COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A STRAIGHT PIPE

This was the main sheet in Paul Birchenough's

original program. Retain it for doing all the calcs.
Transfer the results elsewhere for display to
users.

Length of pipe (m) 5 0.00

Mass flow rate (kg/s)

ID of pipe (m) 0.0000
Mass flowrate as a function of downstream
Roughness (m) 0.000000
pressure
Number of axial steps 25
Isentropic coefficient 0.00 90

Inlet pressure (N/m2) 0 80

Mass flow (kg/s) 0.00
70
Inlet viscosity (cP) 0.00
Inlet density (Kg/m3) 0.00 60
Inlet temperature (K) 273.15
COMPLETE INPUT
50

40

30
Minimum permissible downstream pressure (N/m2) 596030.94
Maximum permissible mass flowrate (kg/s) 84.356435 20
Maximum pressure drop (N/m2) 203969.06
10 WARNING, Don't
Sonic velocity at outlet conditions (m/s) 515.5
clear or over-write the
0
0.0E+00 2.0E+05 4.0E+05 6.0E+05
cell formulae and data
Total line pressure drop assuming incompressible flow #DIV/0! Downstream pressure (N/m2) 8.0E+05 1.0E+06
Total line pressure drop assuming isothermal compressible flow #DIV/0!
in the very first row of
this table.
ISOTHERMAL
Isothermal Compressible Flow
Index Position (m) Pressure(N/m ) 2
Density (kg/m3) Velocity(m/s) Pressure ratio Temperature (K) Pressure
0 0.0 0.00 0.00 #DIV/0! 1.000 273.2 0.0
1 0.2 795723.07 2.99 385.91 1.001 522.5 796315.2
2 0.4 791362.96 2.98 388.04 1.002 521.9 792588.4
3 0.6 786914.25 2.96 390.23 1.002 521.2 788818.1
4 0.8 782370.92 2.94 392.50 1.003 520.6 785002.7
5 1.0 777726.21 2.93 394.84 1.004 519.9 781140.3
6 1.2 772972.52 2.91 397.27 1.006 519.2 777229.2
7 1.4 768101.25 2.89 399.79 1.007 518.6 773267.4
8 1.6 763102.59 2.87 402.41 1.008 517.9 769252.7
9 1.8 757965.29 2.85 405.13 1.010 517.1 765183.0
10 2.0 752676.30 2.83 407.98 1.011 516.4 761055.8
11 2.2 747220.40 2.81 410.96 1.013 515.7 756868.4
12 2.4 741579.64 2.79 414.09 1.015 514.9 752618.1
13 2.6 735732.53 2.77 417.38 1.017 514.2 748301.9
14 2.8 729653.12 2.75 420.85 1.020 513.4 743916.3
15 3.0 723309.41 2.72 424.55 1.022 512.6 739457.9
16 3.2 Note that there is another similae table
716661.33 2.70 428.48 1.025 511.8 734922.7
17 3.4 down below here, beginning row 90.
709657.46 2.67 432.71 1.029 510.9 730306.6
18 3.6 702229.97 2.64 437.29 1.033 510.1 725604.7
The table below is the one which is copied
19 3.8 694286.20 2.61 442.29 1.038 509.2 720812.0
to W/S 'Seg_Pipe' for display to the user, so
20 4.0 685693.68
its exact appearance 2.58
is important. It uses 447.84 1.044 508.3 715922.8
21 4.2 cell formulae to get data from the table 2.54
676251.01 454.09 1.051 507.4 710930.8
22 4.4 above. 665623.94 2.50 461.34 1.060 506.4 705829.0
23 4.6 653175.84 2.46 470.13 1.073 505.5 700609.6
24 4.8 637343.02 2.40 481.81 1.091 504.5 695263.7
25 5.0 609490.60 2.29 503.83 1.132 503.4 689781.4

