Notes Class-10-Science-

Part-2-Chapter-
3-Life Processes
in Living
Organisms-2

10th

Science and Technology

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 Class-10-Science-Part-2-Chapter-3-Life Processes in Living Organisms-2

Topics to be learn :

Reproduction: Asexual and Sexual reproduction

Reproduction and modern technology.

Reproductive health.

Population Explosion.

Q. Which are the important life processes in living organisms?

Ans. The important life processes in living organisms are respiration, circulation,
nutrition, excretion, sensation and response through nervous system.

Q. Which life processes are essential for production of energy required by

body?

Ans. The oxidation of nutrients that are absorbed in body is done because of
oxygen supplied to cells by respiratory and circulatory system. This helps in
liberation of energy. Thus respiration, circulation and nutrition are the life
processes that are essential for production of energy required by body.

Q. Which are main types of cell division? What are the differences?

Ans. The main types of cell division are mitosis and meiosis.

 In mitosis, the chromosome number remains the same. Two daughter cells
are obtained from one cell.
 In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced to half. From one cell, four
daughter cells are obtained.

Q. What is the role of chromosomes in cell division?

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

Ans. Due to chromosomes, the DNA from parental cells enter into daughter cells.
The hereditary characters are transmitted to next generation by cell division.

Q. Observe the pictures and tell the life process which you identified.

Ans. In picture ‘a’ vegetative propagation is shown. The twig is planted and it is
showing rootlets. This indicates that new plant is being produced. In picture ‘b’
hen is laying eggs. In picture ‘c’ the seed is germinating and has produced radicle
and plumule.In picture ‘d’ cell division or binary fission similar to mitosis is shown.

All the pictures, show different types of reproduction.

Q. What do wo mean by maintenance of species?

Ans. Maintenance of species means a species undertakes successful reproduction

and produces individuals of its own kind. This keeps the species existing on the
earth,

Q. Whether the new Organism is Genetically exactly similar to earlier one

that has produced it?

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

Ans. No. The new organism produced from the old one is not genetically exactly
similar to the parents. In meiotic cell division there is crossing over In the
homologous Chromosomes, This produces genetic recombination. Thus the new
organism is different from the earlier one, However, if the reproduction its of
asexual type, then the young one Is exactly similar to the parents.

Q. Who determines whether the two organisms of a species will be

exactly similar or not?

Ans. The type of reproduction, whether it is Asexual or sexual, the type of

crossing over, the extent of genetic recombination, etc. determine the similarity
among the parent organisms and their offspring. Based on this genetic
recombination the two organisms of a species do not show exact similarity.
However, In case of monozygotic twins there is exact similarity, In asexual
reproduction too there is similarity,

Q. What Is the relationship between the cell division and formation of

new organism of same species by earlier existing organism?

Ana. In the process of reproduction, there is division of chromosomes, Due to cell

division, the gametes are formed. The union of gametes produce new offspring.
In sexual reproduction, all these processes take place due to cell division. In
asexual reproduction too there is cell division. Growth of new organism also
occurs due to cell divison.

Reproduction : Asexual and Sexual :

1. Life processes such as nutrition, respiration, excretion, control & co-ordination,

etc. keep the organisms alive. The reproductive processes are not essential for
survival of the individual but they are important in continuation of species to
which that organism belongs.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 2. Reproduction is formation of new offspring of same species by earlier existing
parent organism. Reproduction is important character of living organisms.
Evolution of every species occurs due to reproduction.

Asexual reproduction : Asexual reproduction is uniparental reproduction in

which there is no formation of gametes. New organism is formed without the
fusion of the gametes. The offspring produced is exactly similar to the parent
organisms. It takes place by mitotic cell division.

 Demerit of asexual reproduction : Absence of genetic recombination.

 Merit of asexual reproduction : Rapid process of reproduction.

Two main types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction and sexual

reproduction.

Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms.

1) Binary fission :
 The parent cell divides into two similar daughter cells.
 Occurs either by mitosis or amitosis.
 Performed usually during favorable conditions.
 Axis can be (1)Simple (2) Transverse (3) Longitudinal

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 Organisms : (1) Simple: Bacteria and Amoeba. (2) Transverse : Paramoecia. (3)
Longitudinal : Euglena and eukaryotic cell-organelle like mitochondria and
chloroplasts

2) Multiple Fission :
 Formation of pseudopodia stops, movements stop.
 Becomes round and covered over by protective cyst.
 In the cyst repeated nuclear divisions take place forming many nuclei.
 Cytoplasm divides forming many amoebulae.
 Cyst persists in adverse conditions.
 It breaks open after favourable conditions return by releasing many amoebulae.

