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The document provides an overview of hormones, their definitions, classifications, and mechanisms of action. It discusses the general functions of hormones, hormone effects, feedback control, and hormone assay methods, particularly focusing on the role of the hypothalamus in regulating pituitary hormone secretion. Key concepts include the distinction between lipophilic and hydrophilic hormones, the types of second messengers, and the principles of hormone action.

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4 views

L5

The document provides an overview of hormones, their definitions, classifications, and mechanisms of action. It discusses the general functions of hormones, hormone effects, feedback control, and hormone assay methods, particularly focusing on the role of the hypothalamus in regulating pituitary hormone secretion. Key concepts include the distinction between lipophilic and hydrophilic hormones, the types of second messengers, and the principles of hormone action.

Uploaded by

f2t2stbxc6
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biochemistry

2nd stage
Dr.Lamees Majid Al-Janabi

Hormones
ILO:K2,S12,A0.
Objectives:
1. To define hormones.
2. To illustrate the classification of hormones.
3. To illustrate types of the second messengers of hormones.
4. To study the basic principles of hormone action.
5. To study feedback control.

Are chemical substances (Messengers) produced by specific ductless


glands ( Endocrine Glands)
They are transported directly into the circulation affecting specific
responsive tissues ( The Target Tissues ) where they regulate the
metabolic processes.

General functions of hormones: -

1- Regulation of metabolism: - Hormones affect the metabolism of


carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and minerals directing their synthesis,
storage, mobilization and utilization according to needs of the
body.
2- Growth: - The growth of bones, viscera, and several of tissues is
under the control of hormones.
3- Homeostasis:- hormones help the maintenance of internal
environment.
4- Behavior: - Hormones have an important role in behavior, fear,
depression, and sex behaviors are to several neural hormonal
factors.
5- Reproduction:- Reproductive organs are highly sensitive to
hormones.

1
Hormone Effects
Mechanisms:
1. By influencing the rate of synthesis of enzymes and other proteins.
2. By affecting the rate of enzymatic catalysis.
3. By altering the cell membrane permeability.

Characteristic features of hormone classes

Group I Group II
1- Solubility lipophilic hydrophilic
2- Type Steroids(iodothyronin, Polypeptide, proteins,
T3, T4) glycoproteins
(catecholamines).
3- Transport protein yes No
4- Plasma half life long(hours,days) Short(minutes).
t1/2
5-Receptor Intracellular plasma membrane
6- Mediator Receptor hormone cAMP, Ca,
complex phosphatidylinositol.

Classification of Hormones
A: According to chemical composition:-
1. Polypeptide:
ex: GH, ACTH, PRL, Insulin
2. Glycoprotein:
ex: FSH, LH, TSH
3. Steroids (derived from cholesterol):
ex: Adrenal steroids, Sex hormones
4. Amino acids:
Thyroid hormones ( T4 and T3) and Catecholamines are derived from
Tyrosine .

B: According to the location of hormone receptors and the nature of


the signal used to mediate hormone action :
Group I : Hormones that bind to intracellular receptors :-

2
Examples:
Sex hormones: Estrogens, Progestins
Adrenal steroids: Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids.
Thyroid hormones: ( T4 and T3) , Calcitriol.

Group II : Hormones that bind to cell surface receptors :-


This group is subdivided into 4 subgroups according to the nature of
intracellular messenger ( Second Messenger):-

A: The 2nd messenger is cAMP :-


Examples:
Alpha 2 -Adrenergic catecholamines
Beta -Adrenergic catecholamines
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
TSH (Thyroid – Stimulating hormone)
FSH ( Follicle –Stimulating hormone)
LH ( Luteinizing Hormone)
LPH ( Lipotropin)
MSH ( Melanocyte –Stimulating hormone)
PTH ( Parathyroid hormone )
Calcitonin

B: The 2nd messenger is cGMP:-


Examples:
ANP ( Atrial natriuretic factor)
NO ( Nitric oxide )

C: The 2nd messenger is Calcium , Phosphatidyl inositol or both:-


Examples:
Alpha 1- adrenergic catecholamines
Oxytocin
TRH (Thyroytopin releasing hormone)
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone)
ADH
Oxytocin

3
D: The 2nd messenger is a kinase or phosphatase cascade:-
Examples:
GH
Insulin
PRL
Erythropoietin
Chorionic somatomammotropin ( CS )
Insulin like growth factors ( IGF-I, IGF-II )

Basic principles for hormone action:


1. The responsive target cell for any given hormone contain specific receptors
which are specialized proteins capable of binding the hormone molecule with
very high specificity and affinity.
The hormone receptors could be present on the cell surface or within the cell.
2. The binding of the hormone to it’s receptors result in the formation of intra
cellular ( or depresses) some characteristic biochemical activity of the target
tissue.
The 2nd messenger could be cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, phosphatidyl inositol or a
kinase or phosphatase cascade.
With Group I hormones:
The hormone receptor complex itself becomes the 2nd messenger.

4
Feedback control
1. Negative Feedback control

Control of pituitary hormone secretion

2. Positive feedback control


In certain circumstances, hormones exert positive feedback control.
Estrogen and progesterone are required for the acute bust of LH secretion (LH
Surge) that result in ovulation and follicular luteinization and for further
production of these hormones.

HORMONE ASSAY
Radioimmunoassay (RIA):
Based on the competition for a specific binding protein of radiolabeled hormone
with unlabeled hormone. The binding protein may be a specific antibody,
membrane receptor or serum transport protein.

5
The unlabeled present either a standard or an unknown competitively displaces the
labeled hormone resulting in an increase in radioactivity in the unbound fraction.
RIA methods are more sensitive than most bioassays since they permit
detection of hormone concentration less than 1ng/ml.

Hypothalamic Hormones:-

Anantomy: Hypothalamus is a portion of central nervous system, located at the


base of the brain just above the pituitary gland.

The hypothalamus produces two types of endocrine factors;


(a) the hypothalamic neuropeptides
(b) the hypothalamic releasing factors.
The releasing factors are inhibitory neuro-secretions synthesized in the
hypothalamus and released through the hypothalamic pituitary portal circulation.
They have their effect on the secretion of pituitary tropic hormones.

The secretion of hormones by adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary is under the


control of peptides secreted by hypothalamus. Several peptides having effects on
anterior pituitary, either stimulant (releasing factors), or inhibitory, have been
identified. The secretion of the hypothalamic peptides are also under the feedback
control of anterior pituitary tropic hormones (short loop feedback) as well as the
target gland hormones (long loop feedback)

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HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY TARGET HORMONE
HORMONE HORMONE RELEASED
RELEASED
1-Thyrotropin TSH T3&T4
releasing hormone
(TRH).
2-Corticotropin ACTH Hydrocortisone.
releasing hormone
(CRH).
3-Gonadotropin LH, FSH. Androgens,estrogens
releasing hormone & progestins.
(GnRH).
4-Growth hormone GH IGF (insulin like
releasing hormone growth factor).
(GRH).
5-Growth hormone Inhibit GH, T3, and IGF1
release inhibiting T4.
hormone(GHRIH).
6-Prolactin release Inhibit release of Neurohormones.
inhibiting hormone. prolactin.

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