Isothermal Compressible Flow Adiabatic Compressible Flow

Index Pos'n (m) Pressure(bara) Density (kg/m3) Velocity(m/s) Pressure(bara) Density (kg/m3) Velocity(m/s)
0 0.00 0.000 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.000 0.000 #DIV/0!
1 0.20 7.957 2.994 385.91 7.963 2.998 385.40
2 0.40 7.914 2.977 388.04 7.926 2.986 386.98
3 0.60 7.869 2.961 390.23 7.888 2.973 388.59
4 0.80 7.824 2.944 392.50 7.850 2.961 390.24
5 1.00 7.777 2.926 394.84 7.811 2.948 391.91
6 1.20 7.730 2.908 397.27 7.772 2.935 393.63
7 1.40 7.681 2.890 399.79 7.733 2.922 395.38
8 1.60 7.631 2.871 402.41 7.693 2.909 397.16
9 1.80 7.580 2.852 405.13 7.652 2.896 398.99
10 2.00 7.527 2.832 407.98 7.611 2.882 400.86
11 2.20 7.472 2.811 410.96 7.569 2.868 402.78
12 2.40 7.416 2.790 414.09 7.526 2.855 404.74
13 2.60 7.357 2.768 417.38 7.483 2.840 406.74
14 2.80 7.297 2.745 420.85 7.439 2.826 408.80
15 3.00 7.233 2.721 424.55 7.395 2.812 410.92
16 3.20 7.167 2.696 428.48 7.349 2.797 413.09
17 3.40 7.097 2.670 432.71 7.303 2.782 415.32
18 3.60 7.022 2.642 437.29 7.256 2.766 417.62
19 3.80 6.943 2.612 442.29 7.208 2.751 419.98
20 4.00 6.857 2.580 447.84 7.159 2.735 422.42
21 4.20 6.763 2.544 454.09 7.109 2.719 424.94
22 4.40 6.656 2.504 461.34 7.058 2.702 427.54
23 4.60 6.532 2.457 470.13 7.006 2.685 430.23
24 4.80 6.373 2.398 481.81 6.953 2.668 433.02
25 5.00 6.095 2.293 503.83 6.898 2.650 435.91
Velocity(m/s)
#DIV/0!
385.91
388.04
390.23
392.50
394.84
397.27
399.79
402.41
405.13
407.98
410.96
414.09
417.38
420.85
424.55
428.48
432.71
437.29
442.29
447.84
454.09
461.34
470.13
481.81
503.83

Velocity(m/s)
#DIV/0!
385.91
388.04
390.23
392.50
394.84
397.27
399.79
402.41
405.13
407.98
410.96
414.09
417.38
420.85
424.55
428.48
432.71
437.29
442.29
447.84
454.09
461.34
470.13
481.81
503.83
Velocity(m/s)
#DIV/0!
385.91
388.04
390.23
392.50
394.84
397.27
399.79
402.41
405.13
407.98
410.96
414.09
417.38
420.85
424.55
428.48
432.71
437.29
442.29
447.84
454.09
461.34
470.13
481.81
503.83

Velocity(m/s)
#DIV/0!
385.91
388.04
390.23
392.50
394.84
397.27
399.79
402.41
405.13
407.98
410.96
414.09
 417.38
420.85
424.55
428.48
432.71
437.29
442.29
447.84
454.09
461.34
470.13
481.81
503.83

Velocity(m/s)
#DIV/0!
385.91
388.04
390.23
392.50
394.84
397.27
399.79
402.41
405.13
407.98
410.96
 0 0 800000 8 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
53814443 4.217822 799844.1 7.9984414
8.435643 799430.1 7.9943014
12.65347 798763.9 7.987639
16.87129 797836.8 7.9783682
21.08911 796633.2 7.9663323
25.30693 795130.7 7.9513068
29.52475 793299 7.9329897
33.74257 791098.4 7.9109836
37.9604 788476.8 7.8847684

42.17822 785366.1 7.8536611

46.39604 781675.4 7.8167542
50.61386 777282 7.77282
54.83168 772015.6 7.7201562
The Adiabatic results in the 59.0495 765632 7.65632
WARNING, Don't
table immediately below 63.26733 757764.3 7.5776426
clear or over-write the here use P.Birchenough's 67.48515 749718.5 7.4971851
cell formulae and data formulae. 71.70297 737104.1 7.3710412
in the very first row of 75.92079 719534.9 7.195349
this table. See macro 'Profile_02'
80.13861 691744.7 6.917447
84.35644 596030.9 5.9603094
Adiabatic 84.35644 0 0
Density Vel
0.00 #DIV/0!
3.00 385.40
2.99 386.98
2.97 388.59
2.96 390.24
2.95 391.91
2.94 393.63
2.92 395.38
2.91 397.16
2.90 398.99
2.88 400.86
 2.87 402.78
2.85 404.74 5.00 609490.60 2.29 503.83 1.1317
2.84 406.74
2.83 408.80 Position Pressure(N/m2) 'Density (kg/m3) 'Velocity(m/s) Final Pratio
2.81 410.92
2.80 413.09 These values are posted here from the calculated table, by macro "Profile_02"
2.78 415.32
2.77 417.62
2.75 419.98
2.74 422.42
2.72 424.94
2.70 427.54
2.69 430.23
2.67 433.02
2.65 435.91

Velocity(m/s) Temperature (C)

0.0
249.4
248.7
248.1
247.4
246.8
246.1
245.4
244.7
244.0
243.3
242.5
241.8
241.0
240.2
239.4
238.6
237.8
236.9
236.1
235.2
234.2
233.3
232.3
231.3
230.3
CALCULATE PRESSURE DROP FOR A GIVEN MASS FLOWRATE

Length of pipe (m) 0.00 R/pU2 (Coulson & Richardson)

ID of pipe (m) 0 Critical pressure ratio
Roughness (m) 0 Minimum downstream pressure (N/m
Cross sectional area (m2) 0 Maximum allowable mass flowrate (Kg/
Maximum allowable pressure drop in pi
Sonic velocity (m/s)
Inlet temperature (C) 0.00
Inlet pressure (N/m2) 0.00
Mass flowrate (Kg/s) 0.00 #DIV/0!
Inlet viscosity (cP) 0.00 #DIV/0!
Inlet density (Kg/m3) 0.00 Outlet pressure (N/m2)
Delta M #DIV/0! Outlet density (Kg/m3)

Outlet pressure (Initial estimate) (N/m2) #DIV/0!