Organisms : Amoeba in unfavourable conditions.

3) Budding :
 Two daughter nuclei by mitotic division formed by parent cell.
 Appearance of a small bulge on the surface of parent cell.
 Bulge is bud.
 One daughter nucleus enters the bud.
 Bud separates from the parent cell after sufficient growth.
 Starts living independently.

Organisms : Yeast cells (Unicellular fungus)

Asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.

Method Process Organism

Fragmentation The body of parent organism breaks up into Algae-
many fragments.
Spirogyra.
Each fragment lives independently. Sponge- Sycon

Spirogyra undergoes fragmentation in

favourable conditions.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 If Sycon breaks up accidentally, each
fragment of its body develops into new
Sycon.
Regeneration The body is broken into two parts. Each part Planaria
regenerates remaining part of the body
forming two new organisms.
Budding  Repeated divisions of regenerative cells Hydra
of body wall form a bud.
 Progressive growth of bud occurs and a
small Hydra is formed.
 Parent hydra supplies nutrition to the
budding hydra.
 After sufficient growth, new hydra
separates and then leads an
independent life.

Vegetative Reproduction with the help of vegetative Potato-Eyes on

propagation parts of the plants such as roots, stems tuber
and leaves. Bryophyllum-
Buds on leaf
margins
Sugar cane,
grass-Buds on
leaf nodes
Carrot, Radish-
by roots
Spore Sporangia over the filamentous body burst Fungi like
Formation to release spores. Germination takes place Mucor
in moist and warm place forming new
colony.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 Sexual Reproduction :

 Reproduction with the help of male and female gametes is called sexual
reproduction. It has two main processes, viz. gamete formation and fertilization.

(1)Gamete formation: By meiosis the gametes are formed. The diploid germ cells
give rise to haploid gametes.

(2) Fertilization : From union of haploid male and a female gamete a diploid
zygote is formed during fertilization.

 Subsequent mitotic divisions of zygote form embryo which then develops into new
individual.
 Male parent produces male gamete or sperm and the female parent produces
female gamete or ovum. The fusion of these forms zygote. Zygote has
recombined genes of both the parents. Hence, the offspring shows some
Similarities and some differences in the parental characters.
 Genetic variation gives rise to diversity in living organisms. Those genetic
variations that are helpful for adapting to the environment are retained. Such
individuals exist and do not become extinct.

Q. What would have been happened if the male and female gametes had
been diploid?

Ans. Diploid (2n) gametes if united, they will form 4n, i.e. tetraploid variety. Such
zygote will show severe abnormality. The chromosome number will not be
maintained.

Q. What would have been happened if any of the cells in nature had not
been divided by meiosis?

Ans. If meiosis does not happen the gametes produced will be diploid. This will
create abnormality.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

Sexual reproduction in plants :

1) Structural unit of sexual reproduction in plants is flower.

2) Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are the four floral whorls.

3) Different types of flowers :

i. Bisexual : Flowers with both androecium and gynoecium.

ii. Unisexual : Flowers with either androecium or gynoecium.
iii. Male flower : Flowers with only androecium
iv. Female flower : Flowers with only gynoecium
v. Pedicellate : Flowers with stalk or pedicel.
vi. Sessile : Flowers without stalk.
ii. Parts of the flower :

Part of the Unit Structure Function

flower
Accessory whorls
Calyx Sepals Green coloured Protective. Keeping
all the parts safely
covered during bud
condition.
Corolla Petals Variously coloured To attract insects for
pollination
Essential whorls
Androecium Stamens = Stamen is the male To produce pollen
whorl. Inside the grains. These form
1.Filament ->
locules pollen male gametes.

2. Anther —> grains are formed

by meiosis. Anthers
3. Four Locules - disperse the pollen
> Pollen grains

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 grains out at
proper time.
Gynoecium Carpels = By meiosis, embryo To produce ovules
sac is formed in which forms female
1. Ovary :
each ovule. It has gametes.
containing one
a haploid egg cell
or many ovules.
and two haploid
polar nuclei.
2. Style : Hollow
tube joining the
ovary and
stigma.

3. Stigma : Tip
of style.
iii.

4) Pollination : Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is called pollination.

5) Agents of pollination :

(i) Abiotic agents : Wind, water.

(ii) Biotic agents : Insects, birds or other animals.

