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Washington city. He gave strict orders to his men not to
steal and rob. This is a part of his order:

“The commanding general thinks that no greater

disgrace could befall the army, and through it our whole
people, than to commit outrages on the innocent and
defenceless. * * * It must be remembered that we
make war only upon armed men.”

This order, with its noble Christ-like spirit, will remain

the “undying glory of Lee”; for all his property had been
taken by the Federals. His wife and daughters were
homeless, yet he did not fail to return good for evil.

When Lee started into Maryland, he sent Jeb Stuart on 67

ahead to guard the right flank of his army. By some
mishap, he crossed the Potomac too far to the east, and
soon found that the whole Federal army was between
him and General Lee. By hard fighting and riding he at
last joined Lee at Gettysburg, but not until after the
fight had begun. Lee was thus without his “eyes and
ears,” as we have called General Stuart, and could not
tell just where the foe was. Neither Lee nor Meade had
planned to fight at Gettysburg, but they fell upon each
other pretty much like two men groping in the dark.

For the first two days (July 1, 2) Lee’s men drove back
the enemy. On the third day, at 1 o’clock P. M., Lee
began to fight with one hundred and fifty big guns. For
two hours the air was alive with shells. Then, out of the
woods swept the Confederate battle line, over a mile
long, under General Pickett. A thrill of wonder ran along
the Federal lines as that grand column of fifteen
thousand men marched, with ragged clothes, but bright
guns and red battle-flags flying, up the slope of
Cemetery Ridge. Down upon them came shot and shell
from guns on the heights above and round them.
The line was broken, but on they went. They planted 68
their Confederate flags on the breast-work; they fought
hand to hand and killed men at the cannon with the
bayonet; but down from the hill rushed tens of
thousands of Federals, and many who were not killed
were taken prisoners. Few got back to tell the story.
That night the stars looked down upon a field of dead
and dying men and also upon a sad general. Lee’s
orders had not been obeyed, and, for the first time, he
had been foiled.

Lee afterwards said to a friend, “Had I had Stonewall

Jackson at Gettysburg, I would have won a great
victory.”

He had made a bold plan to attack early in the day; but 69

it was not done, and thus Meade got time to bring up
his troops. Meade did not attack Lee, who rested that
night upon the same ground as the night before.

Lee now had but little powder and shot. On the next
day, the 4th of July, he started his long trains of
wounded and prisoners towards Virginia; and, at the
same time, buried his dead. That night, in a storm, the
army began its homeward march, and reached the
Potomac river to find it too high to cross. Calm and
brave, Lee sent his wounded over in boats and got
ready for Meade. But Meade was in no mood to attack
Lee and came up slowly.

While waiting for the river to fall, Lee heard of the

capture of his son Gen. W. H. F. Lee.

On the 13th, Lee’s men began to cross the river, and by

the next night they were again safe in Virginia.
The men lost at Gettysburg were never replaced, for the
South had sent forth all her fighting men and had no
more to give.

The rest of the year passed without any great battle. 70

Lee’s chief concern was to get food and clothes for his
men and to watch Meade, who would not give battle.

About this time the city of Richmond presented to Lee a

house. This he kindly but firmly refused to take, and
begged that what means the city had to spare might be
given to the families of his poor soldiers.

Late in November, General Meade moved towards Lee,

who had built strong forts at Mine Run. But Meade
found the forts too strong for attack and withdrew
during the night.

The next year a new man was sent against Lee—

Ulysses S. Grant. Lee had now only sixty-two thousand
men to meet Grant, who had one hundred and twenty-
five thousand men, and a wagon train that reached
sixty-five miles.

With this large army, Grant crossed the Rapidan river, 71

and marched on to give Lee battle. Lee did not wait for
Grant, but went forward and met his hosts in a place
called the Wilderness, which was a vast forest full of
underbrush, and with only narrow roads here and there.
It was a bad place in which to fight a battle, for no man
could see but a few yards around him. Cannon and
horsemen were of no use, because they could not move
through the tangled bushes.

Grant did not know that Lee’s men were so near. But
when they rushed into these wilds and boldly began the
fight he had to give battle. For two days, May 5th and
6th, 1864, two hundred thousand men in blue and gray
fought breast to breast in the thickets. Men fell and died
unseen, their bodies lost in the bushes and their death-
groans drowned in the roar of battle.

In the midst of these horrors, the woods caught on fire

and many of the wounded were burnt alive. Lee,
however, pressed forward, and when night closed had
taken a portion of the Federal breast-works.