1. Solve equation for critical pressure ratio 2. Solve equation for downstream pr

Wi Residual Derivative P2 T1
100 #DIV/0! 0.99 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
LOWRATE

oulson & Richardson) #DIV/0! Parameter A

#DIV/0! Parameter B
downstream pressure (N/m2) #DIV/0! Parameter C
allowable mass flowrate (Kg/sec) #DIV/0! Outlet Density (kg/m3)
allowable pressure drop in pipe (N/m2) #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! Parameter D
Parameter E
Outlet Pressure (N/m2)
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! Adiabatic/Isothermal pressure ratio
ssure (N/m2) #DIV/0! Outlet temperature (K)
nsity (Kg/m3) #DIV/0!

equation for downstream pressure 3. Adiabatic solution for outlet density

T2 T3 Residual Derivative Rho out A B

#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
 #DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!

#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!

#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!

or outlet density

C Residual Derivative
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Roughness 0 Re<2000
Pipe diameter 0 fD #DIV/0!
Pipe length 0
Density 0 Re>Recrit
Viscosity 0 fD #DIV/0!
Mass flow rate 0
Re>2000<Re
#DIV/0!
crit

Volume flow (m3/sec) #DIV/0! fDchurch #DIV/0!

Velocity (m/s) #DIV/0! fD/fDchurch #DIV/0!

Area 0
EoverD #DIV/0!

Reynolds #DIV/0!
Recrit #DIV/0!
Friction factor #DIV/0!
Pressure drop #DIV/0!
Convergence #DIV/0!

#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A STRAIGHT PIPE

Version: 2.00
Problem Summary
Unit Name / Number 0
Line Number 0
Description 0

Length of Pipe (m) 0 Output Summary

Nominal Bore (in) 0
Pipe Schedule 0 Results assuming isothermal compressible flow:-
Calc. Pipe ID (mm) 0 Downstream Pressure (bara)
Pipe Roughness (mm) 0.0000 Pressure Drop (bar)
COMPLETE INPUT Velocity at Outlet (m/s)
Inlet Pressure (bara) 0 Mach no. at Outlet
STATUS Mass Flowrate (kg/s) 0 Downstream Press. at Max. Allow Flowrate (bar a)
Max. Allow Mass Flowrate (kg/s)
Molecular Weight 0.00 Pressure Drop at Max. Allow Flowrate (bar)
Compressibility 0
Inlet Temperature (C) 0
Calc. Inlet Density (kg/m3) 0.000 Results Assuming Adiabatic Compressible Flow:-
Downstream Pressure (bara)

Inlet Viscosity (cP) 0 Results Assuming Non-compressible Flow:-

CompFlow Cp/Cv 0 Downstream Pressure (bara)
 Temporary holding
cell for use when
VBA is checking
input data.
Zoom Percent 137 200

0 0
1111320

WARNING:

If the graph object is replaced, then

the graph object number will
probably need to be changed in the
macro:
"Graph_Object_Toggle"

This holds the warning message

to the user, which appears in the
text box in the main display area
of this sheet.
The text box is invisible except
when there is information to
display.
Temporary holding
cell for use when
VBA is checking
input data.
Mass flow rate (kg/s)

Mass flowrate as a function of downstream pressure

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0.0 1.0 2.0 Downstream
3.0 4.0 pressure
5.0 (bar
6.0a) 7.0 8.0 9.0
 This worksheet holds all of the user's input data.
Data is input via a UserForm

General Information

Calculation Number
Customer This worksheet retains the
Location data input by the user via
Contract Name UserForms.
Job Number Minimal calcs done, mainly
Unit Name / Number for unit conversion.
This data will be refered to for
Line Number
calculations, file saves, and
Description outputs.

Problem Definition:
Length of pipe (m)
Nominal Bore (in)
Pipe Schedule
Pipe Roughness (mm) 0.000000000 m
Number of axial Steps 25
Inlet Pressure (bara) 0 N/m2
Mass Flowrate (kg/s) These cells show t
Molecular Weight input data, and of t
Compressibility by macro 'Profile_0
Inlet Temperature (C) 0.00 273.15 K
Inlet Density (kg/m3)
Inlet Viscosity (cP)
Cp/Cv Pipe ID Calculation
Row Col Value
Actual Pipe ID (m) 0.000000 #N/A #N/A #N/A
Actual Pipe ID (mm) 0.0
 0
0

0 DataHasChanged
0 InputIsComplete
0 ErrorInCalculation

These cells show the status of the

input data, and of the calculation
by macro 'Profile_02'
 Use this sheet for expiry dates, user password, and list of all rangenames.

