855 a decree was passed
dividing the subjects of the Fellowship Examination into four—Mathematics, Classics
(including Hebrew), Mental and Moral Sciences, and Experimental Physics; the time for
the examination was greatly extended. Science scholarships were founded, and the
number of days of examination, both for classical and science scholarships, increased;
and in the same year a similar decree regulated the salary and duties of the Regius
Professor of Greek, and founded new Professorships of Arabic and of English Literature.
In 1856 certain salaries of College officers were fixed, and the salaries of the Professor of
Geology and of Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Natural Philosophy (when held by a Junior
Fellow) were regulated. In 1858 a decree was passed which transferred all fees hitherto
payable to College officers to the general funds of the College, and assigned fixed salaries
in lieu of them. Two Senior Tutorships, each with a salary of £800, were founded; the
salary of the Examinerships held by Non-Tutor Fellows was raised to £100 per annum;
Classical Honour Lectureships were instituted, and a Professorship of Sanscrit and
Comparative Philology. In 1862 two Professorships of Modern Languages were
established, the salaries of the holders being paid out of the funds of the College—the
Act of Parliament 18 and 19 Victoria, cap. 82, having deprived the College of two annual
sums of £92 6s. 2d. each, which had been granted by the 41 George III., cap. 32, out of
the Consolidated Fund for this purpose. The same Act dispossessed the College of its
earliest, and only, subvention from the State, which was granted by Queen Elizabeth—an
annual charge of £358 16s. on the revenues of Ireland; the grounds assigned for this
deprivation being the removal of the stamp duties on Degrees,[98] which had been
imposed on the College only thirteen years before. These duties (which have long since
been abolished in England) were £1 on matriculation, £3 for the degree of B.A., and £6
for any other degree.

The University—consisting of the Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor, Doctors in the

several faculties, and Masters of Arts—having been governed for more than two hundred
years by certain rules or Statutes which had, by lapse of time, become in many respects
obsolete and unsuited to the present state of the University, and doubts having been
raised as to whether the Provost and Senior Fellows of the College had the power to alter
or amend these rules, Letters Patent were asked for and granted by the Crown (July 24,
1857), confirming all former powers, usages, and privileges, giving the Board power to
make laws concerning the conferring of Degrees, provided that such laws should be
afterwards confirmed by the University Senate, enacting that no “grace” should be
proposed to that body which had not been first adopted by the Board; incorporating the
University Senate under the name of the Chancellor, Masters, and Doctors of the
University of Dublin, and giving the Senate power to elect the Chancellor from three
names to be submitted to them by the Board, who relinquished their old right in this
respect. Further Letters Patent were obtained in 1858, which enabled the Board to
commute the fees of certain offices for lesser salaries, and to forego fees hitherto
payable to them for Degrees which were in future to be applied to the benefit of the
College; and out of the funds so transferred fourteen Studentships were founded, at a
salary of £100 per annum for each, tenable for seven years, to be given every year at the
Degree Examination; two new offices (Senior Tutorships), to be held by Junior Fellows,
were created; two of the Non-Tutor Fellowships were merged among the Tutor
Fellowships, and the remaining four were gradually discontinued. The Board was given
power to sanction new rules for the distribution of the tutorial fees, and a clause was
added enabling candidates for Fellowships to attend only on the days on which the
courses in which they compete are examined in, and giving other powers to the Board.

In conformity with the powers granted to the Board by the Letters Patent of 1857, in
December of the following year they remodelled, with the approval of the Senate, all the
University rules with respect to Degrees. Further Letters Patent were obtained in 1865,
rectifying defects in the existing Statutes, specially with respect to the examination for
Fellowships, and in 1868 for the creation of a Regius Professor of Surgery. In 1870 the
Provost and Senior Fellows founded a Professor of Latin, under the same regulations
which prevailed with regard to the Professor of Greek; and at the same time they
founded forty Exhibitions of £25 each, tenable for two years, twenty Senior and twenty
Junior, to aid deserving students in the prosecution of their undergraduate course. In
1871 the Professorships of Ancient History and of Zoology were founded, and in 1872 a
Professorship of Comparative Anatomy.

The Act of Parliament amending the law with regard to promissory oaths, and that of
1873 abolishing religious tests in the University of Dublin, necessitated further changes in
the Royal Statutes of the College, and these were effected by Letters Patent of 1874,
which also founded the Academic Council, and transferred to it, from the Provost and
Senior Fellows, the nomination to Professorships, and gave to it, concurrently with the
Board, the power to regulate the studies of the College.

This Council consists of sixteen members and the Provost—four elected by the Senior
Fellows, four by the Junior, four by the Professors who are not Fellows, and four by the
Senate at large (excluding those who are already represented). The representatives of
each class hold office for four years, are elected at the same time, and vacate office in
rotation. The electors can give all their votes to one candidate, or they may distribute
them among the candidates as they think fit. The election to Professorships in the
Divinity School, of Medical Professors founded by Act of Parliament, and of Professors of
private foundation the appointment of which is by the wills of the founders vested in the
Provost and Senior Fellows, remains with the Board.

In 1851 a very important Act of Parliament was passed, which extended the leasing
powers of the College in respect to the estates belonging to the Corporation. Prior to that
year it was precluded from giving leases of the lands belonging to the College for a
longer period than twenty-one years, except in cities, where sites for building might be
leased for forty years. The rent to be reserved should be equal to one-half of the true
value of the lands, communibus annis, at the time of making the lease. The Provost and
Senior Fellows, however, might grant leases for twenty-one years at a rent equal to that
which was hitherto payable out of the lands, even though it was less than half the value.
The custom was for the College to renew these leases when a few years had expired, on
the payment of fines which were in some cases considerable, and which were divided
among the members of the Governing Body of the College. These renewal fines formed
the principal part of the incomes of the Senior Fellows. By the Act of 1851 (14 and 15
Victoria, cap. 128) additional powers of leasing were granted up to ninety-nine years
without fines, reserving a minimum rent of three-fourths of the annual value; making,
however, a reduction in respect to the tenant’s interest in an unexpired lease when it was
surrendered. Also, powers of granting leases in perpetuity were given to the Board on the
surrender by the tenants of the existing leases. These perpetuity rents were fixed by a
regulation contained in the Statute, and were variable from time to time, at intervals of
ten years, according to the changes in the prices of certain agricultural commodities.
Renewal fines were abolished, and the Provost and Senior Fellows were compensated for
the loss of them by a fixed annual sum of £800 paid to each of them out of the revenues
of the College. Consequent upon the changes which have been indicated above, the
Senior Fellows relinquished their claims to an annual sum, which, according to the Report
of the University Commissioners, amounted to about £2,650, their official salaries being
now fixed at sums according to the duties of the office; and, on the whole, the income of
each Senior Fellow is on the average about £363 less than it was in 1851. The difference
has been employed in the foundation of Studentships and Exhibitions, the annual charge
for which is about £2,000.

The most serious danger with which Trinity College has been threatened during the
present century arose from an attempt which the Government of the day made in 1873
to deprive it of its University powers, and of a large portion of its endowments. A Bill was
introduced into the House of Commons by Mr. Gladstone for the purpose of establishing
one University in Ireland, and an essential part of its proposals was that Trinity College
should cease to be the University of Dublin, and that another Mixed Body should take its
place. That the power of conferring Degrees and regulating Professorships in this
University, and of appointing and dismissing the Professors, should be vested in a Council
of twenty-eight members, of which Trinity College should have the power of nominating
only two. It proposed that there should be a number of affiliated Colleges in the country,
and that they too should be represented on this Council, so that a College able to
matriculate fifty students should send one representative, and a College able to
matriculate one hundred and fifty should send two members, and that no College,
however numerous its students, should be represented by a larger number of members.
It was, moreover, another essential part of this measure, that neither Mental and Moral
Science nor History should form any part of the Professorial instruction or of the
University Examinations. In order to assist in making up an endowment of £50,000 per
annum for the purposes of this University, it was proposed to suppress Queen’s College,
Galway, and allocate the £10,000 a-year of its endowment; to put a charge of £12,000
annually on the estates of Trinity College; and to transfer, moreover, the Degree fees,
which are now paid into the general funds of this College, to the Governing Body of the
new University. The buildings, the library, and the remainder of the endowments were to
belong to the College, which in other respects should remain, as at present, as a teaching
institution.