6) Types of pollination :

(i) Self-pollination : Pollination involves only one flower or two flowers borne on
same plant.
(ii) Cross-pollination : Involves two flowers borne on two plants of same species.
(iii) In artificial pollination for forming new high yielding and resistant varieties of
plants, the pollination with the help of brush, is done by scientists.

7) Fertilization :

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

(1) Pollens fall upon sticky stigma and germinate.

(2) A long pollen tube and two male gametes are formed upon germination.

(3) The pollen tube carrying male gametes travels through style and reaches the
embryo sac.

(4) In embryo sac, tip of the pollen tube bursts releasing two male gametes.

(5) Here fertilization occurs by union of one male gamete and egg cell.

(6) Second male gamete unites with two polar nuclei. This union forms endosperm.
Since two nuclei take part in the process, it is called double fertilization.

8) Germination :

(1) The development of new plantlet from zygote after fertilization is called
germination.

(2) After fertilization ovule develops into seed and ovary into fruit.

(3) Seeds from broken fruits fallen upon the ground start germinating if they get
favourable conditions.

(4) Development takes place due to food stored in endosperm of seed.

Sexual reproduction in human being :.

Sex determination: Sex is determined according to the sex chromosomes,
Human males have 44 somatic chromosomes and XY sex chromosomes whereas
human females have 44 somatic chromosomes and XX sex-chromosomes.
Due to particular sex chromosomal complement, the masculine reproductive
system or feminine reproductive system is developed.

Q. Which different hormones control the functions of human reproductive

system through chemical coordination?

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 Ans. Pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH. LH is known as ICSH in males, as its
function in the male body is different. From the gonads of male and female,
hormones are secreted which are essential for male and female reproductive
functions respectively. These hormones are testosterone secreted from testis in
males and estrogen and progesterone secreted from the ovaries in females.
Testosterone is essential for masculinity as well as for sperm production while
female hormones are essential for changes in the female body leading to
motherhood.
Q. Which hormones are responsible for changes in human body occurring
during onset of sexual maturity?
Ans. Testosterone in male body and estrogen in female body are responsible for
maturity onset changes in human body.
Q. Why has the Government of India enacted the law to fix the minimum
age of marriage as 18 in girls and 21 in boys?
Ans. The full growth of female body is not completed till the age of 18. Till 18
years of age the physical and emotional maturity is not attained. Therefore, she is
not suitable for marriage, sexual relationship and pregnancy.
Similarly, boy attains complete growth only by the age of 21. Therefore, to keep
individuals and their progeny safe and healthy the Government of India enacted
the law to fix the minimum age of marriage as 18 in girls and 21 in boys.

Human male reproductive system :

1) Organs : Testes (Pair) : Located outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum.
Functions : 1. Numerous seminiferous tubules. Each has germinal epithelium ->
the cells divide meiotically or by meiosis to produce sperms. 2. Testes also
produce testosterone.
2) Organs : Different tubular structures : Rete testes -> vas eferens -> epididymis
—> vas deferens ejaculatory Duct- > urethra
Functions : Sperms travel from one tubule to next. In this interval they are
nourished and made mature for fertilization.
3) Organs : Glands : (1) Seminal vesicles, (2) Prostate gland, (3) Cowper’s glands
Functions : Secretions released in urethra. All secretions + sperms = Semen

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

4) Organs : Urethra Penis : Passage of urine as well as sperms
Functions : Penis transfers the semen during intercourse. Urethra is a common
passage for sperms and urine.

Human female reproductive system :

1) Organs: Fallopian duct (pair) : Three parts, Free end-funnel like with an opening
at centre. Middle part for fertilization. The third part opens in uterus. Entire duct
have ciliated epithelium.
Functions : Transport of ovum to uterus.
2) Organs: Uterus: In the middle of lower abdomen.
. Functions : Development of foetus, Helping in birth process.
3) Organs: Vagina : The passage of uterus to outside.
Functions : Passage for intercourse and also for birth.
4) Organs: Bartholin’s glands : In the vaginal wall.
Functions : For lubrication and protection of vagina.

The scientific facts :

The term urinogenital duct, oviduct is given in textbook, these terms are used
for other animals and not in case of human body.
Similarly, prostate gland is single and not in pairs as mentioned in textbook (All
the organs of male reproductive system are paired except urinogenital duct,
penis & scrotum, Page 29.)