Input as text, not

Revision Number 2.00 numbers or dates.
Revision Date Aug 2002

Password Range Names

Expiry Date 9/15/2019 ActualPipeID =Input!$D$31

ActualPipeID_mm =Input!$D$32
Adiabatic_POut =Seg_Pipe!$O$9
AxialSteps =Input!$D$21
Bore_Display =Main!$G$10
Bore_in =Input!$D$18
Calc_in =Input!$D$7
CellE13 =Sheet1!$E$13
CheckThereIsInput =Input!$I$17
CompanyName_01 =Printout!$A$5
CompanyName_02 =Printout!$A$81
Compressibility_in =Input!$D$25
Contract_in =Input!$D$10
CpCv_in =Input!$D$29
Customer_in =Input!$D$8
DataHasChanged =Input!$I$19
Density_Label =Main!$E$21
Density_PO_Label =Printout!$H$30
Description_in =Input!$D$14
DownPAdia_out =Main!$N$22
DownPNonComp_ou=Main!$N$25
DownstreamPressur=Main!$N$12
ErrorInCalculation =Input!$I$21
ExpiryDate =Formula!$C$11
ExpiryDateList =Formula!$J$3:$J$21
Final_Density =Sheet3!$AC$39
Final_Position =Sheet3!$Y$39
Final_Pressure =Sheet3!$AA$39
Final_PressureRati =Sheet3!$AG$39
Final_Temperature =Sheet3!$N$71
Final_Velocity =Sheet3!$AE$39
Flowrate_in =Input!$D$23
InletDensity_in =Input!$D$27
InletP_in =Input!$D$22
InletP_N =Input!$E$22
InputIsComplete =Input!$I$20
Job_in =Input!$D$11
Length_in =Input!$D$17
Line_in =Input!$D$13
Location_in =Input!$D$9
Mach_AtOutlet =Seg_Pipe!$O$8
Mach_out =Main!$N$15
MassFlowWarning =Main!$S$21
MaxAllowFlow =Sheet1!$L$8
MaxMassFlow_out =Main!$N$17
MaxPD_out =Main!$N$18
MinDownP_out =Main!$N$16
MW_in =Input!$D$24
NewExpiryDate =Formula!$K$6
PipeBore_Label =Main!$E$10
PipeID_Label =Main!$E$12
PipeSched_Label =Main!$E$11
PressureDrop_out =Main!$N$13
Revision_Date =Formula!$C$7
Revision_Number =Formula!$C$6
Roughness_in =Input!$D$20
Roughness_m =Input!$E$20
Schedule_Display =Main!$G$11
Schedule_in =Input!$D$19
Sonic_AtOutlet =Sheet3!$I$19
Splash_Page =#REF!$A$1
Temperature_in =Input!$D$26
Unit_in =Input!$D$12
UserPassword =Formula!$C$9
Velocity_out =Main!$N$14
Viscosity_in =Input!$D$28
Work =Main!$AH$1
ZoomPercent =Main!$W$1
Expiry
Dates
9/15/2001 4/8/2025
9/15/2002 7/7/2025
9/15/2003 20
9/15/2004 Err:502
Range
9/15/2005 NewExpiryDate
9/15/2006
9/15/2007
9/15/2008
9/15/2009
9/15/2010
9/15/2011
9/15/2012 Range
9/15/2013 ExpiryDateList
9/15/2014
9/15/2015
9/15/2016
9/15/2017
9/15/2018
9/15/2019
 Segmental Pipe Results

Downstream pressure assuming isothermal compressible flow (bar a):

Total line pressure drop assuming isothermal compressible flow (bar):
Velocity at outlet assuming isothermal compressible flow (m/s):
Mach No. at outlet assuming isothermal compressible flow:
Downstream pressure assuming adiabatic compressible flow (bar a):
Total line pressure drop assuming incompressible flow (bar):
(1) Isothermal results provide acceptable predictions for the majority of compressible flow scenarios. Howev
are approaching maximum velocity the adaibatic calculation basis may provide a more accurate prediction. T
between the isothermal and adiabatic calculation results may be seen in the table below..