It is needless to say that this Bill, if carried into a law, would have ruined Trinity
College. A large number of its students would have been withdrawn, for they could have
the prestige of the Degree of the University of Dublin without being members of the
College, and the fees which they at present pay to the support of the College and its
teachers would have been no longer available. It is not too much to assert that the
College would have lost 33 per cent. of its available revenue, and that it would have been
impossible to maintain it on the income which remained.

Fortunately for the College, the Roman Catholic Bishops opposed the plan of the
Government, which did not include the endowment of a Roman Catholic College, and
which did not meet their demand for a Roman Catholic University. After a debate lasting
for four nights, the Government proposal was rejected on the 11th of March, 1873, by a
majority of three.

There were two important occasions upon which entertainments on a scale of

considerable grandeur were given during the present century in the Hall of Trinity
College. The first was in 1821, on the occasion of the visit of George the Fourth to
Ireland, when the King honoured the College with his presence at a great banquet. His
Majesty was received in the Library, where addresses were presented to him, and after
receiving them most graciously he was conducted through a passage made for the
occasion into the Examination Hall, where were collected at dinner a considerable
number of the Irish nobility, the Bishops of the Irish Church, the Judges, and many of the
most influential persons in the country, along with the distinguished suite which attended
the King.

His Majesty afterwards expressed himself as much gratified by the reception which
he met with in the College. On this occasion the scholars were entertained at the same
time in the Dining Hall, under the presidency of Dr. Sadlier, then a Junior Fellow, and
afterwards Provost. It was in connection with this visit of the King that the University of
Dublin asserted and secured its right of precedency after the Corporation of the City.

The second occasion was in August, 1835, when the British Association made its first
visit to Dublin; Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd, then Provost, was the President of the Association,
and some of the leading scientific men of England and of the Continent were present. A
considerable number of these were accommodated during the meeting with chambers in
the College, and had their breakfasts and dinners in the Hall. A great banquet was,
moreover, given to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (the Earl of Mulgrave), and to about
300 members of the Association, in the Examination Hall. The guests assembled before
dinner in the College Library, and His Excellency took the opportunity of conferring the
honour of Knighthood upon the Professor of Astronomy, William Rowan Hamilton. This
was the first instance in which an Irish Viceroy had so honoured an individual for eminent
scientific merit. At the dinner which followed, Professor Whewell of Cambridge remarked
in his speech that it was then just one hundred and thirty-six years since a great man in
another University knelt down before his Sovereign and rose up Sir Isaac Newton. Among
the foreign visitors were De Toqueville, Montalembert, Barclay de Tolly, L. Agassiz, and
many others.

The general history of Trinity College during the nineteenth century would be
incomplete if some reference were not made to a matter which elicited considerable
public feeling at the time, but which is now almost forgotten. On the 12th of March,
1858, the Earl of Eglinton, who had been very popular as Viceroy of Ireland on a previous
occasion, returned as Lord Lieutenant on a change of Ministry. It was quite a holiday in
Dublin. Several hundreds of the students had assembled within the enclosed space in
front of the College (which was at that time larger than it is now), and had crowded out
into the street, for the purpose of witnessing the procession in its progress up College
Green and Dame Street to the Castle. For some time previous to the approach of the
Lord Lieutenant, they amused themselves by letting off squibs and crackers, and by
throwing orange peel and other similar missiles at the crowd outside, as well as at the
police. The Junior Dean, apprehending some ill results if the disposition and temper of
the students were misunderstood by the people and by the police, went out amongst
them, and begged that they would not resent these demonstrations on the part of the
students. No political display was intended by them, and consequently if good humour
were preserved on both sides all would pass off quietly. Colonel Browne, who was in
command of the police, on two or three occasions went inside the railings to reason with
the students; his reception on each occasion was courteous, and he was cheered by the
College men. From the period when the Viceregal procession came in sight, there was a
suspension of the bombardment from within the College rails. As the Lord Lieutenant
passed by, there was very little political manifestation by the students. After the
procession had passed, those within the railings commenced again to throw crackers,
squibs, and oranges, and the confusion increased. Colonel Browne rode up, and in vain
endeavoured to be heard. He was struck in the face by an orange, amidst a shout of
laughter from the students and from the crowds in the street. At this time he seemed to
lose his temper, and went to Colonel Griffiths commanding the Scots Greys, who were
posted near the Bank of Ireland, and asked him to charge. Colonel Griffiths laughed, and
asked whom he was to charge—was it a parcel of schoolboys? Colonel Browne then
brought a party of the mounted police in front of the soldiers, and drew up immediately
in their rear a body of the foot police, with their batons in their hands. At this juncture
the Junior Dean, foreseeing that something serious was likely to ensue if the students did
not at once disperse, called on such of them as were outside the College railings to come
within the College gate, and he succeeded in getting a considerable number of them
inside the College, and had the gates closed. Many of the students, however, were unable
to get inside—some were with the Junior Dean inside the railings and some in the street.
Immediately after this Colonel Browne ordered the mounted police to Charge. The outer
gates of the enclosure were forced open; the police, mounted as well as on foot, at once
rushed on the students within the railings (the statues of Burke and Goldsmith had not at
that time been erected); they cut at them with their sabres, rode over them, and the
unmounted men used their batons in every direction and indiscriminately as regarded the
persons with whom they came in contact. The students had no means of defending
themselves, the Junior Dean having early in the proceedings induced them to give up to
him the sticks which they carried. Several of them were struck down, and deliberately
batoned again and again while on the ground by the foot police in a most inhuman
manner. The Junior Dean then went outside the railings, and, addressing Colonel Browne,
said that he would engage to withdraw the students if the Colonel would withdraw the
police. This was assented to, but the foot police for a considerable time waited within the
enclosure. So great was the violence of the assault of the mounted men that, in following
the students who rushed into the College through the open wicket gate, they used their
swords with such vigour against the wooden gate that it showed several marks of their
sabres, large pieces being cut off in some places. Among the students whose lives were
endangered by the onslaught of the police were Mr. Leeson, Mr. J. W. Gregg, Mr. Pollock,
Mr. Fuller, Mr. Leathem, Mr. Brownrigg, Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Lyndsay, and Mr. Chadwick. Some
of them suffered very severe injuries. Mr. Clarke was wounded in the back with a sabre
cut while he was stretched on the ground from the blow of a baton. The College
authorities prosecuted Colonel Browne and some of the police criminally for an assault on
the students, but they were acquitted by a jury at the ensuing Commission. It is pleasing
to add that since that time the best relations have existed between the students and the
Metropolitan police; indeed, the feelings of the latter body were supposed at the time to
have been excited by some strong observations which were made in the columns of a
Dublin newspaper which appeared on the morning of the occurrence.