During the fight of the 6th, General Lee placed himself 72

at the head of some men from Texas to lead the charge.
“Hurrah for Texas!” he cried, and ordered the charge.
But the soldiers, anxious for their dear general, shouted,
“Lee to rear!” A gray-haired soldier seized his bridle,
saying, “General Lee, if you do not go back, we will not
go forward!” So General Lee reined back his horse and
the brave Texans swept on to victory and death.

On the morning of the 7th, Grant made no motion to

attack Lee, but that night marched towards Spotsylvania
Court-House. Lee at once found out his plans and began
a race to reach there first. When the front of Grant’s
army reached the Court-House the next morning, they
found Lee’s men behind breast-works and ready for the
fight. Lee had gotten between Grant and Richmond!
That evening the two great armies were again facing
each other on the banks of the Po river. Here they threw
up breast-works, which may yet be seen.

For twelve days, Grant made many attacks upon Lee’s 73

lines. Early on the morning of the 12th his men made
an opening in Lee’s lines and poured in by thousands.
Lee’s men ran up quickly and soon a most terrible fight
took place. The trenches ran with blood and the space
was piled with dead bodies, whose lips were black with
powder from biting cartridges.
 LEE IN FRONT OF HIS TROOPS.

Though Grant held that position, he could not break 74

through the second line. The little army in gray stood as
firm as the mountains.

In the fight of which I have just told you, General Lee

again rode in front, with hat off, to lead the charge; but
General Gordon dashed up and said:

“These are Virginians and Georgians who have never

failed. Go to the rear, General Lee.”

Then he said to the men:

“Must General Lee lead this charge?”

“No! No!” they cried; “we will drive them back if General
Lee will go to the rear.”

They rushed off and once more hurled back the Federal
troops.

Grant now sent his cavalry general, Sheridan, on a raid 75

near Richmond. A fierce battle was fought at Yellow
Tavern, in which the famous Jeb Stuart was wounded so
that he died the next day. Alas for Lee! Jackson and
Stuart were both gone.

Grant again moved to the rear, and Lee next moved to

the North Anna river. While Grant was again trying to
flank, Lee got to the old works at Cold Harbor. Grant
made an attack at daylight. His troops, sinking into a
swamp, were killed by thousands, while Lee lost but few
men.

A second assault was ordered, but the men would not

move forward. About thirteen thousand of their
comrades had been killed in less than half an hour, and
they could no longer stand the awful fire.

We are told by General Fitzhugh Lee that Lee’s men

were hungry and mad. One cracker to a man, with no
meat, was a luxury. One poor fellow, who had his
cracker shot out of his hand before he could eat it, said:
“The next time I’ll put my cracker in a safe place down
by the breast-works where it won’t get wounded, poor
thing!”

Lee again stood in Grant’s way to Richmond. In the 76

battles from the Wilderness to Cold Harbor, Grant had
lost sixty thousand men, while Lee’s loss was eighteen
thousand.
Just before the battle of Cold Harbor, Grant had looked
for Sigel to move up the Valley and fall upon Lee’s rear.
But Sigel was met at New Market on May 15th by
Breckenridge with five thousand troops, among which
was a band of cadets from the Virginia Military Institute
at Lexington. These boys fought like heroes, fifty of
them being killed and wounded. Sigel was sent running
back down the Valley, and Breckenridge then marched
to the help of Lee.

Grant then, on the night of June 12th, began to move

his army south of the James river to march towards
Petersburg, a city about twenty-one miles south of
Richmond.

The famous General Beauregard (Bo′re-gard) was at 77

Petersburg with only about two thousand men, as he
had sent the most of his troops to the north side of the
James river to the help of Lee.

Against these, on the 15th, General Grant sent eighteen

thousand men.

Beauregard held these men in check until Lee sent

troops to aid him. Lee then came up with the main
army, and Grant, having lost ten thousand men, now
began to make trenches and build forts to protect his
men, as he was going to lay siege to Petersburg, the
key to Richmond.

Lee had to defend both Richmond and Petersburg with

lines thirty-five miles long, against Grant’s army, which
was twice as large as his own. In fact, Grant had all the
men that he asked for; while Lee’s ranks were thin and
food was scarce. A fourth of a pound of meat and one
pound of flour was all that each soldier had for one day.
In this stress, it is said that Lee thought it best to give 78
up Richmond and march south to join the army there. I
do not know the truth of that statement. At any rate, he
did not go, but went to work to make his lines stronger
and to get in food for his men. One of his great cares
was to keep Grant from getting hold of the railroads
which brought food from the South and other parts of
the country.