RESULTS FROM STEPWISE CALCULATION

The table below shows the downstream pressure, density and velocity for the defined number of pipe
calculated from the isothermal compressible flow equations. The results for adiabatic flow are calcula
adiabatic compressible flow equations.
Number of Axial Steps: 25

Isothermal Compressible Flow Adiabatic Compressible Flow

Index Pos'n Pressure Density Velocity Pressure Density
(m) (bara) (kg/m3) (m/s) (bara) (kg/m3)
0 0.00 0.000 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.000 0.000
1 0.20 7.957 2.994 385.91 7.963 2.998
2 0.40 7.914 2.977 388.04 7.926 2.986
3 0.60 7.869 2.961 390.23 7.888 2.973
4 0.80 7.824 2.944 392.50 7.850 2.961
5 1.00 7.777 2.926 394.84 7.811 2.948
6 1.20 7.730 2.908 397.27 7.772 2.935
7 1.40 7.681 2.890 399.79 7.733 2.922
8 1.60 7.631 2.871 402.41 7.693 2.909
9 1.80 7.580 2.852 405.13 7.652 2.896
10 2.00 7.527 2.832 407.98 7.611 2.882
11 2.20 7.472 2.811 410.96 7.569 2.868
12 2.40 7.416 2.790 414.09 7.526 2.855
13 2.60 7.357 2.768 417.38 7.483 2.840
14 2.80 7.297 2.745 420.85 7.439 2.826
15 3.00 7.233 2.721 424.55 7.395 2.812
16 3.20 7.167 2.696 428.48 7.349 2.797
17 3.40 7.097 2.670 432.71 7.303 2.782
18 3.60 7.022 2.642 437.29 7.256 2.766
19 3.80 6.943 2.612 442.29 7.208 2.751
20 4.00 6.857 2.580 447.84 7.159 2.735
21 4.20 6.763 2.544 454.09 7.109 2.719
22 4.40 6.656 2.504 461.34 7.058 2.702
23 4.60 6.532 2.457 470.13 7.006 2.685
24 4.80 6.373 2.398 481.81 6.953 2.668
25 5.00 6.095 2.293 503.83 6.898 2.650
 6.095
#DIV/0!
503.827
0.977
0.000
#DIV/0!
ssible flow scenarios. However, if flowrates
a more accurate prediction. The difference
ble below..

the defined number of pipe segments

or adiabatic flow are calculated using the

batic Compressible Flow

Velocity Temperature
(m/s) (C)
#DIV/0! 0.0
385.40 249.4
386.98 248.7
388.59 248.1
390.24 247.4
391.91 246.8
393.63 246.1
395.38 245.4
397.16 244.7
398.99 244.0
400.86 243.3
402.78 242.5
404.74 241.8
406.74 241.0
408.80 240.2
410.92 239.4
413.09 238.6
415.32 237.8
417.62 236.9
419.98 236.1
422.42 235.2
424.94 234.2
427.54 233.3
430.23 232.3
433.02 231.3
435.91 230.3
1. Using the program

The program has the following layout:

Entry splash screen –

Takes user to program Main Screen

Main Screen –
Contains button for access to inputs, outputs and other program functions

Input tables –
Accessed by clicking buttons on Main Screen

Output Screens -
Accessed by clicking buttons on Main Screen

The program also has the facility to print, save and retrieve data. These
functions too are initiated by clicking buttons on main menu.

Pressing F1 at any time will display this Help form.

2. Compressible flow sizing additional calculations assuming both adiabatic compressible flow and
incompressible flow are also made.

The equations used to calculate isothermal and adiabatic compressible flow

are taken from Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, Volume 1,
Edition 5.

In compressible flow, the density of a gas varies. Density of a fluid is a function

of both temperature and pressure and therefore will be effected by heat
transfer as it passes through a system. Isothermal conditions can be
maintained only if there is good heat transfer to the surroundings.

The main calculations are carried out assuming Isothermal Flow conditions.
For most practical problems this is an acceptable simplification. The
assumption of isothermal flow tends to become less valid as flow velocities
increase towards choked conditions. In these circumstances, the most
appropriate analysis method would be adiabatic flow. The adaibatic pressure is
also reported in the output table, calculated using adiabatic flow assumptions.
Typically the ratio of Adiabatic / Isothermal pressure will be close to 1,
indicating isothermal conditions are an acceptable assumption.

Under conditions where the outlet is approaching maximum flow conditions,

this ratio of Adiabatic / Isothermal may be greater than 1, but will rarely exceed
1.15. This indicates that the pressure drop calculated from isothermal
assumptions will probably be a slight over estimate, and will therefore be
3. Program limitations

Fluid Type:-

The equations of flow are valid for fluids that approximate ideal gas behaviour
only.

Pipeline Fittings:-

The pressure drop is calculated for straight lengths of pipe only. To calculate
pressures in systems with different flows or line sizes, the system needs to be
broken down into components and each component calculated in sequence to
determine the ultimate downstream pressure. Note that choked flow can occur
at any restriction or expansion and that this program only calculates the
condition at the outlet of the pipe length. Therefore, to ensure, this condition is
highlighted, always break piping lengths such that restrictions occur at the
downstream end.

This program only calculates pressure drop in a length of straight pipe. If you
have pipeline fittings these may be included by assuming standard equivalent
lengths.

The user should also take care to allow for possible entrance and exit losses
that may apply when discharging from or to other systems, e.g. discharge
from a vessel into pipe or discharge from a pipe to atmosphere.
4 a) Inputs overview At the top left of the main screen are two buttons: GENERAL INPUT and
PROBLEM DEFINITION. Clicking on each button in turn reveals a data table to
which inputs can be made.