Bulbourethral glands are not present in females. Women have Bartholin’s

glands. Bulbourethral glands are present only in males and they are also called
Cowper’s glands. The Bartholin’s glands are mucus producing glands in the
vagina. In male and female reproductive system no gland is same.

Formation of gametes :
(1) Sperm from father and ovum from mother are haploid gametes formed by
meiosis.
(2) Man can produce sperms from puberty till death.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

(3) But in a woman the function of reproductive system stops at menopause.
(4) In mature woman a single matured oocyte is released from ovary every
month.
(5) In woman’s body from birth, there are 2 – 4 million immature oocytes in the
ovary of female foetus. Till the age of 45 years woman can produce ova.
(6) Later she attains menopause due to lessened secretion of female hormones.
The reproductive functions then completely stop.

Fertilization :
(1) Union of sperm and ovum to form a zygote is called fertilization. There is
internal fertilization in humans in which semen is deposited in vagina during
intercourse. In the semen there are few millions of sperms. They swim from
vagina through uterus and reach fallopian ducts. Only one sperm is required for
fertilizing a single ovum that female produces.
(2) Women with advanced age have Strong chance of conceiving abnormal child.
The ova that develop around menopausal age are 45-50 years old and hence they
can be abnormal due to faulty meiosis. If such ovum is fertilized there are
increased chances of getting genetically abnormal child. e.g. Down’s syndrome or
Turner's syndrome.

Development and Birth :

(1) The fertilization takes place in fallopian duct. The zygote thus formed
undergoes rapid and repeated mitotic divisions to develop embryo.
(2) It travels from fallopian tubes to uterus. In uterus it gets implanted and grows
for next 40 weeks or 9 months.
(3) The nutrition during this period is provided by placenta which is an organ
developed in pregnant mother.
(4) After completion of embryonic development for 9 months the pregnant
mother gives birth to a baby.

Sex determination in human beings:

(1) The gametes develop from germ cells which are diploid (2n).

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

(2) Each diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex-chromosomes
i.e. (44 + XX or 44 + XY).
(3) Germ cells undergo meiosis forming haploid (n) gametes having chromosomal
combination of 22+ X or 22+ Y.
(4) Sperms produced are of two types viz. (22 + X) or (22 + Y) but ova/oocytes
are all (22 + X) types.
(5) Sperms complete process of meiosis before they leave male reproductive
tract. But the oocytes complete meiosis after ovulation, i.e. only if they are
fertilized.
(6) Type of sperm of father decides the sex of the child. If X bearing sperm
fertilises the oocyte, the girl is born and if Y bearing sperm fertilises oocyte, it’s a
boy. Mother has all X bearing oocytes, hence she is neutral in sex determination
of the child. Thus mother is not responsible for the sex of child.
(7) Girls are equal to boys in every aspect, therefore, female foeticide should be
stopped. It is a crime to kill the unborn girls.

Menstrual Cycle :
(1) Menstrual cycle is the naturally occurring repetitive changes in mature human
female.
(2) These cyclic events are controlled by four hormones.
(a) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
(b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
(c) Estrogen
(d) Progesterone.
(3) FSH and LH are secreted from pituitary and estrogen and progesterone are
secreted from ovary.
(4) One ovarian follicle develops along with the oocyte present in it due to effect
of FSH. This developing follicle secretes estrogen.
(5) This follicle produces estrogen under the influence of FSH.
(6) Under the effect of estrogen, uterine endometrium develops or regenerates.
(7) The oocyte also undergoes development.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

(8) Then under the influence of LH, ovulation takes place. Ovulation is bursting of
ovarian follicle to release an oocyte.
(9) The remaining tissue of empty ovarian follicle forms a body called the corpus
luteum. It is a secondary endocrine source and it starts producing progesterone.
(10) Under the influence of progesterone, the uterine endometrial glands secrete
and make this endometrium ready for implantation of embryo.
(11) If oocyte is fertilized the endometrium forms placenta along with developing
foetus.
(12) But if it is not fertilized, corpus luteum loses its function and becomes a
degenerate body called corpus albicans.
(13) Corpus albicans does not secrete estrogen and progesterone.
(14) Due to this, endometrium degenerates and starts sloughing off.
(15) Degenerating endometrium, unfertilized ovum and blood is discarded out
through vagina.
(16) This results into continuous bleeding for five days which is called
menstruation.
(17) This process is repeated every month. It is interrupted only by pregnancy.
(18) In breast feeding after parturition, menstrual cycle is suspended.
(19) The menstruating woman is in pains, she is bleeding, weak and Susceptible
for infections. Therefore, she needs rest and facilities for personal hygiene.