Just here, it will be well to give you some of the war

prices at that time. Flour brought, in Confederate
money, two hundred and fifty dollars per barrel; meal,
fifty dollars; corn, forty; and oats, twenty-five dollars
per bushel. Brown sugar cost ten dollars per pound;
coffee, twelve dollars; tea, thirty-five dollars; and they
were scarce and hard to get. Woolen goods were
scarce; calico cost thirty dollars per yard, and lead
pencils one dollar a-piece. Women wore dresses that
were made of cloth spun, woven and dyed by their own
hands. Large thorns were used for pins and hair-pins,
and shoes were made with wooden soles. Hats were
made by girls out of wheat straw, plaited into a braid
and then sewed into shape.

Those were indeed hard times; but in spite of want and 79

care, the spirits and courage of the Southern people did
not flag. All food that could be spared was sent to
Richmond, and every one hoped for the best.

Time after time Grant’s men made attacks upon Lee’s

works, but were always sent back faster than they
came, by his watchful men.

The shells from Grant’s big guns fell into the city of
Petersburg day after day, bursting into the churches and
houses, and making the people flee for their lives.
One day, as General Lee was sitting on a chair under a
tree at his headquarters, the “Clay House,” the balls fell
so thick about him that his aids begged him to seek a
safer place. He at last mounted his horse and rode
away. A moment after, a gay young soldier sat down in
the chair and tilted it back, saying, “I’ll see if I can fill
Lee’s place for awhile.” Just then a ball struck the front
round of the chair and cut it in twain. If Lee had been
there, with the chair upon the ground, he would have
been badly hurt. All thanked God that he was safe.

On June 22d, the Confederates under General Mahone 80

made a sally from their lines and gave the Federals a
great surprise. As the Southern shot and shell burst
upon them, they fled back into their lines and the
Confederates brought off two thousand prisoners, four
cannon and eight flags.

On the same day, there was a fight at Reams’ Station, in

which the Federals were put to flight and lost twelve
guns and one thousand men.

All this time, Grant was making earthworks and forts,

and at last carried out a very cruel plan. From a spot
out of sight, he had a mine dug until it reached under
one of the Confederate forts. In that hole he had caused
to be placed a blast of eight thousand pounds of
powder. His plan was to blow a hole in Lee’s lines and
then rush in with a large band of men and take the city.
 THE SOUTHERN STATES.

General Lee found out that they were digging the mine 81
and where it was, and had a strong line made in the
rear, while big guns were placed so as to fire across the
breach when the mine was sprung.

At that time there were only thirteen thousand men in

the trenches at Petersburg, as General Lee had been
forced to send some of his troops to the north of the
James to check a move which Grant had made on
purpose to draw off Lee’s men from the mine.

Just at dawn, July 30th, the blast was fired. A great roar
was heard, and then two hundred and fifty-six men
from South Carolina and twenty-two from Petersburg,
with guns, large masses of earth, stones and logs, were
thrown high into the air. A breach one hundred and
thirty-five feet long, ninety feet wide, and thirty feet
deep, had been made in the Confederate lines. Those
near the spot were at first stunned, and those far away
could not think what the noise meant.

Grant’s guns fired at once all along the line, and a band 82
of men marched out to rush in through the breach.
When they had rushed across the space to the gap,
they found a deep pit at their feet.

EXPLOSION OF THE CRATER.

The Confederates had now gained their wits, and at

once opened fire. The storm of shot and shell forced the
Federals down into the pit for shelter; but when there,
they could not get out. Band after band of Federals
were sent forward to charge the works, but they either
fell into the Crater or ran back to their own lines.

Two hours had now passed, when black troops were 83

sent to seize the guns which were doing such deadly
work. They marched bravely up, but the Confederate
fire was too hot for them and they ran for their lives—
some into the Crater, and some back to their own lines.
White troops were again sent forward, but they, too,
were driven back. All this time the Crater was full of
wounded, struggling and dying men, upon whom the
hot sun beat and shot poured down.

Soon General Lee rode up, and by his orders, General

Mahone, with Weisiger’s and Wright’s brigades, came up
and charged with a yell upon the Federals who had for
the first time reached the breast-works. There was a
fierce hand-to-hand fight, but the Federals were quickly
forced back.

All honor is due to the few men who had so bravely held
the breach until help came.

Just at this time a white flag was seen to float above 84

the side of the Crater, which told that some were alive
down there and ready to give up.

In this strange fight Grant lost about four thousand men

and Lee about four hundred.