The inputs to the GENERAL INPUT data table concern general information
about the project and the calculation, and they are not mandatory In the
PROBLEM DEFINITION table all cells must be filled in.
4 b) Inputs required

Length of pipe:
Total length of pipe to be calculated

Nominal bore:
Standard pipe size in inches from drop down menu. (see help sheet 5)

Pipe schedule:
Standard piping schedule from drop down menu. (see help sheet 5)

ID of pipe:
Inside diameter of pipe. There are 2 options: The ID can be calculated from
the selected nominal pipe size and schedule. or the user is may type in a value
if a non-standard pipe is being used.

Roughness:
Absolute roughness of pipe (see page 7 of this Help)

Number of axial steps: (Fixed at 25)

The spreadsheet calculates a number of quantities at various points along the
pipe. To facilitate this, the pipe is broken into 25 equal sized steps.

Inlet pressure, Mass flow, Viscosity, Temperature:

All at pipe inlet conditions.

Molecular Weight & Compressibility:

If supplied these inputs enable the calculation of Inlet density.

Inlet Density:
Calculated from Inlet pressure, temperature, molecular weight and density.
User may optionally type in a value.

Isentropic coefficient (or specific heat ratio cp/cv):

This is not used for isothermal calculations. However, it is used for
estimating the effect of allowing the pipe to flow under adiabatic conditions.
5. Available line sizes and
This data is taken from the Process Standard 201, Rev 2, section 6, page 91
schedules
onwards. Except the line sizes greater than 38” nominal which were provided
by FW Engineering and Design Department.

N.B. Although line sizes 1.25, 2.5, 3.5 & 5 are available on the drop down list,
they are not normally used.
6. Roughness
Values of absolute roughness (mm):

Commercial Steel 0.046

Drawn Tubing 0.0015
Galvanised Iron 0.152
Cast Iron 0.26
Concrete 0.3 – 3.0
Riveted Steel 0.9 – 9.0
7. Controls There are several controls available to the user:

General Input:
Opens up the form for the input of general project information.

Problem Definition:
Opens the form for the input of the calculation parameters.

Reset Input:
Clears all input and output

Segmental Results:
Displays the table showing the results for the pipe segments.

Graphical Results:
Displays the graphical results.

Save Data:
For saving problem input data to file.

Open File:
For retrieving previously saved data from file.

Print:
For obtaining printout of the calculation input and results.

Exit:
Exits the spreadsheet, and resets Excel.

Help:
Opens this file

Minimize:
This minimizes the application window, to allow you to see other windows
and icons on your desktop. You can restore your Excel window by clicking on
the xcel icon on the main Windows TaskBar.
8. Status of Calculation

The status of the calculation is displayed in a cell located amongst the control
buttons. This has three states:

Complete Input:
When this is shown, the input table is incomplete. The user must fill in all
information.

Calculation Error:
This will show if the input mass flow rate exceeds the maximum allowed flow
rate. This will also show in the unlikely event that an error occurs during the
calculation of compressible flow, and is probably due to invalid or inconsistent
input data. The user must review the input data, and make appropriate
changes.

OK:
Indicates that the results have been calculated for the information shown in
the input table.
9. Output Summary
A summary of results is given on the main screen once inputs are completed
and calculation is updated.

More results may be seen on the “Segmental Pipe Results” page and the
“Graphical Results” page. For details see pages 10, 11 and 12 of this Help.
10. Segmental Pipe Results These results are accessed by clicking the “Segmental Pipe Results” button
table (1) from the main screen.

The following results are listed followed by a table:

Downstream pressure assuming isothermal compressible flow:

Total Line pressure drop assuming isothermal compressible flow:
Velocity at outlet assuming isothermal compressible flow:
Mach No. at outlet assuming isothermal compressible flow:
Downstream pressure assuming adiabatic compressible flow:
Downstream pressure assuming incompressible flow:

Results Table:
The detailed results are given in a table. The table shows various quantities of
Adiabatic to
11. Segmental Pipe Results relevance Pressure:
compressible flow given at successive positions along the pipe.
Table (2) The number of positions, in addition to the entry position (index =0) is given by
Thenumber
the main calculations are carried
of axial steps, (fixed atout assuming
25). isothermal
The columns are asflow conditions in
follows:
the pipe. For most practical problems, this is an acceptable simplification.
However, if conditions are such that maximum flow conditions are approached
near the pipe outlet (see basic output), then an assumption of isothermal flow
may not be valid. Under these conditions, the most appropriate analysis
method would be adiabatic flow. This column shows the pressure calculated
from adiabatic flow assumptions. Ordinarily, this pressure will be very close to
that for isothermal flow, indicating that isothermal conditions are an acceptable
assumption for calculating the pressure profile.

