The periodic rhythmic motion of a particle or an object around an

equilibrium point is referred to as vibration. It is a mechanical

phenomenon in which an external force or disturbance frequently causes

the thing to move back and forth.

1. HOW CAN YOU MEASURE VIBRATION

The numerous components of vibration measurement, including

displacement, velocity, acceleration, and frequency, make it complicated.

Each of these components can also be measured in a variety of ways: peak-

to-peak, peak, average, and RMS. These techniques can be applied in two

domains: time domain (instantaneous, real-time measurements with an

oscilloscope or data acquisition equipment) and frequency domain

(vibration magnitude at different frequencies over a frequency spectrum).

Alternatively, "total vibration" can be expressed as a single number.

Vibration is occasionally measured indirectly in order to derive another

value. The ultimate measuring objective dictates the vibration

quantification technique. Condition monitoring, or the observation or

prediction of wear, fatigue, and failure, frequently requires vibration

measurements. The purpose of these measurements is to determine the

forces and kinetic energy acting on an object. Most people call it inertial

vibration. One illustration would be monitoring equipment motors in

critical applications, especially the bearings. In many cases, the

measurement of acceleration provides a straightforward conversion to

force units if the mass of the item is known.

 1.) Impulse and Continuous Vibration Measurement

Continuous and impulse vibration measurements are two more

vibration situations. Operational testing and condition monitoring both

make use of continuous vibration readings. It measures the object of

interest immediately under actual working conditions.

An object is struck, usually with a "calibrated hammer" that measures

impact force, in order to measure an impulse vibration. The vibration the

object experienced is then recorded. By finding resonances within the

object, this type of test aids in predicting how the thing would behave

under operational settings. It often leads to design considerations to either

avoid or enhance resonant frequencies, depending on the application.

2.) Vibration Measurement Equipment and Vibration Sensor Technology

Vibration can be measured in terms of displacement, acceleration, or

velocity. Each vibration measurement device has advantages and

disadvantages, and while they can all be converted to one another, doing so

can have unfavorable consequences. Acceleration and displacement are the

two methods of measuring vibration that are most frequently utilized.

3.) Measuring Vibration with Accelerometers

Small devices called accelerometers are tiny electronic devices that are directly

affixed to or embedded within vibrating objects. They include a little amount of

mass that is kept in place by flexible parts that work like springs. When the
accelerometer is moved, the little mass will deflect according to the acceleration

rate. Numerous sensor techniques can be used to determine the mass

deflection. Since the mass and spring forces are known, converting

the amount of deflection to an acceleration value is simple. Accelerometers

can be used to gather acceleration data along one or more axes.

Although they are frequency-sensitive, accelerometers are a useful

option for inertial vibration measurements when the forces acting on the

object are important. Vibrations at higher frequencies accelerate faster than

vibrations at lower frequencies. As a result, accelerometers may produce

very low signal levels for low-frequency vibration and have low signal-to-

noise ratios. Additionally, by using integration to calculate velocity or

double integration to obtain displacement data, high-frequency emissions

are reduced.

An object of interest's natural resonance frequencies are changed

when accelerometers are mounted to it, changing the object's mass. When

the mass of the object is far more than the mass of the accelerometer, as is

often the case, the effect is negligible. It does, however, limit the use of

accelerometers to smaller objects. Accelerometers are a great choice for

larger, higher-frequency vibrating objects when it's important to measure

the inertial forces acting on the object.

2. DRAW A VIBRATION MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT

19th century seismometers

1.) ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR

This generation of seismogram
was done analogical way from a
pen or other object connected to a
mass, marking movement on a
roll of paper

2.) ACCELEROMETER

In most plants, three distinct

accelerometers are needed. For
the low frequencies that a
displacement transducer is
unable to measure, a low-
frequency accelerometer is
necessary.

3.) VIBRATION METER

 An electrical instrument
that can process
vibration signals is
called a vibration meter
or analyzer. To put it
simply once again,
consider your vibration
meter/analyzer to be a
volt meter. When the
machine shakes, the
sensor generates a
voltage signal. Your
vibration gadget
receives this voltage
signal via the cord. However, your vibration gadget is unable to display
voltage. Compared to a volt meter, it is wiser. The vibration gadget can
process the voltage signal and show vibration metrics like velocity and
acceleration. Refer to the chapter on acceleration and velocity below.

4.) SEISMIC MASS

The mass in an accelerometer, whose

inertia causes the supporting spring to
flex when the acceleration of the
substrate to which it is connected

5.) PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL

When subjected to mechanical

stress, materials
known as
piezoelectric materials generate an
electric current. These
materials can really change
form somewhat
when an electric current is applied
to them since the piezoelectric process is reversible.

6.) MOUNTING STUD RECEPTACLE

Electrical boxes typically are

mounted to the sides of studs
 for stability. Whether nailed to the studs or screwed in with adjustable
brackets, boxes on studs tend to stay in place for a long time.

CONTROLLING EXPOSURE TO VIBRATION

Protecting workers from the effects of vibration usually requires a

combination of appropriate tool selection, the use of appropriate vibration

absorbing materials (in gloves, for example), good work practices, and

education programs.

3. EXAMPLE OF CONTROLLING EXPOSURE TO VIBRATION

1.) Anti-Vibration Tools

It is possible to minimize vibration by strategically placing or

designing tools. For example, chain saws with anti-vibration features

reduce acceleration levels by around ten times. These kinds of chain saws

need routine maintenance. Regular replacement of shock absorbers is a

necessary component of maintenance. Pavement breakers, anti-vibration

pneumatic chipping hammers, and vibration-damped pneumatic riveting

guns are all produced by several pneumatic tool makers.

2.) Anti-Vibration Gloves

Traditional safety gloves made of cotton or leather do not diminish the

vibrations that workers' hands experience when using vibrating tools or

equipment. Gloves designed to reduce vibration are made of viscoelastic

material. The results of the measurements show that these gloves are not
 particularly effective. When the vibration threat cannot be adequately

managed or minimized, anti-vibration gloves and other Personal Protective

Equipment (PPE) may be used.

3.) Safe Work Practices

Employees can lower their risk of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS)

by using the following work habits in addition to wearing gloves and

antivibration tools:

• Use a hand grip with the least amount of strength necessary to

ensure the instrument or process may be used safely.

• Put on enough clothes to be warm, especially gloves.

• By taking breaks, you can prevent prolonged exposure.

• Whenever it is possible, place the tool down on the workpiece.

• Never use defective tools.

• Properly maintain your tools. Tools that are misaligned, dull, or

worn out will vibrate more.

• At the first indication of vibration illness, see a doctor and inquire

about the possibilities of switching to a less-exposed profession.

4.) Employee Education

Training programs can be used to increase workplace awareness of

HAVS. Training should include how to maintain and operate vibrating

instruments correctly to reduce unnecessary vibration exposure. Additionally,

vibrating machines and equipment typically make loud noise. Vibration

control instruction and training should therefore address noise control-related

topics.
 5.) Whole-Body Vibration

The following safety measures aid in lowering exposure to wholebody

vibrations:

• Restrict the amount of time employees spend on vibrating surfaces.

• To lessen exposure, mechanically disconnect the surface or

source of vibration.

• To prevent excessive vibration, make sure the equipment is

properly maintained.

• Put in vibration-absorbing chairs.

The vibration control design is a complex technical problem that needs to

be set up by experts in the field. Numerous workstation-specific criteria influence

the selection of vibration isolation material and machine mounting techniques.