The Divinity School of Trinity College.—The institution of a special school designed for
the instruction of the future clergy of the Church of Ireland did not take effect until the
close of the eighteenth century. The students of Trinity College, under instruction, were
at the beginning of this century either undergraduates or Bachelors of Arts. The
undergraduates were lectured in classics and mathematics by public lecturers appointed
by the College, and their religious training was specially entrusted to the Catechist. After
they took the B.A. degree they still continued under instruction by the several Professors
of the mathematical and physical sciences, of Greek, and of the several faculties, while
their religious instruction was under the special care of the Regius Professor of Divinity,
and of a Lecturer of early but uncertain foundation, which latter post was afterwards
endowed with the interest of £1,000 by Archbishop King. Junior Bachelors attended the
prelections of this Lecturer, and Middle and Senior Bachelors the prelections of the Regius
Professor; and this attendance was compulsory upon all graduates in residence. Many ex-
Scholars of Trinity College remember well that until recent times all Scholars who were
graduates were obliged to attend, at their choice, certain courses of lectures with the
Professors of Greek or Oratory or Mathematics or Law, but all were, without distinction,
under pain of losing their salaries, obliged to attend lectures with either the Regius
Professor of Divinity or Archbishop King’s Lecturer. In the year 1790, at a meeting of the
Irish Bishops, it was determined that they would in future not ordain any candidate who
had not the B.A. degree and a certificate of having attended lectures in Divinity for one
academic year (at that time consisting of four terms), and they forwarded to the Board a
list of books in which the Bishops had decided that candidates for Holy Orders should be
examined prior to ordination. The Board, in reply, informed the Bishops that they would
direct the assistant to Archbishop King’s Lecturer to prepare the students in these books.
From 1790 to 1833 Divinity students attended the lectures of the assistants to Archbishop
King’s Lecturer (the Regius Professor had not at that time any assistants) on two days in
the week, Tuesdays and Thursdays, from eight to nine in the morning. They were put
through Burnet on the Thirty-nine Articles, and if any student attended three-fourths[99] of
the lectures in each of the four terms of the Junior Bachelor year he received a
certificate, which was inserted in the testimonium of his degree, and on this he was
entitled to present himself for the Ordination Examination. The Rev. Richard Brooke, in
his Recollections of the Irish Church, gives a very vivid account of his experience as a
Divinity student in 1827. The books he then read—they could not have been all lectured
on (and there is no record of any compulsory Divinity examination)—were Burnet,
Pearson, Mosheim, Paley’s Evidences, Magee on the Atonement, Wheatley on the
Common Prayer, Tomline on the Articles, Butler’s Analogy, and the Bible and Greek
Testament, with Patrick Lowth and Whitby’s Commentary. It is believed, from the
testimony of clergymen who were students at that period, that the lectures were
confined very much to Burnet and Butler.

At that time, Archbishop King’s Lecturer in Divinity was an annual office poorly
endowed, and, like the Professorships of Greek, of Mathematics, and of Civil Law, held
always by a Senior Fellow. Such was the condition of things up to 1833. The Divinity
Professors were mainly engaged in prelecting to graduate Scholars, and to such
graduates as desired to attend their lectures. In that year the Divinity School was
arranged upon its present basis. Dr. Elrington was, in 1833, Regius Professor of Divinity;
and the annual office of Archbishop King’s Lecturer was separated from a Senior
Fellowship, was endowed with £700 a-year from the funds of the College, and was given
to Dr. O’Brien, afterwards Bishop of Ossory, but at that time a Junior Fellow, as a
permanent Professorship. The course was extended to one of two years’ length,
compulsory examinations were instituted, assistants to the Regius Professor were then
first appointed, and he and they had the care of the Senior class, consisting only of those
who had passed the B.A. examination. Archbishop King’s Lecturer and his assistants had
the instruction of the Junior class of Divinity students entrusted to them. These were for
the most part Senior Sophisters.

The Divinity course now comprises two years’ study of Divinity, each consisting of
three academic terms. Students generally begin to attend lectures at the beginning of
their third year in Arts. In the Junior year they are lectured by Archbishop King’s Lecturer
on the Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion, and in the Socinian Controversy; and
by his assistants in the Greek of the Gospels and of the Epistle to the Romans, and in
Pearson on the Creed. There are three days set apart for composition of sermons and
essays each term, when the students are brought into the Hall, and are given either a
text of Scripture, or a subject connected with the Professor’s lectures for that term, to
write upon; two such compositions at least, in each term, are obligatory. During the
Christmas and Easter recesses the students are obliged to study one of the Epistles in
Greek, and a portion of Ecclesiastical History, in which they are examined on the first
lecture-day of the following term. Having completed three terms’ lectures, they pass an
examination in certain text-books connected with the studies of the Junior year, and in
the English New Testament; in specified portions of the Greek Testament, and in the
Professor’s prelections. Having passed this examination, they are permitted to attend the
lectures of the Regius Professor of Divinity and his assistants for the next three terms.
The lectures of the Regius Professor are upon the Book of Common Prayer, the Canon of
Holy Scripture, and the Roman Catholic Controversy; and his assistants lecture upon
Bishops Burnet and Browne on the Thirty-nine Articles, and upon the Greek of the
Second Epistle to the Corinthians and the Epistle to the Hebrews. The rules with regard
to study in the intervals between the terms and composition are nearly the same as
those of the Junior year; and when the student has completed his sixth term of study, he
presents himself at the examination for the Divinity Testimonium, after he has, in nearly
every case, taken his B.A. degree. Lectures in Ecclesiastical History, in Hebrew, in Pastoral
Theology, and in Biblical Greek are provided, but they are not compulsory. The number of
Divinity Testimoniums granted for each of the last five years averaged 35, and for each of
the previous five years the average was 32.[100]

The subjects of the Divinity lectures for the Junior year were arranged in reference
to the controversies which were most prevalent in the Irish Church in the year 1833, and
also in reference to the special theological aptitudes of Dr. O’Brien. He was peculiarly
fitted to treat of the evidences of natural and revealed religion, and to reply to the
objections to both which were then current. Those who remember his prelections can
bear testimony to the wonderful ability and skill with which he dealt with the infidel
controversy of his time, and the light which he threw upon the well-known arguments of
Bishop Butler. The Socinian controversy at that period occupied the serious attention of
the Irish clergy, and it was necessary that all the young ministers of the Church should be
prepared to deal with the arguments of the Unitarian when they entered upon their
duties as curates.

Prior to 1814 the Regius Professor of Divinity held no public examination in the
subjects of his course. In 1813 Dean Graves, who at that time held the office, submitted
to the Board a plan for the improvement of Divinity lectures, and a new Royal Statute
was obtained regulating the duties of the Professor. He was bound to deliver prelections
during term, but they were practically confined to the first week in Michaelmas term, the
first and second weeks in Hilary term, and the first week in Easter term. He was also
bound to hold an examination once a-year, open to Bachelors of Arts. The subjects of this
examination were fixed by Statute. On the first morning it was the Old Testament, the
first afternoon the New; on the second morning in Ecclesiastical History, and the second
afternoon in the Articles and Liturgy of the Church of England. In 1814 the Board
instituted prizes at this examination, which was otherwise voluntary. On the first occasion
thirty graduates entered their names for the examination, but only five attended, and it
ended in only three or four highly prepared Divinity students presenting themselves each
year for a searching examination in an extended course. In 1859 these Divinity prizes
were enlarged into Theological Exhibitions, two of which, of £60 and £40 a-year, tenable
for three years, are now awarded as the result of this examination, greatly enlarged and
extended by the addition of selections from the writings of the Fathers and specified
portions of the Hebrew text of the Old Testament. Prizes also at the end of the first
Divinity year, called after the name of Archbishop King, were founded in 1836. Both these
stimulants to theological study, aided by annual prizes at examinations held by the
Professors of Biblical Greek and of Ecclesiastical History, have very widely extended the
reading of the best class of Divinity students. Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of
Divinity are now required to pass an examination in the whole of the extended range of
theological subjects required of candidates for the Exhibitions; but as those who seek
Divinity degrees are generally clergymen who are engaged in the duties of their calling,
they are allowed to divide the examination into parts and to pass it in detail instead of on
one occasion. Few of the modern arrangements have been so successful as this. By
directing and encouraging a wide course of theological reading among the younger
clergy, it has produced an excellent effect, and the popularity of the arrangement is
manifested by the large increase in the number of candidates for the B.D. degree by
examination.
 It would give an incomplete account of the preparation of candidates for Holy Orders
in Trinity College, Dublin, if we were to omit the mention of the important training which
the College Theological Society affords to the students. Once in each week during term
the members meet under the presidency of either the Regius Professor or of Archbishop
King’s Lecturer in Divinity; essays on theological subjects, or on one of the important
religious questions of the day, are read by the students in turn; a debate upon the essay
follows, which is watched over and moderated by the President, who, at the conclusion,
makes such observations as he thinks fit. The students are in this manner practised in
thoughtful and carefully prepared composition, and in extempore speaking; and the great
benefits derived by Divinity students from this voluntary society are universally admitted
—advantages which have been mainly due to the unremitting care of the late Bishop
Butcher, formerly Regius Professor, and his successors in that chair.