Q. Which hormone is released from pituitary of mother once the foetal

development is completed? :

Ans. The hormone oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary of mother
once the foetal, development is completed.

Q. Under the effect of that hormone, which organ of the female

reproductive system starts to contract and thereby birth process
(Parturition) is facilitated?

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 Ans. Due to oxytocin, uterus contracts involuntarily and the baby is expelled out.
Thus initiation of birth process is possible due to contractions of uterus.

Reproduction and Modern Technology :

(1) Causes of sterility :
Causes of sterility in females :
 Irregularity in menstrual cycle.
 Difficulties in oocyte production.
 Obstacles in the oviduct.
 Difficulties in uterine implantation.
Causes of sterility in males :
 Absence of sperms in the semen.
 Slow movement of sperms.
 Anomalies in the sperms.

Advanced medical techniques. like IVF, Surrogacy, Sperm bank, etc. help the
childless couple to have a baby.

(2) Modern reproductive technologies :

1. In Vitro Fertilization : If Less sperm counts in Man or obstacles in oviduct of
woman then fertilization is done in a test-tube —> embryo implanted in uterus
of woman.
2. Surrogacy : If Problems in implantation of embryo in uterus of a woman, then
Oocyte collected from the ovary —> fertilized in test-tube by husband’s
sperms —> Fertilized egg implanted in uterus of other surrogate woman who
lends her normal uterus.
3. Sperm Bank / (IVF) Semen Bank : If there is a various problems in sperm
production, then ejaculated semen is stored in sperm bank. This semen is used
to fertilize egg by IVF technique.

(3) Twins :

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

  Twins are two embryos that develop simultaneously in the same uterus
producing two offspring.
 Two main types of twins are (1) Monozygotic twins (2) Dizygotic twins.
 Monozygotic twins: Formed from single embryo these twins are exactly
alike and are of same gender. If within 8 days of zygote formation during
the embryonic development cells of that embryo are divided into two
groups, then monozygotic twins are formed.
 Siamese twins : Twins with some parts of body joined to each other are
called Siamese or conjoined twins. The Siamese twins are formed if the
embryonic cells are divided into two groups, 8 days after the zygote
formation. Such twins may also have some organs in common.
 Dizygotic twins: When two oocytes are released from the ovary of woman
and both are fertilized by two separate sperms then there is formation of
dizygotic twins. These twins are formed due to two embryos that are
separately implanted in the uterus. Such twins are genetically different and
may be same or different by gender.

Reproductive health :

1. Health : The physical, mental and social well-being is called health.

2. In India, there is lack of awareness about reproductive health. Social customs,

traditions, illiteracy, shyness, etc. keep the society under pressure. There is
always indifference towards the reproductive health of women.

3. Reproductive health can be achieved by keeping genitals clean.

4. Syphilis and gonorrhoea are sexually transmitted or bacterial venereal diseases

which affect people on a large scale.

5. Symptoms of syphilis : Occurrence of chancre (patches) on various parts of

body including genitals, rash, fever, inflammation of joints. alopecia, etc.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

6. Symptoms of gonorrhoea : Painful and burning sensation during urination,
oozing of pus through penis and vagina, inflammation of urinary tract, anus,
throat, eyes, etc.

Population Explosion :

Population explosion : Within a short duration if there had been excessive growth
of population, then it is called population explosion.

Population is growing by leaps and bounds in India. The problems due to

population explosion are unemployment, decreasing per capita income and
increasing loan, stress on natural resources, etc.

For population control, therefore in India, family planning is a must.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

Solutions Class-10-Science-
Part-2-Chapter-
3-Life Processes
in Living
Organisms-2

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 Class-10-Science-Part-2-Chapter-3-Life Processes in Living Organisms-2

Question 1:

Complete the following chart.

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Reproduction that occurs with

………………………………...........
the help of somatic cells is
1. 1. ……………………………….............…
called as asexual
…………………………….....................
reproduction.

Male and female parent are

…………………………………………
2. 2. necessary for sexual
…………………………………..
reproduction.

This reproduction occurs with ……………………………………...

3. 3.
the help of mitosis only. ……………………………......................

New individual formed by this

………………………………...............
4. 4. method is genetically different
……………………………….............…
from parents.