The pluck and skill of Lee and a few men had foiled a
well-laid plan and showed what these brave heroes
could do after years of toil and battle.

Lee now thought that if he would again send troops to

threaten Washington, he might cause Grant to move
some of his large army there, and thus give him (Lee) a
chance to hurl back the hosts of Grant from Richmond.
So he sent General Early down the Valley into Maryland
with only ten thousand men.
They went as fast as they could, and on July 9th met, at
Monocacy Bridge, General Lew Wallace with seven
thousand men. Having whipped him and taken from him
two thousand men, Early marched on to Washington.

On the 10th, his troops marched thirty miles, and on the 85

11th were in front of Washington. But his force was too
small and too much worn out to try to attack the city.
He coolly camped in front of it all day, and at night after
a fight with some Federal troops sent to catch him,
went back into Virginia.

This raid of Early’s did not move Grant. He left Mr.

Lincoln to take care of Washington and kept the most of
his men massed in front of Lee’s lines.

It was about this time that the Federal General Sheridan

passed up the Valley and burned two thousand barns
filled with wheat and hay, and seventy mills filled with
flour. He also drove off and killed four thousand head of
stock. The boast was that “if a crow wants to fly down
the Valley he must carry his food along.”

This was a part of the plan to crush and starve Lee, for
a great part of his flour and meat was sent from the
Valley.

After many trials, on August 18th Grant at last got hold 86

of the Weldon railroad, which brought supplies from the
south. This was a great blow to Lee.

In the fall of this year, when meat was scarce, General

Wade Hampton sent a note to General Lee, telling him
that there was a large drove of beeves in the rear of
Grant’s army and asked leave to take a force of
horsemen and drive out the cattle. General Lee at last
told him to go, but urged him to take great care not to
be caught.

The men were well on their way when day broke, and
rode on until dark, when they came to a halt in a road
overhung by the branches of trees. Here they slept,
men and horses, till just at dawn they sprang to their
saddles, and with the well-known yell dashed into the
camp of the foe. The Federals made a good fight for
their meat; but at last fell back, and the Confederates
captured and drove out more than two thousand
beeves. These they brought safe into camp after having
two fights and riding one hundred miles.

This fresh meat was a great treat to Lee’s men and the 87
cause of much fun.

JOHNNY REB AND BILLY YANK.

Lee’s lines were so close to Grant’s at one point that the
men would often call over to each other. The Federals
called the Confederates Johnny Rebs, while the
Confederate name for the Federals was Billy Yanks. On
the day after the beef raid, one of Grant’s men called
out.

“I say, Johnny Reb, come over. I’ve got a new blue suit
for you.”

“Blue suit?” growled out Johnny.

“Yes,” said the other, “take off those greasy butternut 88

clothes. I would, if I were you.”

“Never you mind the grease, Billy Yank,” drawled out

the Confederate, “I got that out’n them beeves o’
yourn.”

Pop! went the Federal’s gun, and the Confederate was

not slow to pop back at him.

General Lee’s life was now full of care; as soon as one

attack on his lines was over, another was begun. He
lived in a tent and would go down to the trenches
himself to see how his men were getting on.

An old soldier relates that one day he came into the 89

trenches when the firing was quite rapid. The men did
not dare to cheer, lest they might bring a hotter fire
from the foe, but they crowded around him and begged
him to go back. But he calmly asked after their health
and spoke words of cheer. Then he walked to a big gun
and asked the lieutenant to fire, so that he might see its
range and work. The officer said, with tears in his eyes,
“General, don’t order me to fire this gun while you are
here. They will open fire over there with all those big
guns and you will surely get hurt. Go back out of range
and I’ll fire all day.” General Lee was greatly touched by
this, and went back, while the men quickly fired off the
huge gun.

Lee needed not only men, but food for those he had.
Many men died from cold and want.

The winter of 1864 and ’65 was a sad one for Lee and
the South. There were no more men in the South to
take the place of those who had been killed.

The corn and wheat of the South had been burnt and
the cattle killed by the Northern armies. The people sat
down to empty tables and had no more food to send
their men.

Mrs. Lee, in her sick chair in Richmond, “with large

heart and small means” knit socks, which she would
send at once to the bare-footed men.

On January 10, 1865, General Lee writes to Mrs. Lee: 90

“Yesterday three little girls walked into my room, each

with a small basket. The eldest had some fresh eggs,
the second some pickles, and the third some pop-corn,
which had grown in her garden. * * They had with them
a young maid with a block of soap made by her mother.
They were the daughters of a Mrs. Nottingham, a
refugee from Northampton county. * * I had not had so
nice a visit for a long time. I was able to fill their
baskets with apples, and begged them to bring me
hereafter nothing but kisses, and to keep the eggs,
corn, etc., for themselves.”