The Medical School.—The marked and rapid growth of the Medical School of the
University of Dublin has been one of the most notable events in its history during the
nineteenth century. Although it was in existence in Trinity College since 1711, it was only
in 1786 that it was placed on its present footing by an Act of the Irish Parliament, which
united the College of Physicians with Trinity College in the joint management of the
instruction given in this school. Five of the teachers are appointed by the Provost and
Senior Fellows, and four (designated King’s Professors) by the College of Physicians, the
Trustees of Sir Patrick Dun’s estates. This Statute further required that all who shall be in
attendance on medical lectures, whether students of Trinity College or extern students in
Medicine, shall be matriculated by the Senior Lecturer.

For the first fifteen years these matriculations averaged only 4·7 each year. The
numbers gradually increased, until in the years 1809-1813, inclusive, the average
reached 41·4 each year; from 1814 to 1824 they rose to an average of 66·5. In the next
quinquennial period they increased to the large number of 90·8 annually. In the years
from 1831 to 1835 the average fell to 63, and in the following two years the number
barely exceeded 28 each year. The great increase of medical students in the period
between 1814 and 1835 is to be attributed mainly to the eminence of the University
Professor of Anatomy and Chirurgery—James Macartney[101]—a man of the greatest
powers both as an anatomist, a biologist, and surgical teacher. On his ceasing to hold the
Professorship, the number of students in the Medical School fell to what it had been
before his appointment; and having continued at a low level for thirty years, it suddenly
rose to an average of nearly 80 entrances in 1864, in which year Doctor Edward H.
Bennett, the present Professor of Surgery, was appointed to the office of University
Anatomist—an office which had, after being in abeyance for a century, been revived in
1861. From this time the numbers have gradually risen until they amounted to more than
they were in the most flourishing period of Doctor Macartney’s teaching. Doctor
Macartney held the Chair of Anatomy for twenty-four years, until July, 1837, when he
resigned the office, very much because he was unwilling to submit to the rules laid down
by the governing body of the College. In the year 1834 a complaint was made to the
Provost and Senior Fellows, by the other Professors of the Medical School, that he had
fixed his lectures at an hour, from 3 to 4 p.m., which interfered with those of the other
Professors of that school. In December, 1835, the Board informed him that they would
permit him to continue his lectures during that session at the hour which he had
announced, but that this privilege would not be further continued. In November, 1836,
Dr. Macartney persisted in lecturing at 3 o’clock. He was ordered by the Board to lecture
at another hour, and this order was conveyed also to the College of Physicians. Dr.
Macartney persisted; and the Board took the advice of counsel as to their powers, and,
as a result, they ordered the Anatomy House to be closed from 3 to 4 o’clock. In the end
the Professor yielded. But another cause of dispute soon rose. In April, 1836, the Board
received a letter from the Registrar of the School of Physic, which stated that Doctor
Macartney wished to have his lectures advertised as being two in Anatomy and two in
Surgery each week. This was held by the Board to be insufficient, inasmuch as the
University of Edinburgh required five lectures in each of these subjects every week, and
would require from the Dublin Professors certificates to that effect. Notwithstanding the
remonstrance of the Provost and Senior Fellows, Doctor Macartney persisted in his
advertisement. Doctor Sandes, one of the Senior Fellows, undertook at their request to
write to the Professor in the hope that he would be able to induce him to change his
decision, but his attempt was not followed by success. A case was laid before Mr.
Pennefather, K.C., and as a result of his opinion, on November 26, 1836, Doctor
Macartney was required to deliver five lectures in each week at one o’clock during the
session. On July 13, 1837, he resigned the Professorship—four years before his tenure of
office would otherwise have expired.

In consequence of his quarrel with the authorities of Trinity College, all Doctor
Macartney’s valuable collection of preparations became the property of the University of
Cambridge. That learned body agreed with Macartney that he should transfer his
collections to them in consideration of an annuity of £100 for a period not exceeding ten
years. In making arrangements with Doctor Harrison, his successor, the Board took care
to renew the understanding which they had made in 1802 with Dr. Hartigan, but which
they had, through an oversight, omitted to establish on Doctor Macartney’s election—that
all such preparations should become the property of the College.

It should be added, in justice to Dr. Harrison, who succeeded Macartney, and who
was an excellent human anatomist and a most painstaking and attractive lecturer, that
the great falling off of medical students in his time must be attributed to many causes
beyond his control: first, the refusal of the Irish College of Surgeons to receive
certificates of his lectures, very much through professional jealousy; secondly, the
opening of large medical schools in the central parts of England, which drew away all the
Welsh students who had before that time come to Dublin in considerable numbers, and
the opening of the Ledwich School of Medicine in Dublin; and thirdly, to the institution of
the Queen’s Colleges in Belfast, Cork, and Galway, which retained in those towns the
students in Medicine who had previously been in the habit of coming to Dublin for
lectures.

The old Anatomy House, situated between the College Park and the Fellows’ Garden,
was a small and inconvenient building. It became altogether unsuited to the numbers
attending Doctor Macartney’s classes. In 1815 space was made for them by the removal
of the wax models from the room in which they had been placed to that over it, and a
small building was erected in the Fellows’ Garden adjacent to the old house. This was but
a temporary expedient, for we find that in 1820 the floor of the lecture-room was
reported to be in a dangerous condition, and the Board directed that, in future, lectures
in Anatomy and Chemistry should be delivered in the public lecture-room in No. 22 of the
Library Square. A committee was appointed to arrange for a new site for the Medical
School. That which was at first fixed upon was at the east side of the Fellows’ Garden,
between the old Anatomy House and Nassau Street; but on further consideration it was
changed to the ground, hitherto the Bowling Green, at the remote extremity of the
College Park. On April 1, 1823, estimates were laid before the Board for the building of
an anatomical and chemical theatre on the above site. The estimates ranged between
£3,980 and £5,350, and a contract was made for the work. Macartney seems to have
taken a great interest in the selecting of the site. Thus we find him writing to the
Registrar, Dr. Phipps, from Newry, in May, 1822:—

“As our interest, and that of our successors, and the future prosperity of the Medical School,
will be affected by the situation and mode of erecting of the building intended for the Anatomical
and Chemical instruction, we beg leave to lay our opinions before the Board on this subject. (1.)
With respect to situation, we consider any part of that side of the Park next Nassau Street as
being eligible, but if we were to select a particular place on this line it would be opposite to
Kildare Street, showing the front towards the street. The Bowling Green we think a
disadvantageous situation, as being damp, and the entrance being through a private yard, which
has been proposed by the architect, we think would be highly injurious to the respectability of
the School. The distance of the Bowling Green would be very inconvenient to students in Arts, of
whom our classes are chiefly composed. The above objection equally applies to the side of the
Park next Brunswick Street. (2.) We are of opinion that, to make the buildings distinct, however
contiguous in situation to each other, would much facilitate and simplify the plans, and expedite
their erection, and would add greatly to the respectability of both establishments; as the shape
and disposition of the apartments in the two houses might be different, we are satisfied that less
expense would be incurred by adopting a separate plan for each house.”
And while the building was being erected he wrote about the light, sending the following
characteristic letter to the Board (29th March, 1823):—

“The light we want in the lecture-room may still be had without displacing a single timber of
the roof as it at present stands, but after the copper is put on, any change will be attended with
delay and expense, and I am satisfied that the Board (if not now) will hereafter be disposed to
yield to the just complaints of the pupils with respect to the want of light. I think it will be
generally acknowledged that, after the experience of teaching in different lecture-rooms for
twenty-five years, my opinion ought to have more weight than that of any architect. I wish to
add that I have no direct interest in the matter; whether there be good or bad light would not
increase or diminish my class, as is fully proved by the number of pupils who attend in my
present room, where one half of the objects used at lecture cannot be seen for the want of light,
and where, from want of space, some are obliged to stand in the lobby; but I should think
myself deficient in public duty if I did not persist in stating to the Board the inconvenience and
injury that will be sustained by the pupils, of what they have now for several years anticipated
the removal, by the erection of a suitable building for carrying on the business of the School.”