Asexual reproduction occurs

in different individuals by
various methods like binary
fission, multiple fission, ………………………………..............
5. 5.
budding, fragmentation, ……………………………….............…
regeneration, vegetative
propagation, spore
production, etc.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

Answer:

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Reproduction that
occurs with the help of Reproduction that occurs with
1. somatic cells is called 1. the help of germ cells is
as asexual called sexual reproduction.
reproduction.

Both the parents are

not required for asexual Male and female parent are
2. reproduction. It is 2. necessary for sexual
uniparental reproduction.
reproduction.

This reproduction This reproduction occurs with

3. occurs with the help of 3. the help of both meiosis and
mitosis only. mitosis.

New individual formed

New individual formed by this
by this method is
4. 4. method is genetically
genetically identical to
different from parents.
parents.

Asexual reproduction
occurs in different
Sexual reproduction occurs in
individuals by various
various organisms like
methods like binary
microbes, plants, animals and
5. fission, multiple fission, 5.
humans. It involves two main
budding, fragmentation,
processes- gamete formation
regeneration,
and fertilization.
vegetative propagation,
spore production, etc.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

Question 2:

Fill in the blanks.

a. In humans, sperm production occurs in the organ ----------------.
b. In humans, ------ chromosome is responsible for maleness.
c. In male and female reproductive system of human, ------------- gland is
same.
d. Implantation of embryo occurs in ------
e. ---------- type of reproduction occurs without fusion of gametes.
f. Body breaks up into several fragments and each fragment starts to live as
a new individual. This is -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type of reproduction.
g. Pollen grains are formed by -- ----- -- -- -- division in locules of anthers.

Answer:

a. In humans, sperm production occurs in the organ testes.

b. In humans, Y chromosome is responsible for maleness.
c. In male and female reproductive system of human, bulbourethral gland is same.
d. Implantation of embryo occurs in uterus.
e. Asexual type of reproduction occurs without fusion of gametes.
f. Body breaks up into several fragments and each fragment starts to live as a new
individual. This is fragmentation type of reproduction.
g. Pollen grains are formed by meiotic division in locules of anthers.

Question 3:

Complete the paragraph with the help of words given in the bracket.
(Luteinizing hormone, endometrium of uterus, follicle stimulating hormone,
estrogen, progesterone, corpus luteum)

Growth of follicles present in the ovary occurs under the effect of ----- This
follicle secretes estrogen. -- --- - -- -- -- grows / regenerates under the
effect of estrogen. Under the effect of --- ---, fully grown up follicle bursts,
ovulation occurs and -- --- -- -- is formed from remaining part of follicle. It

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

secrets --- --- -- -- and --- --- -- -- --. Under the effect of these hormones,
glands of -- -- -- -- are activated and it becomes ready for implantation.

Answer:

Growth of follicles present in the ovary occurs under the effect of follicle
stimulating hormone. This follicle secretes estrogen. Endometrium of
uterus grows/regenerates under the effect of estrogen. Under the effect
of luteinizing hormone, fully grown up follicle bursts, ovulation occurs and corpus
luteum is formed from remaining part of follicle. It
secretes progesterone and estrogen. Under the effect of these hormones, glands
of endometrium of uterus are activated and it becomes ready for implantation.

Question 4:

Answer the following questions in short.

1. Explain with examples types of asexual reproduction in unicellular
organism.

Answer:

Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms can be of three types:

Binary fission: Binary fission is the splitting of parent organisms into two halves,
each of which develops to form a complete daughter cell. For
example, Amoeba reproduces asexually by the process of binary fission.
In Amoeba,binary fission begins with the division of the nucleus. This is followed by
the division of the cytoplasm and the cell. Each part receives a portion of the
nucleus. Finally, two cells are formed from one parent Amoeba.

Multiple fission − Multiple fission is also seen in Amoeba. In this method, the
parent microbe divides into many daughter microbes. Amoeba shows multiple fission
under adverse conditions. It covers itself in a protective covering and forms a
structure known as cyst. Inside the cyst, the nuclei undergo repetitive nuclear
division followed by cytoplasmic division and result in the formation of amoebules.
These amoebules are released together when the conditions turn favourable.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

Budding − In this method, a bud develops as an outgrowth from parent body. This
developing bud detaches from the parent body and the daughter individual develops
further. For example, yeast reproduces asexually through the method of budding.
During this process, small bulb-like projections (called buds) start coming out of the
yeast cell. These buds gradually grow in size and get detached from the parent cell
to form a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell then grows and becomes mature to
form more yeast cells.