Under conditions where the outlet is approaching maximum flow conditions, th

ratio of adiabatic / isothermal pressure may be greater than 1, but will rarely
exceed 1.15. This indicates that the pressure drop calculated from isothermal
assumptions will probably be a slight overestimate, and will therefore be
conservative. A value much greater than 1 indicates that the assumption of
isothermal flow is becoming increasingly questionable.

Temperature:

In a compressible flow, the fall in pressure causes a corresponding fall in

temperature. In many cases, this effect is not substantial. This column shows
the temperature of the gas calculated from adiabatic flow assumptions.
Although the basic assumption used for calculating the pressure profile is that
the flow is isothermal, this column may be used to estimate the likely cooling
12. The Graph These results are accessed by clicking the “Graphical Results” button from the
main screen.

The following results are listed followed by a graph.

Minimum permissible downstream pressure:

The lowest downstream pressure that can be calculated. Reducing
pressure below this level would have no effect on the pipe flow, as choked
conditions would exist at the pipe outlet.
13. Printing, saving and Printing:
getting data
The user can select to print results by clicking on the PRINT RESULTS button
from the main screen.

The printout is a two page calculation sheet.

Sheet 1 contains a repeat of the input data, a results summary and the graph
results.
Sheet 2 contains the results table from the segmental pipe calculation.

The user can opt to print either sheet 1, sheet 2 or both.

Save:
The user can select to save a problem by clicking on the SAVE DATA button
from the main screen.
This creates a data file which can subsequently be retrieved into the program.

Retrieving Data:
The user can retrieve previously saved problems by clicking on the OPEN
FILE button from the main screen.
FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY LIMITED Rev.: 8-Apr-25
By: Date:
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW CALCULATION Checked: Date:
CompFlow Printout Sheet 1 Appr.: Date:

Sheet of

Calculation Number: 0.000

Customer: 0.000 Contract name: 0.000

Location: 0.000 Job Number: 0.000

Unit Name / Number: 0.000

Line Number: 0.000

Brief Description: 0.000

PROBLEM DEFINITION
Length of pipe (m) 0 Molecular Weight
Nominal bore (in) 0 Compressibility
Pipe Schedule 0 Inlet Temperature (C) 0.000
ID of pipe (mm) 0.0 Calc. Density (kg/m3) 0.000
Pipe roughness (mm) 0.0000
Inlet viscosity (cP) 0.000
Inlet pressure (bar absolute) 0.000 Cp/Cv 0.000
Mass flowrate (kg/s) 0

RESULTS FROM STEPWISE CALCULATION (for stepwise calculation output see sheet 2)

Results assuming isothermal compressible flow (1) Downstream pressure (bara) 0.000
Pressure drop (bar) #DIV/0!
Velocity at outlet (m/s) 0.000
Mach no. at outlet 0.000

(1) Isothermal results provide acceptable predictions for the majority of compressible flow scenarios. However, if flowrates are
approaching maximum velocity the adiabatic calculation basis may provide a more accurate prediction. The difference between the
isothermal and adiabatic calculation results may be seen from the table on Sheet 2 of this output.

Downstream pressure assuming adiabatic compressible flow (bar a) 0.000

Downstream pressure assuming incompressible flow (bar a) #DIV/0!

GRAPHICAL RESULTS OF MASS FLOWRATE AS A FUNCTION OF DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE

Downstream pressure at maximum allowed flowrate (bar a) 0.000

Maximum permissible mass flowrate (kg/s) 0.000
Pressure drop at maximum allowed flowrate (bar) 0.000
Mass flow rate (kg/s)

Mass flowrate as a function of downstream pressure

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Downstream pressure (bar a)

COMPFLOW CALCULATION SPREADSHEET Version: 2.00

 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A STRAIGHT PIPE

Mass flow rate (kg/s)

Results Assuming Isothermal Compressible Flow
Mass flowrate as a function of downstream pres
Downstream Pressure at Max. Allowed Flowrate (bar a) 0.000
Maximum Allowed Mass Flowrate (kg/s) 0.000
Pressure Drop at Max. Allowed Flowrate (bar) 0.000
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 pressure
Downstream 4.0 5.0 a) 6.0
(bar 7.0
AIGHT PIPE