These Medical School buildings were in use from 1825 for more than fifty years. When of
late years the number of medical students increased so largely, and it was found that this
latter building was altogether unsuited for the modern requirements of the school, the
present chemical laboratory and dissecting-room were erected, and a histological
laboratory and physiological lecture-room were added. In 1884 a bone-room, a
preparation room, and private laboratories were built. In the same year the new chemical
theatre was opened, and in the following year the new anatomical theatre was
completed, which is fitted for a class of 230 students. Since that time the entire of the
new great Medical Schools have been finished, which, in addition to Professors’ rooms
and lecture-rooms, contain a fine chamber specially fitted up for the great pathological
collection originally purchased from the late Doctor Robert Smith, whose lectures as
Professor of Surgery had a large share in the great recent success of the school. This
collection has been largely added to by the indefatigable labours of his successor, Doctor
Edward H. Bennett. The anatomy and chemistry lecture-rooms of 1824 were completely
removed, in order to make a space for part of the present range of buildings, which have
been completed at a cost of over £20,000.

In a lecture delivered in 1837, the Professor of the Practice of Physic (Doctor

Lendrick) attributed to Provost Bartholomew Lloyd the improvements which were even at
that time beginning to be effected in the medical education of the members of the
College. “The candidate for a medical degree,” he said, “no longer finishes his medical
education in a single year, nor is he compelled to complete a septennial period of
(perhaps) idleness before being permitted to practise his profession.” In the years 1832-
42, inclusive, the average number of degrees of Bachelor of Medicine annually conferred
by the University was 18. In the next decade this number fell to 11·7. After the great
improvements in the medical education and the appointment of more attractive lecturers,
this number rapidly increased. In the decade 1872-1881 the average was 39, in the
following ten years the annual average was 43·6, being nearly four times that of forty
years before the present time.

During the first half of the present century the University conferred degrees in
Medicine only. The Irish College of Surgeons, towards the end of that period, refused to
recognise the lectures delivered in the Medical School of Trinity College as a part of the
professional education required for a surgical diploma, although two of the Trinity College
Professors had previously occupied a similar position in the College of Surgeons’ School.
The University of Dublin was consequently, in 1851, obliged to institute for their medical
graduates a diploma or license in Surgery. This they did, following the best legal advice,
under the clause in their charter which gave them authority to grant degrees “in omnibus
artibus et facultatibus.” This was followed by the institution, in 1858, of the degree of
Master of Surgery. This degree was, by the Act 21 and 22 Victoria, chap. 90, recognised
as a qualification for the holder to be placed in the Medical Register—a privilege which
was afterwards, by the Act 23 Victoria, chap. 7, extended to diplomas or licenses in
Surgery. In 1872 the degree of Bachelor of Surgery was instituted, and placed on the
basis of Bachelor of Medicine. To be admitted to either of these degrees the candidate
must have previously graduated in Arts, and must have spent four years in the study of
Medicine and Surgery. Degrees are now given also in Obstetric Art. The University of
Dublin was the first in modern times to institute degrees in Surgery, and its example has
been since followed by Cambridge and other English, Irish, and Scotch Universities.

The change of opinion in the Universities with respect to the status of the profession
of Surgery is well illustrated by a correspondence, which has been preserved in the
College Register, between the University of Cambridge and the authorities of Trinity
College, Dublin. On June 30, 1804, a letter was received from the Vice-Chancellor of
Cambridge, in which it was stated that that University had declined to consider any
student who had, subsequently to his admission, practised any trade or profession
whatsoever as qualified for a degree, and consequently had refused this to Frederick
Thackeray, who, since the time of his admission as an undergraduate, had been
constantly engaged in the practice of surgery. The Provost and Senior Fellows, in reply,
informed the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge that, after consideration of his letter, they had
agreed to adopt the same regulation.

In the early part of this century, before Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital was erected, great
difficulty was experienced in the clinical instruction of the medical students. In 1800 the
Governors of Stevens’ Hospital permitted Dr. Crampton to give reports of medical cases
under his care in the Hospital for the winter six months to matriculated medical students,
and to none others. Attendance on these lectures was required for medical degrees. In
1804 clinical lectures by Dr. Whitley Stokes at the Meath Hospital were considered to be
adequate for this purpose. In 1806, attendance for six months with Doctor Crampton at
Stevens’ Hospital was sanctioned by the College of Physicians as adequate for a medical
degree. On the completion in 1808 of the west wing of Dun’s Hospital, which had been
commenced in 1803, the clinical instruction connected with the School of Physic was
given in the wards and lecture-rooms of the Hospital; and in 1835 candidates for medical
degrees were required to present a certificate of one year’s attendance at this institution.
Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital was originally intended for medical cases only, but in 1864 the
College of Physicians, which had hitherto occupied the central position of the building as
a library and Convocation Hall, transferred this part of the building to the Governors of
the Hospital, and it was enlarged and changed into a medico-chirurgical institution for the
complete instruction of the students both in Medicine and Surgery. Attendance at this
hospital is no longer compulsory on the candidates for degrees; nine other Dublin
hospitals are joined with it, and the student may, if he wishes, receive his clinical
teaching in any of these.

In the early part of the century, Trinity College for a short time granted diplomas in
Medicine to matriculated students who were not students in Arts, but who attended the
same lectures and passed the same examinations as were required of Bachelors of
Medicine. This system prevailed up to 1823, when the Board received a letter from the
College of Physicians in London, in which it was stated that that College did not consider
such a diploma as sufficient to warrant them to grant an examination for a license to
practise physic in England. The issue of these diplomas was then discontinued. For a
short period the degree of Bachelor of Medicine was granted to students who had
completed two years’ study in Arts, but this was found to be so unsatisfactory, that the
University decided that no one should be admitted to a degree in Medicine or in Surgery
who had not previously graduated as Bachelor of Arts.

As to the method of conducting examinations for degrees in Medicine, we gather

some curious information from a letter which the College of Physicians sent to the
Provost and Senior Fellows in October, 1814, in which they informed the Board that they
had ordered the King’s Professor not to be present at any examination for medical
degrees in the University in which any question may be put, or answer received, in the
English language. The Registrar was directed to write to the Regius Professor of Physic
(Dr. Hill) to inquire whether these examinations were conducted in Latin. In reply, Dr. Hill
assured the Board that he would not, under any circumstances, examine in English. It
may be conjectured that the newly-elected Professor of Anatomy (Mr. Macartney), who
was not a University man, broke through the old rule as to the language in which he
examined.

The great growth of medical and surgical studies in the University may be gathered
from the number of the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine which have been conferred at
different periods of the present century. In nearly all cases, students of the University
who now graduate in Medicine take also degrees in Surgery and the Obstetric Art. The
number of Medical Matriculations for the last three years has been as follows:—1889—
Students in Arts, 55, Externs, 28; 1890—Students in Arts, 61, Externs, 26; 1891—
Students in Arts, 100, Externs, 28. During the five years previous to 1889 these numbers
averaged—Students in Arts, 62; Externs, 34; total of each year, 96. The religious
professions of the medical students who were matriculated in 1891 were as follows:—
Church of Ireland, 85; Church of England, 10; Presbyterian, 12; Roman Catholics, 12;
Methodists, 6; other denominations, 3;—total, 128.

