Q-What is data warehouse?

Diagramma cally and discuss data warehousing Q-Mul dimensional data model and database
architecture 1.Mul dimensional Data Model:
A Data Warehouse (DW) is a centralized repository that stores integrated, A mul dimensional data model organizes data into dimensions and facts. The model
historical data from mul ple sources, primarily for querying and analysis. It represents data as a data cube, where each axis (or dimension) corresponds to a
enables organiza ons to consolidate large amounts of data and perform specific a ribute.
efficient repor ng and data mining ac vi es to support business decision- Dimensions:These are descrip ve a ributes or categories through which data is
making. analyzed. For example, in a sales dataset, dimensions might include Time,Loca on, and
Key Features of a Data Warehouse: Product.
- Centralized: It integrates data from mul ple sources. Facts:These are the measurable or numeric values that are subject to analysis. In the
- Subject-Oriented: Organized around key business subjects (e.g., sales, sales example, facts could include Sales Amount,Quan ty Sold, etc.
finance). Data Cube:The data is stored in a cube-like structure, where each cell in the cube
- Non-Vola le: Once data is entered into the warehouse, it is not changed, contains a fact value, and the coordinates represent the intersec ons of dimension
allowing for consistent repor ng. values. For example, a cell could represent total sales of a product in a specific loca on
Data Warehousing Architecture Opera ons:
1. *Data Source Layer (Source Systems)*: Drill-down:The process of breaking down data into finer granularity.
- Includes external systems and opera onal databases where raw data Roll-up:Summing or aggrega ng data to a higher level.
originates (e.g., CRM systems, transac onal databases). Slice:A selec on of data from one dimension, while keeping others constant.
- Data from these sources are extracted using ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) Dice:A more specific selec on, where mul ple dimensions are sliced.
processes. Pivot:Reorganizing the dimensions for be er understanding.
2. *Data Staging Layer (ETL Process)*: 2.Mul dimensional Databases (MDB):
- This is where data is collected, cleaned, and transformed. ETL tools are used A mul dimensional database is designed to store and manage data that can be
to extract data from the source, transform it into the desired format, and load it modeled using a mul dimensional data model.
into the data warehouse. Structure:MDBs use a mul dimensional schema like Star Schema or Snowflake Schema
3. *Data Warehouse Layer (Data Warehouse Database)*: to structure data.
- The main data repository where processed data is stored. Star Schema:Central fact tables are connected to dimension tables, forming a star-like
- This layer typically uses op mized databases such as rela onal databases structure. It’s simple and fast for querying.
(e.g., SQL-based) or columnar databases for efficient querying. Snowflake Schema:A more normalized version of the star schema, where dimension
4. *Data Presenta on Layer (BI Tools and Analy cs)*: tables are further divided into addi onal tables. It’s more complex but saves storage
- This layer is where end-users access the data using business intelligence (BI) space.
tools, dashboards, reports, and analy cs applica ons.
- Users perform data analysis, query reports, and visualize data trends.

Q-What is meta data? Why is metadata important in a data warehouse

Q-What is olap,oltp and opera ons types of meta data
1. OLTP (Online Transac on Processing)* Metadata is essen ally "data about data." It provides context, informa on,
OLTP systems are designed to handle a large number of short, transac onal and details about the data, allowing systems and users to understand,
queries that require quick processing. These systems are used for managing real- manage, and use the data more effec vely. In other words, metadata helps
me transac onal data and are typically focused on day-to-day opera ons. They describe the structure, content, and other characteris cs of data.
are op mized for fast query performance and data integrity. Importance of Metadata in a Data Warehouse
Data Management and Organiza on: It helps organize data, making it easier
Opera ons:
for users to locate and understand the informa on they need. It helps in
Insert:* Adding new records to the database.,Update:* Modifying exis ng categorizing and indexing the data for efficient retrieval.
records.,Delete:* Removing records. Data Quality and Consistency: Metadata ensures that the data conforms to
Query:* Retrieving specific data in real- me. standards, is accurate, and is up-to-date. This helps maintain data integrity
Characteris cs:* and consistency across various datasets.
- High transac on volume Data Lineage and Traceability: Metadata tracks the origin and
- Quick response mes transforma on of data. It allows users to understand how data was sourced,
- Small-sized, frequently updated data transformed, and loaded into the data warehouse.
- ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isola on, Durability) compliance for data Types of Metadata in a Data Warehouse
consistency Business Metadata:
This metadata provides context from a business perspec ve. It includes
- Real- me opera ons
informa on such as defini ons, business rules, metrics, and KPIs. It helps
2. OLAP (Online Analy cal Processing)
users understand how to interpret the data.
OLAP systems are designed to handle complex queries for analy cal purposes. Technical Metadata:
These systems are used for querying large volumes of historical data to assist in This type of metadata describes the technical aspects of the data and its
decision-making. OLAP is op mized for reading and analyzing large datasets, structure. It includes informa on about data types, data models, schemas,
o en used in business intelligence and repor ng. table defini ons, and rela onships.
Opera ons: Opera onal Metadata:
Slice:* An opera on to view data from a specific perspec ve. This metadata focuses on the processes and ac vi es related to data, such
Dice:* An opera on to view data across mul ple dimensions. as ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes, data loading schedules,
Drill-down:* Breaking data into finer levels (e.g., viewing sales data at a product transforma on rules, and data refresh mes.
level from a region-based view).
Roll-up:* Aggrega ng data to higher levels (e.g., viewing sales data for an en re
quarter rather than individual days).
Pivot:* Reorganizing data to view it from different angles (e.g., changing rows and
columns in a report to analyze the data differently).
Q-Mul dimensional versus mutlirela onal
1. Mul dimensional*:
Refers to data or systems that involve mul ple dimensions or
Q-Three er warehouse architecture
perspec ves. In the context of databases, a *mul dimensional
Tier1:Storage Layer (Inventory Storage)*
database (MDB)* is one that allows data to be modeled and viewed
This is where products and materials are stored. The storage layer
in mul ple dimensions, o en used in *OLAP (Online Analy cal
includes racks, shelves, bins, and pallets used to organize and house
Processing)*.
items in the warehouse.
Each dimension represents a different aspect of the data (e.g., me,).
This layer is typically op mized for capacity and accessibility, ensuring
In simpler terms, it means looking at data from different viewpoints
efficient use of space while maintaining the ability to retrieve items
or layers (e.g., a sales report might have dimensions like me,
quickly.
region,).
*Tier 2: Processing Layer (Order Processing / Picking)*
2. *Mul rela onal*:
The processing layer involves the ac vi es related to the handling of
Refers to data or systems that involve mul ple rela onships or
goods as they move through the warehouse. This is where products
connec ons between en es. In the context of *mul rela onal
are picked, packed, sorted, and some mes assembled based on
databases, data is stored in a way that captures various rela onships
customer orders or replenishment needs.
between different en es, o en used in **rela onal databases*
This layer is focused on op mizing the flow of goods from storage to
where tables are related to each other through foreign keys.
dispatch to ensure mely processing and minimal errors in order
It focuses on the connec ons between en es, allowing for more
fulfillment.
complex queries and rela onships.
Tier 3: Distribu on Layer (Shipping and Outbound)*
For instance, in a rela onal database, you might have separate tables
The distribu on layer involves the final movement of products out of
for customers, orders, and products, each table being related by
the warehouse. Once orders are packed and ready, they are shipped to
certain a ributes.
the customer or moved to a distribu on center.
This layer ensures that goods are properly sorted, loaded onto delivery
vehicles, and sent to the appropriate des na on.