te as a function of downstream pressure

2.0 3.0 pressure

ownstream 4.0 5.0 a) 6.0
(bar 7.0 8.0 9.0
 Look-up table copied from FWEL
Linesizing Excel program.
SCHEDULES LOOKUP TABLES
RANGE NAME = SchedulesLookUpTable Not Used
SCH 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 3/8" 1/2" Column No 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0.125 6.8326 5.461 6.8326 5.461 7.7978 6.8326 5.461
0.25 Not used as smallest fittings we 9.2456 7.6708 9.2456 7.6708 10.414 9.2456 7.6708 SCH 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 3/8" 1/2"
0.375 have K values for are 0.5" pipe 12.5222 10.7442 12.5222 10.7442 13.843 12.5222 10.7442 0.125 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 10S 40S 80S 0 0
0.5 15.7988 13.8684 11.8364 15.7988 13.8684 6.4008 18.034 17.1196 15.7988 13.8684 0.25 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 10S 40S 80S 0 0
0.75 20.9296 18.8468 15.5448 20.9296 18.8468 11.0236 23.368 22.4536 20.9296 18.8468 0.375 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 10S 40S 80S 0 0
1 26.6446 24.3078 20.701 26.6446 24.3078 15.2146 30.099 27.8638 26.6446 24.3078 0.5 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
1.25 35.052 32.4612 29.464 35.052 32.4612 22.7584 38.862 36.6268 35.052 32.4612 0.75 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
1.5 40.894 38.1 33.9852 40.894 38.1 27.94 44.958 42.7228 40.894 38.1 1 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
2 52.5018 49.2506 42.8498 52.5018 49.2506 38.1762 57.023 54.7878 52.5018 49.2506 1.25 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
2.5 62.7126 59.0042 53.975 62.7126 59.0042 44.9834 68.8086 66.929 62.7126 59.0042 1.5 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
3 77.9272 73.66 66.6496 77.9272 73.66 58.42 84.6836 82.804 77.9272 73.66 2 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
3.5 90.1192 85.4456 90.1192 85.4456 97.3836 95.504 90.1192 85.4456 2.5 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
4 102.2604 97.1804 92.0496 87.3252 102.2604 97.1804 80.0608 110.0836 108.204 102.2604 97.1804 3 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
5 128.1938 122.2502 115.9002 109.5502 128.1938 122.2502 103.2002 135.763 134.493 128.1938 122.2502 3.5 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
6 154.051 146.3294 139.7254 131.7498 154.051 146.3294 124.3838 162.7378 161.4678 154.051 146.3294 4 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 120 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
8 206.375 205.0034 202.7174 198.4502 193.675 188.8998 182.5498 177.8254 173.0502 202.7174 193.675 174.625 213.5378 211.5566 202.7174 193.675 5 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 120 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
10 260.35 257.4544 254.508 247.65 242.8748 236.5248 230.1748 222.25 215.9 254.508 247.65 222.25 266.2428 264.668 254.508 247.65 6 0 0 0 40 0 80 0 120 0 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
12 311.15 307.086 303.2252 295.3004 288.8996 280.9748 273.05 266.7 257.2004 304.8 298.45 273.05 315.9252 314.706 304.8 298.45 8 0 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
14 342.9 339.7504 336.55 333.3496 325.4248 317.5 307.9496 300.0248 292.1 284.1752 336.55 330.2 347.6752 346.0496 10 0 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
16 393.7 390.5504 387.35 381 373.0752 363.5248 354.0252 344.4748 333.3496 325.4248 387.35 381 398.018 396.8496 12 0 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS 5S 10S 40S 80S 0 0
18 444.5 441.3504 434.9496 428.6504 419.1 409.5496 398.4752 387.35 377.8504 366.7252 438.15 431.8 448.818 447.6496 14 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS 0 5S 10S 0 0 0 0
20 495.3 488.95 482.6 477.8248 466.7504 455.6252 442.9252 431.8 419.1 407.9748 488.95 482.6 498.4496 496.9256 16 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS 0 5S 10S 0 0 0 0
22 546.1 539.75 533.4 514.35 501.65 488.95 476.25 463.55 450.85 539.75 533.4 549.2496 547.7256 18 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS 0 5S 10S 0 0 0 0
24 596.9 590.55 581.0504 574.6496 560.3748 547.6748 531.8252 517.5504 504.8504 490.5248 590.55 584.2 598.5256 596.9 20 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS 0 5S 10S 0 0 0 0
26 644.5504 635 641.35 635 22 10 20 30 0 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS 0 5S 10S 0 0 0 0
28 695.3504 685.8 679.45 692.15 685.8 24 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS 0 5S 10S 0 0 0 0
30 746.1504 736.6 730.25 742.95 736.6 749.3 746.1504 26 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
32 796.9504 787.4 781.05 777.8496 793.75 787.4 28 10 20 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
34 846.1248 838.2 831.85 828.6496 844.55 838.2 30 10 20 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 5S 10S 0 0 0 0
36 898.5504 889 882.65 876.3 895.35 889 32 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
38 954.94 939.6 34 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 996.94 990.6 36 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
42 1047.94 1041.6 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
44 1098.94 1092.6 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
46 1148.94 1142.6 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
48 1199.94 1193.6 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
52 1301.94 1295.6 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
56 1402.94 1396.6 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STD XS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 1504.94 1498.6 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/8 1/2
64 1606.94 1600.6 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/8 1/2
68 1707.94 1701.6 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/8 1/2
72 1809.94 1803.6 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/8 1/2
76 1910.94 1904.6 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/8 1/2
80 2012.94 2006.6 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/8 1/2
76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/8 1/2
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/8 1/2