Arts Course. 1792-1892.—At the beginning of this period, and for some years after,
there were four academic Terms each year, during which the students, both
undergraduates and graduates, attended lectures. In each Term two days were set apart,
according to the directions of the Statutes, for the general examinations of all the
undergraduate classes. It was found that the increasing number of students could not be
properly examined in this limited time. Application was made to the Crown for a Royal
letter giving power to the Provost and Senior Fellows to increase the number of days for
this purpose in each Term, and a Statute to that effect was enacted in 1792. In the
following year a new and greatly improved list of the subjects for each examination in all
the parts of the Undergraduate Course was adopted.[102] At the same time, a scheme was
devised for stimulating the study of the Greek and Latin Classics, and for extending the
cultivation of Latin Composition, both in prose and verse, by special prizes at these
examinations.[103] The subjects for the examination for admission to the College were also
carefully re-modelled and set out for the use of schools; and in 1794 a well-devised
system of examinations and of prizes for proficiency in Hebrew was instituted. Yet at this
period there were no special lectures for advanced students, either in Mathematics or in
Classics. The dull and the clever student were taught together, both at the public lectures
and by the College Tutor; and at the Term Examinations all the students in each division
were taken together, the Examiner having at the same time, in a very limited number of
hours, to satisfy himself of the progress which each undergraduate had made in his
studies, to distinguish between the idle and the diligent, between the badly and the well-
prepared, and at the same time to pick out and reward the best answerer in each division
of about forty students.

The first earnest attempt to provide Classical instruction of a higher order for the
better class of students was devised by Provost Kearney in 1800. Special Classical
Lectures were arranged to be given by the ablest scholars among the Fellows twice a-
week, at 7 a.m. The first special Lecturers appointed for this purpose were—Dr. Miller in
Greek, and Mr. Walker in Latin. These lectures appear to have been instituted for the
purpose of advancing the classical studies of such graduates as intended to devote
themselves to the instruction of boys in schools; for it was arranged, at the same time,
that every graduate, who should appear to the Provost and Senior Fellows to merit such
encouragement, was to be entitled to a certificate under the College Seal testifying that
he was “qualified to instruct youth in the grammatical principles, the classical idioms, and
the prosody of the Greek and Latin languages.” The salary of each of these Lecturers was
fixed at £40 annually. In 1804, Dr. Miller was succeeded by Mr. Kyle as Lecturer in Greek,
and Mr. Walker by Mr. Nash as Lecturer in Latin. In 1801 the Professor of Oratory was
authorised to give prizes for excellent answering at the lectures delivered by him and his
assistants; and, in order to stimulate the study of the Hebrew language at school, prizes
for good answering in that subject, at the monthly entrance examinations, were
instituted; and in order to encourage further the study of composition, both in Greek,
Latin, and English Prose and Verse, in 1805 the Vice-Chancellor assigned that portion of
the fees for Degrees which was then payable to him, to form a fund for prizes, to be
given at the time of the Commencements, for the best compositions in each branch. In
1808 Catechetical Lectures and Examinations in Holy Scripture for the two Freshmen
classes on the basis of the ordinary Term Examinations were first instituted, and, at the
same time, regular weekly instruction by the Clerical Fellows in a fixed course of Holy
Scripture and religious knowledge was arranged. On the same occasion Algebra was for
the first time made a part of the Undergraduate Course, the only Mathematics which all
the students had been taught before that time being four books of the Elements of
Euclid.

In order to stimulate the more advanced students to an increased pursuit of

Mathematical Physics, Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd was appointed to deliver lectures on
Mechanics at a salary of £100 annually, on the condition that he should resign his claims
to any other Professorship, Lectureship, or Assistant’s place, except that of Catechetical
Lecturer. In 1815 a new scheme of Mathematical Lectures was promulgated. The
following distribution of the work to be done by the Professor and his assistants was
arranged by the Provost and Senior Fellows:—

The Junior Assistant to lecture on Arithmetic and Algebra to Biquadratic Equations, including
Newton’s Method of approximation to roots of Equations, also on the application of Algebra to
Geometry as given by Newton. The Senior Assistant to lecture on Logarithms, Analytical
Trigonometry, with its application to Terrestrial Measurement, application of Algebra to Geometry
managed by the equations of figures. The Professor to lecture on the more advanced parts of
Mathematics, including the Method of Indeterminate Coefficients, with its application to the
management of Series, and other matters not contained in the Course of the Assistant, also
Differential and Integral Calculus and the Method of Variations.

The programme of the subjects of these lectures shows that there was a large
advance in the mathematical education of the students made at this time. Analytical
Geometry and Trigonometry were taught to the Honour men among the undergraduates,
and the Differential and Integral Calculus and the higher branches of Mathematics were
expounded by the Professor of Mathematics to the candidates for Fellowship. Hitherto the
mathematical studies of the members of the College were mainly geometrical. The great
start in analytical science, which has developed itself so largely in the University, seems
to date from this time, and is due very much to the influence of Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd,
who had in 1813 been appointed to the Chair of Mathematics. It was not until 1830 that
a similar progress was made in the study of Mixed Mathematics. We find that in
November of that year a committee, consisting of the Professors of Mathematics and
Natural Philosophy, with Dr. Wall, was appointed to recommend to the Board a proper
course of Mixed Mathematics, and they were instrumental in introducing the Mechanics of
Poisson into the subjects for examination for the higher mathematical honours. A small
but important improvement in the existing method of conducting the Term Examinations
of ordinary students was made at the same time. Hitherto some of the classes were
submitted to be tested by the same Junior Fellow in Science and in Classics. In 1831 it
was decided that these branches of studies should be judged by separate examiners in
every case. At this time there was no special examination for the degree of Bachelor of
Arts. Senior Sophister students who answered in an unsatisfactory manner at the
Michaelmas Term Examination were “sent to the Regent House” to be examined.

In 1807 it was decreed that every student who is “cautioned to the Regent House”
shall be examined in every part of the Undergraduate Course for which he has got a
mediocriter at his last examination. It was not until October, 1838, that this examination
in the Regent House was formally discontinued, although it had fallen into disuse. It was
then arranged that one vix mediocriter for the B.A. degree should subject the candidate
to another examination.

This is the suitable occasion upon which to mention in detail the great services which
the mild energy and enlightened views of Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd performed in the
reformation of the studies and the literary work of Trinity College. To no one man during
the present century does the University owe so much. A native of the County of Wexford,
he was elected a Fellow in 1796, and after a service of twenty years as College Tutor,
which he discharged with zeal and ability, he was co-opted to a Senior Fellowship in
1816, and he was appointed to the Provostship in 1831. Dr. Lloyd held the Professorship
of Mathematics from 1813 to 1822, when he exchanged this chair for that of Natural
Philosophy. He occupied the latter office until he was made Provost, and he was thus for
eighteen years engaged in the direction of the highest studies of the most advanced
classes in the branches of Pure and Mixed Mathematics. He quickly saw the need of
introducing a more complete knowledge of the more advanced analytic methods which
prevailed on the Continent, and he compiled a course of lectures, as we have seen, in
order to introduce them to his class; and partly by his lectures and partly by his
writings[104] he completely revolutionised the mathematical and physical studies of the
University, and was the means of directing the researches of the higher class of thinkers
to the methods which have rendered the Dublin school of mathematicians so celebrated
in Europe.

Shortly after his appointment to the Chair of Natural Philosophy, he published his
well-known treatise on Mechanical Philosophy, which supplied a want widely felt by
students of that science in this and the sister country, and which was the means of
introducing to them the researches of the French labourers in the field of Applied
Mathematics.

During the six years of his Provostship he was the means of effecting very large and
beneficial changes in the College. Up to 1831 all the important Professorships were held
by Senior Fellows, and in most cases (except in those on the foundation of Erasmus
Smith) they were held, like other College offices, as the result of an annual election. Dr.
Lloyd saw the necessity of setting apart some of the Junior Fellows for the fixed and
exclusive work of Professorial study and teaching. For this purpose he influenced the
College Board to set apart three of the Junior Fellows, whose tastes were specially
directed to these particular studies, to the Professorships of Mathematics, of Natural
Philosophy, and the office of Archbishop King’s Lectureship in Divinity. Mr. M‘Cullagh was
elected to the first of these chairs, Mr. Humphrey Lloyd to the second, and Dr. O’Brien to
the third. They were freed from all the distracting cares of College Tutors, and the
salaries were fixed at something rather below the average value of a Junior Fellowship.
The tenure of the Professorship was terminated by the co-option of the holder to a place
among the Senior Fellows. The Fellowship Examination was improved by a Royal Statute
which was then obtained, and which enabled the Professors of Mathematics and Natural
Philosophy to be called up to undertake the examination in the courses belonging to their
respective chairs.