2. Explain the concept of IVF.

Answer:

Many couples all over the world are unable to produce children due to various
reasons. These couples can be assisted to have children through techniques called
assisted reproductive technologies (ART). IVF is one such form of ART which includes
different methods that can be a boon for childless couples:
Surrogacy- This is a technique which is used for women who face problem in
implantation of embryo in uterus. In this technique the donor of the oocyte is the
women itself who has problem in implanting the embryo in the uterus. The
collected oocyte is fertilized with the sperm of her husband in a test tube. The
embryo which is obtained after fertilization is implanted in the uterus of another
female who is called the surrogate mother.

ZIFT − It stands for zygote intra fallopian transfer. In ZIFT, the sperm from a donor
male and the ova from a donor female are fused in the laboratory. The zygote so
formed is transferred into the fallopian tube at the 8 blastomeres stage.

IUT − It stands for intra uterine transfer. In this technique, embryos with more than
8 blastomeres are transferred into the uterus.

GIFT − It stands for gamete intra fallopian transfer. In GIFT, females who cannot
produce ovum, but can provide suitable conditions for the fertilisation of ovum, are
provided with ovum from a donor.

ICSI − It is a intra cytoplasmic sperm injection. In this method, sperm is directly

injected into the cytoplasm of the ovum.

Artificial insemination − In this technique, the semen collected from the husband
or a donor is injected into the vagina or uterus. This cures the infertility arising from

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

the inability of the male partner to ejaculate, or due to low sperm count.

3. Which precautions will you follow to maintain the reproductive health?

Answer:

Precautions which should be taken in order to maintain good reproductive health

are:

 eat a balanced and nutritional diet

 maintain personal hygiene
 take adequate physical exercise
 avoid taking any drugs

4. What is menstrual cycle? Describe it in brief.

Answer:

Menstrual cycle is the reproductive cycle in all primates and begins at puberty
(menarche).

 In human females, menstruation occurs once in 28 to 29 days. The cycle of

events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called the menstrual
cycle.

 During the middle of the menstrual cycle, one ovum is released (ovulation).

 The cycle starts with the menstrual flow (3 to 5 days), caused due to the
breakdown of the endometrium of the uterus. Blood vessels in liquid state are
discharged, but this occurs only when the ovum is not fertilised.

 It is followed by the follicular phase. In this phase, the primary follicles mature
into the Graafian follicles. This causes the regeneration of the
endometrium, follicular growth, and the growing follicles produce oestrogen.

 The LH and FSH are at their peak in the middle of the cycle (14th day) and
cause the rupture of the Graafian follicles to release ovum. This phase is called
the ovulatory phase.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

  In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates, thereby causing
the disintegration of the endometrium and the start of a new cycle.

Question 5:

In case of sexual reproduction, newborn show similarities about characters.

Explain this statement with suitable examples.

Answer:

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two types of gametes i.e., the male and
the female gametes. The zygote formed contains a fusion of both the sperm nucleus
and the egg nucleus. Due to this, the new individual has characteristics which are
similar to both the parents while some characteristics which are different from both
the parents. Thus, the new individual formed from sexual reproduction inherits the
characteristics of both the parents. For example, if the father has black hair while
the mother has brown hair, the chances are that their offspring may have either
black or brown hair.

Question 6:

Sketch the labeled diagrams:

1. Human male reproductive system
Answer:

Human male reproductive system

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 2. Human female reproductive system

Answer:

3. Flower with its sexual reproductive organs

Answer:

4. Menstrual cycle

Answer:

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

Question 7:

Give the names.

a. Hormones related with male reproductive system.
b. Hormones secreted by ovary of female reproductive system.
c. Types of twins.
d. Any two sexual diseases.
e. Methods of family planning.

Answer:

a. Hormones related with male reproductive system- testosterone

b. Hormones secreted by ovary of female reproductive system- estrogen and

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

progesterone
c. Types of twins- Monozygotic and dizygotic twins
d. Any two sexual diseases- AIDS and Gonorrhea
e. Methods of family planning- Oral pills, condoms, IUD's

Question 8:

Gender of child is determined by the male partner of couple. Explain with

reasons whether this statement is true or false.

Answer:

The statement Gender of child is determined by the male partner of couple is true.

Human females have two X chromosomes (XX) and human males have one X and
one Y chromosome (XY). Therefore, the eggs produced by females have
only X chromosomes while the sperms produced by males can have
either X or Y chromosome. If an unfertilised egg fuses with a sperm
containing X chromosome, then it gives rise to a girl child having
two X chromosomes. If an unfertilised egg fuses with a sperm
containing Y chromosome, then it gives rise to a male child having one X and
one Y chromosome.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

Question 9:

Explain asexual reproduction in plants.