Lee’s men were ragged and starving, but they fought on

till April 1st, 1865, when, at Five Forks, the left wing of
Grant’s large army swept around the right and rear of
Lee, and made him give up Richmond and Petersburg.

When the Southern troops were leaving Richmond, by 91

law of Congress the tobacco houses were set on fire to
keep them from falling into the hands of the foe. The
fire spread, and Mrs. Lee’s house was in danger of being
burnt. Friends came in and wished to move her to a
place of safety, but she was loath to go. The fire had no
terror for her as she thought of her husband with his
band of ragged, starving men marching with their “faces
turned from Richmond.” White clouds of dense smoke,
with the light of fire in their folds, hung above the city
as the Federal army, with waving flags and clashing
music, marched in and stacked arms in the Capitol
Square.

In the meantime, Lee marched on towards Amelia 92

Court-House, where he had ordered meat and bread to
be sent for his men. But when he got there he found
that it had been sent elsewhere, and now real want set
in. His men had nothing to eat but corn, which they
would parch at night and eat as they marched along.
General Lee’s plan had been to march south and join
General Johnston, but some time had been lost in
looking for food, and General Grant’s hosts were near at
hand.

So Lee fell back towards Lynchburg, but on April 9th,

1865, being entirely surrounded by Grant’s vast army,
he and his few ragged men surrendered to General
Grant at Appomattox Court-House. Lee had only eight
thousand men, while Grant’s army numbered about two
hundred thousand.

In all these battles, of which I have told you, General

Lee had never been really defeated; but he gave up at
last because he had no more men and no more food.
The Northern generals had all the men and food they
asked for, as they had the world to draw from; but the
South, being blockaded, or shut in by Northern ships of
war, could not get what she needed from other lands.

Lee did all that courage and genius could do against

such odds, and was, without doubt, the greatest
commander of his time.

Colonel Venable, an officer on General Lee’s staff, tells 93

this story of the surrender: “When I told General Lee
that the troops in front were not able to fight their way
out, he said ‘Then, there is nothing left me but to go
and see General Grant, and I would rather die a
thousand deaths.’”

Another officer says that when Lee was thinking of the

surrender he exclaimed, “How easily I could get rid of
all this and be at rest! I have only to ride along the lines
and all will be over. But,” he added quickly, “it is our
duty to live, for what will become of the women and
children of the South if we are not here to support and
protect them?”

So, with a heart bursting with grief, he once more did

his duty. He went at once to General Grant and
surrendered himself and his few remaining men.

By the terms of the surrender, Lee’s men gave up their 94

fire-arms, but all who had horses took them home, “to
work their little farms.”

General Grant, it must be said, was most kind to

General Lee and his men. He did not ask for General
Lee’s sword, nor did Lee offer it to him; neither did he
require Lee’s men to march up to stack their guns
between ranks of Federals with flags flying and bands
playing. Lee’s men simply went to places which were
pointed out and stacked their guns. Their officers then
signed a parole not to fight again against the United
States. They were then free to go back to their homes,
which, in some cases, were burnt—blight and want
being on every side.

After all, Grant did not go to Lee’s camp or to Richmond

to exult over the men who had so often met him in
battle; but he mounted his horse, and, with his staff,
rode to Washington. Before going, he sent to Lee
twenty-five thousand rations; for, as I have told you,
Lee’s men had nothing to eat but parched corn.

After the surrender, Lee rode out among his men, who 95
pressed up to him, eager to “touch his person, or even
his horse,” and tears fell down the powder-stained
cheeks of the strong men. Slowly he said:

“Men, we have fought the war together; I have done my

best for you; my heart is too full to say more.”
 LEE LEAVING APPOMATTOX C. H.

“And then in silence, with lifted hat, he rode through the

weeping army towards his home in Richmond.”

As General Lee rode on towards Richmond he was calm, 96

and his thoughts dwelt much more on the state of the
poor people at whose houses he stopped than upon his
own bad fortune. When he found that all along the road
the people were glad to see him and gave him gladly of
what they had to eat, he said, “These good people are
kind—too kind. They do too much—more than they are
able to do—for us.”

At a house which he reached just at night, a poor

woman gave him a nice bed; but, with a kind shake of
the head, he spread his blanket and slept upon the
floor.