Provost Bartholomew Lloyd saw also the necessity of fostering the study of Mental
and Moral Philosophy among the members of the College. Prior to 1833 the study of
these sciences was joined with that of Mathematics and Physics under the common
designation of Science. But for the attainment of prizes and other University distinctions,
the Mathematical part of the examination placed that of the Logical and Ethical portions
of the curriculum completely in the background. In 1833 a new system of awarding
Honours and Medals at the Degree Examination was instituted, and in addition to the
distinctions in Mathematics and Classics, which had been in existence since the year
1815, a third course was fixed for a separate examination in Ethics and Logics, and gold
and silver medals were awarded for distinguished answering in these subjects, in addition
to the similar rewards for merit under the designation of Senior and Junior
Moderatorships in Mathematics and in Classics. This arrangement was carried out in
1834, and the first name in the list of Ethical Moderators of that year was that of William
Archer Butler—a brilliant and afterwards most distinguished man, both as a writer and a
preacher, who was taken away by death from the service of the Church and of the
University at the early age of thirty-four.

Provost Lloyd had long seen the necessity of a separate Professorship of the Moral
Sciences, and in 1837 he induced the Governing Body of the University to found it. On
the day on which it was instituted Archer Butler was appointed to the Professorship,
which he held for ten years, much to the benefit of the class of thinkers to whom these
studies were interesting. By these arrangements Dr. Lloyd may be well said to be the
founder of the distinguished school of Metaphysics which has taken such deep root in the
College, and has borne much fruit. In 1850, mainly through the exertions of his son, Dr.
Humphrey Lloyd, a fourth Moderatorship in Experimental Physics was founded.[105] But it
was not only with the advancement of higher class education that Provost Lloyd was
engaged: he effected enormous improvements in the lectures and examinations of the
undergraduates at large. To this he was stimulated by a remarkably thoughtful and
searching pamphlet, written in 1828 by Dr. Richard MacDonnell, who was then a Junior
Fellow, and had an experience of twenty years of the great defects in the method of
conducting the Term Examinations. Most of the suggestions in this pamphlet were
adopted in course of time. Before the year 1833 the work of the College was distributed
over four separate Terms, at the beginning of each of which the students were examined
in the subjects in which they had been instructed during the previous Term. These Terms
were of unequal and variable length. The Easter Term was far too short for the appointed
course of study; and the Trinity Term, depending on the movable feasts, was often
merely nominal. In order to obviate these inconveniences, the Provost and Senior Fellows
applied for and obtained a Royal Statute reducing the number of Academic Terms from
four to three, and fixing them so that they would be generally of equal length. The hours
of examination for each class of students were altered so as to meet the change of social
habits; and while it was formerly the custom to have the first part of the examination of
each day to continue from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m., followed by a breakfast at the chambers of
the College Tutors, in 1833 the change was made to the present hours of examination—
from 9.30 to 12 in the morning of the first day, and from 10 to 12 in the morning of the
second day of each Term Examination. The subjects of the Undergraduate Course were in
the same year submitted to a very wide-reaching review.

In the year 1793, great improvements had been made in the Classical Course set out
for the studies of the undergraduates. These were, it is said, largely due to the influence
of Dr. Thomas Elrington. On that occasion the works of the great Greek historians,
Herodotus and Thucydides, were brought for the first time under the attention of the
classical students in Trinity College; but, during the forty years which followed, little
change had been made in the classical authors which were read by the undergraduates.
In 1833, for the first time, a distinct and shorter course was arranged for students who
were not candidates for Honours, while a larger portion, generally of the same authors,
was set out for candidates for Honours, and a wider course of classical studies was
appointed for those who competed for Classical Moderatorships at the Degree
Examination. Similar arrangements were adopted for the students in the Mathematical
and Physical portion of their curriculum.

Before this time the students of the same division, of from thirty to forty men, were
examined together, and they had no opportunity of competing with other men of their
year in the Sciences; and in classical studies at the Scholarship Examination only, at
which they rarely competed until the third year. It was now arranged that those who
answered well at each Term Examination in Science or in Classics should be returned by
the Examiner to compete at a more searching examination in an extended course, at
which all the best men in the class should be examined together, on days separate from
those of the Term Examinations, by three Examiners in Science and three in Classics set
apart for that purpose; and so by this means each student was able to measure himself
each Term, not only with those who happened to be in his own division, but with all the
men of his year; and in this way the undergraduates were incited to continued study by
healthy competition. Premiums in books, which were formerly awarded at each
examination to the best answerer in each division, but which could be obtained only once
in the year, were confined to that of the Michaelmas Term, at which there were two
orders of prizes, first and second—the number of the first rank prizes being restricted to
one fortieth of the class, and that of the second to one twentieth.

There was another and a very important improvement in the teaching of the
undergraduates which Provost Lloyd was mainly instrumental in effecting. Hitherto the
lectures of each Tutor were given to his own pupils. He was supposed to instruct all the
men of each of the three Junior Classes at the least for an hour every day. Each Tutor
received the fees of his own pupils, and those who had a large number in what was
technically called his “chamber” had a considerable income, but others who were not so
popular had but a scanty support.

In 1835 the Tutors, under the persuasion of the Provost, agreed to adopt a new
system. The fees paid by the pupils were put into a common fund, and the Tutors were
divided into three grades, in the order of seniority, and their dividends were fixed, not in
relation to the number of their pupils, but of the standing of the Tutor among the
Fellows; each of them was thus assured of a certain and increasing income—the only
advantage accruing to the Tutor from the number of his pupils arose from the
arrangement that, when he ceased from any cause to be a Tutor, the payments of the
Tutorial fees of his existing pupils, as long as they remained in College, instead of being
paid into the common fund, were paid to the Tutor himself or to his representatives.

A corresponding division of Tutorial labour, as far as lectures were concerned, was

effected at the same time. Each Tutor was required to lecture only two hours every day,
except on Saturday; and the efficacy of the lectures was greatly increased, and the
regularity of the attendance of the lecturer in the instruction of his class guarded by
stringent rules. Every student in the two Freshman Classes was now lectured for two
hours instead of one; under the old arrangement the lecture in Classics was often a mere
form, not always observed; by the new system an hour’s lecture in Latin was secured to
each undergraduate in these classes. The Junior Sophisters were lectured by the Tutors
in Mathematical Physics and Astronomy only. In addition to the Tutorial Lectures, the
undergraduates attended, as they did before, the Public Science Lectures, the hours of
the lecture being changed from 6.15 to 7.30 a.m., and the lectures of the assistants to
the Greek Professor on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, which were delivered at 9
a.m. Again, there was a great improvement effected with respect to the attendance of
the undergraduates at Tutorial Lectures. At this time these lectures were not obligatory;
Terms were not kept by attendance at them, nor did the College keep any record of
them. A student did not advance in any way his College standing by seeking the
instruction given by his College Tutor. No cognizance was taken of irregularity, either on
the part of the lecturer or of the lectured. A Tutor was often absent from his class, and
the class was oftener absent from the Tutor. An important rule was adopted to counteract
this: a weekly return was required to be made to the Tutorial Committee of the
attendance upon his lectures, which was to be transmitted to the Provost, and the Tutor
had an opportunity of judging of the regularity of the studies of his pupils, who were,
according to this inter-tutorial system, in attendance on the lectures of other Tutors. In a
very few years the lectures were much better arranged, some of the Tutors being set
apart to lecture the candidates for Honours in each class, while others devoted
themselves to the greater drudgery of instructing the mere pass-men.