Answer:

Asexual reproduction is the process by which a plant gives rise to a new plant
without producing seeds or spores. Asexual reproduction in plants occur by
vegetative propogation. The development of a new plant from the vegetative part of
a plant like stem, root or leaf is known as vegetative propagation. The various
methods of vegetative propogation are:

From underground stem: A potato plant has an underground stem known as the
tuber. It has many buds called eyes. A vegetative bud consists of a short stem,
around which immature overlapping leaves are present in a folded state. A bud can
give rise to a new plant through asexual reproduction.

Rhizome: The underground stem of ginger is known as the rhizome which is capable
of giving rise to a new plant. Corm is the underground stem as found in Gladiolus. It
can also be used for vegetative propagation.

Through leaves: Leaves perform the function of photosynthesis. However, they can
take part in asexual reproduction as well. In some plants, leaves can give rise to a
new plant asexually. For example, the leaves of the plant Bryophyllum contain buds
on its margins. These buds give rise to a new plant through asexual reproduction.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

From aerial stem: In certain plants, a slender stem arises from the base of the
plant and touches the soil, it develops roots and buds at the point of contact with the
soil and gives rise to new plants. When the new plant is old enough the stem
connecting it to the parent plant withers away.

Question 10:

Modern techniques like surrogate mother, sperm bank and IVF technique
will help the human beings. Justify this statement.

Answer:

(1) Some couples want a child but they are not able to bear one due to various
problems either in mother or in father In such cases modern techniques such as
IVE, surrogacy and sperm bank are useful in conceiving a child

(2) In woman if there are problems like irregularity in menstrual cycle, difficulties
in oocyte production or implantation in uterus, obstacles in the oviduct, etc. then
she can resort to any one technique of the above.

(3) In man if there are ho sperms in the semen. slow movement of sperms, or
anomalies in the sperms then he becomes sterile

(4) But now with the help of advanced medical techniques these problems can be
overcome and a childless couple can be parents

(5) These methods are as follows :

 ZIFT − It stands for zygote intra fallopian transfer. In ZIFT, the sperm from a
donor male and the ova from a donor female are fused in the laboratory. The
zygote so formed is transferred into the fallopian tube at the 8 blastomeres
stage.

 IUT − It stands for intra uterine transfer. In this technique, embryos with
more than 8 blastomeres are transferred into the uterus.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

  GIFT − It stands for gamete intra fallopian transfer. In GIFT, females who
cannot produce ovum, but can provide suitable conditions for the fertilisation
of ovum, are provided with ovum from a donor.
 ICSI − It stands for intra cytoplasmic sperm injection. In this method, sperm
is directly injected into the cytoplasm of the ovum.
 Artificial insemination − In this technique, the semen collected from the
husband or a donor is injected into the vagina or uterus. This cures the
infertility arising from the inability of the male partner to ejaculate, or due to
low sperm count.
 Surrogacy - Surrogacy is another method which is used for women who face
problem in implantation of embryo in uterus. In this technique the donor of the
oocyte is the women itself who has problem in implanting the embryo in the
uterus. The collected oocyte is fertilized with the sperm of her husband in a
test tube. The embryo which is obtained after fertilization is implanted in the
uterus of another female who is called the surrogate mother.
 Sperm bank - It is a new concept which is similar to blood banks. Sperms are
collected from the male donors after a thorough medical checkup and stored
for future use. These sperms are used to fertilize the ovum of the women and
then this fertilised ovum is implanted in the uterus of the same women.

Question 11:
Explain sexual reproduction in plants.
Answer:

Not for sale. For private circulation only.

 In sexually reproducing plants, flowers function as the reproductive organs.
 In flowers, male organ is the stamen and female organ is the carpel.
 Flowers which have both the male and female organs i.e. stamens and carpels
are called bisexual flowers whereas flowers which have either male or female
organs are called unisexual.
 Male gametes called pollen grains are produced by stamen, and carpels
produce female gametes called ovules or egg cells inside ovaries.
 Fertilization takes place in the ovule where the egg cell and pollen grain fuse.
 This fertilized egg cell later develops into an embryo and the entire ovule gets
converted into a seed.
 Under favourable conditions, the seed germinates to give rise to a new plant.

Not for sale. For private circulation only.