In order to secure the diligent discharge of the duties assigned to each Tutor, the
Tutorial Committee was bound to employ deputies to lecture in his place in case of his
failure from any cause, and to remunerate the deputies out of the income of the
defaulting Tutor.

That this division of labour added very much to the ease of the conscientious Tutors
is quite evident. Doctor Romney Robinson, who was a Fellow and Tutor under the old
system, wrote as follows in the preface to his treatise on Mechanics, published in 1820:
—“The Fellows of Trinity College can scarcely be expected to devote themselves to any
work of research, or even of compilation; constantly employed in the duties of tuition,
which harass the mind more than the most abstract studies, they can have but little
inclination at the close of the day to commence a new career of labour.... In the present
case the author happened to be less occupied than most of his brethren, yet he was
engaged from seven to eight hours daily in academical duties, for the year during which
he composed this work.”

Had Bartholomew Lloyd lived, he would no doubt have originated many other
improvements in the Arts Course, and in the other studies of the College which have
been effected since his time. He was, however, suddenly removed by death from his
exertions in reforming the College, on the 24th November, 1837, at the age of 65, having
held the Provostship for only six years. He was succeeded by Dr. Franc Sadleir, and during
the fourteen years of his mild sway the improvements originated by his predecessor were
gradually carried into effect. Dr. Richard MacDonnell succeeded him in the office of
Provost. He had been long engaged in the work of the College as an able and painstaking
Tutor, and a vigorous administrator of the College Estates. Dr. MacDonnell had long seen
the necessity of large reforms in the education of the students, and had ably pointed out
the abuses which required to be remedied, in the pamphlet which has been already
mentioned. Most of these defects he lived to see corrected, and the most important of
which were removed when he was himself Provost.

One of the events which, beyond question, stimulated intellectual exertions among
the undergraduates in the University of Dublin, was the opening of the appointments in
the Civil Service of India, and of the Army and Navy Medical Service, to public
competition in 1855. A number of the ablest students had a new career opened to them,
and they were afforded an opportunity of measuring their attainments with students of
similar calibre from Oxford and Cambridge. The course of study was at once widened.
Classical studies received an impetus which roused the teachers from their old routine.
The English Language and Literature, and Modern History, as well as foreign languages,
became important parts of Collegiate education. The heads of the College at once saw
the necessity of largely remodelling the instruction given to the undergraduates. The
Greek Professorship was very soon separated from the offices which were restricted to
Senior Fellows; a Professor was elected from among the Tutors under the same
arrangements which had been carried out in the cases of Natural Philosophy and
Mathematics. He was enabled to give his entire time to the duties of his chair. Similar
arrangements were made as to the Professorships of Geology and of Experimental
Physics. A Professor of Arabic and Hindostanee was established, and soon after one of
Sanskrit as well. The Professorship of Oratory was virtually changed into one of English
Language and Literature. The immediate effect of these changes was at once visible in
the great and remarkable success of the Dublin candidates at the open competitions for
the Indian Civil Service and the Army Medical Services. In the first seven years, fifty-three
succeeded from the Dublin University for the former and twenty-nine for the latter
appointments. The new regulations with regard to the study of English Literature which
were made in 1855 have produced very widely felt effects in the intellectual life of the
University. It was not for the first time that a want of the means of being acquainted with
this important branch of knowledge was felt by the students; and in order to remedy it,
in October, 1814, during the Provostship of Dr. Thomas Elrington, the Board directed that
lectures in the English Language and Literature should be regularly delivered by the
assistant to the Professor of Oratory, and elaborate rules were made as to the means of
carrying this course into effect, but it seems to have ended in failure; at any rate, during
the next forty years there was no public instruction given to the students in this
important subject. The plan adopted in 1855 of making History and English Literature a
distinct branch, in which honours and medals at the Degree Examination can be
obtained, aided by the special prizes which are given for proficiency in these subjects
during the Undergraduate Course, has created a widely felt interest among the students,
and has eventuated in the spread of a refined taste for these subjects among the
members of the College. The subjects in which the student can distinguish himself at the
B.A. Degree Examination have now been increased to seven—1, Mathematics, pure and
mixed; 2, Classics; 3, Mental and Moral Science; 4, Experimental Physics; 5, Natural
Sciences; 6, History, Law, and Political Economy; 7, Foreign Languages and Literature.
Frequent and well-considered changes in the courses for the ordinary students, and in
the subjects read by the candidates for Honours, have been made since that period, and
they have been on the whole successful.

One of the most marked developments in the intellectual life of the College during
the present century has been the growth of the great Classical School for which it is now
so well known. This may be mainly attributed to the separation of Classics from the other
branches which form the subject of competition for Fellowships. A keen competition
among Classical men for those highly-coveted prizes has been the consequence. The
tone of Classical Scholarship has been raised among the best of the candidates for
University Honours, and some of the ablest men devote themselves to stimulate the
knowledge of the Greek and Latin Languages and Literature among the students. There
has, moreover, a higher Critical School grown up in the University, limited in numbers,
being composed of Classical Graduates who are engaged in reading for Fellowship, or
who have competed for the Berkeley Medals in Greek, or for the Vice-Chancellor’s Medals
in Latin. This school, exclusive of the Fellows and Professors, never numbers more than
ten or twelve in the College at one time, but from the ability and classical culture of its
members it has more influence in giving a tone to the studies which are pursued in the
University than its numbers would at first sight render probable. The causes of the
growth of this school are—1st, the Critical Examination for the highest Classical
distinctions; 2nd, the fact that there is an examination for Fellowship every year; 3rd, the
annual publication of Hermathena; 4th, the publication of critical editions of the Classics
by the Fellows of the College.

We can trace the growth of the Mathematical studies to the wonderful genius of
MacCullagh and Hamilton, and to the labours of Townsend, of Jellett, of Roberts, and of
others who have passed away. Fortunately for the College, all the creators of the revived
School of Classics are still spared to the College, and their names are therefore not here
mentioned.

Another vast improvement effected was in the method of conducting all

examinations in the College. Prior to 1835 they were (with the solitary exceptions of
those for gold medals at the B.A. Degree Examinations) altogether oral. The examination
for Fellowships was a public vivâ voce trial of the candidates, and in the Latin language,
without any use whatever of writing. Greek authors were translated into Latin, and Latin
authors were interpreted in the same language. This continued to be the practice down
to the year 1853. Now, all this is changed. The Fellowship Examination, which is spread
over a much longer period, is mostly conducted in writing, although there is in every
course a public examination of the candidates vivâ voce and in English. The examinations
for Honours (except in Classical subjects) are now altogether written, and at the ordinary
Term Examinations students are tested orally and by written questions by separate
Examiners. At the general Term Examination at the end of the second year, and at the
B.A. Degree Examination at the end of the fourth year, the candidates are arranged
according to their answering in three classes, and those whose marks do not entitle them
to be classed, but who satisfy the Senior Lecturer, are passed without any mark of
distinction. This method of examination for the B.A. degree was adopted in July, 1842, at
the suggestion of the then Senior Lecturer, Dr. Singer, afterwards Bishop of Meath. It was
found to work in such a satisfactory manner that, in 1845, it was adopted at the other
public University Examination, at the end of the second or Senior Freshman year.

Engineering School.—The University of Dublin was the first to establish a course of

education and degrees in the art of Civil Engineering. Shortly after the construction of
railways in Ireland was undertaken, there was a necessity found for properly educated
men to carry on the required work; and the plan of an Engineering School originated with
Doctor Humphrey Lloyd, Professor of Natural Philosophy; Doctor MacCullagh, Professor of
Mathematics; and Doctor Luby, Assistant Professor of Natural Philosophy. These three
gentlemen laid a memorial before the Provost and Senior Fellows on April 3rd, 1841,
recommending the foundation of a Professorship of Civil Engineering, and giving a plan
for the studies of the proposed school for teaching that branch of education. This was
finally approved by the Board early in the following June. The length of the course as first
proposed was two years, and on July 9th, 1842, Mr. M‘Neill (afterwards Sir John M‘Neill)