(eBook PDF) The Social Organization of Work 5th

Edition by Randy Hodson pdf download

https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-the-social-
organization-of-work-5th-edition-by-randy-hodson/

Download more ebook from https://ebooksecure.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebooksecure.com
to discover even more!

(eBook PDF) Empowerment Series: An Introduction to the

Profession of Social Work 5th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-empowerment-series-an-
introduction-to-the-profession-of-social-work-5th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Social Work Macro Practice 5th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-social-work-macro-
practice-5th-edition/

(Original PDF) The Road to Social Work and Human

Service Practice 5th Australia

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-the-road-to-social-
work-and-human-service-practice-5th-australia/

Empowerment Series: An Introduction to the Profession

of Social Work - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/empowerment-series-an-
introduction-to-the-profession-of-social-work-ebook-pdf/
(eBook PDF) Social Work Fields of Practice Third
Edition by Margaret Alston

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-social-work-fields-of-
practice-third-edition-by-margaret-alston/

(eBook PDF) The Social Work Skills Workbook 8th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-the-social-work-skills-
workbook-8th-edition/

(eBook PDF) The Social Work Skills Workbook 8th Edition

by Barry R. Cournoyer

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-the-social-work-skills-
workbook-8th-edition-by-barry-r-cournoyer/

(eBook PDF) Empowerment Series: Introduction to Social

Work & Social Welfare: Critical Thinking Perspectives
5th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-empowerment-series-
introduction-to-social-work-social-welfare-critical-thinking-
perspectives-5th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Organization Development: The Process of

Leading Organizational Change 5th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-organization-
development-the-process-of-leading-organizational-change-5th-
edition/
 vi BRIEF CONTENTS

PART V Work in the Twenty-First Century 357

15 The World of the Large Corporation 359
16 Globalization 384
17 The Future of Work 417

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ✵

Contents

P R E F A C E F O R I NS T R U C T O R S xviii
PREFACE FOR STUDENTS xxiii

PART I Foundations 1

1 The Evolution of Work 3

Key Transformations in the Nature of Work 4
The Social Organization of Work 4
Consequences of Work for Individuals 6
Consequences of Work for Society 6
Social Stratification 7
Theorizing Work 7
Karl Marx on Alienation and Exploitation 8
Emile Durkheim on Social Disorganization and Its Resolution 9
Max Weber on Bureaucratic Rationality 9
Socio-Technical and Interactionist Theories 10
A History of Work 10
Hunting and Gathering Societies 10
Early Agricultural Societies 12
Imperial Societies 14
Feudal Society 16
Merchant Capitalism 18
The Industrial Revolution 21
Monopoly Capitalism 26
vii
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 viii CONTENTS

Postindustrial Society 28
Work and Leisure 31
The Future 32

2 Studying the World of Work 35

Techniques of Analysis 35
Ethnographies 36
Case Studies 38
Sample Surveys 39
Units of Analysis 43
The Worker and the Labor Force 43
Industry 46
Occupation 47
Workplaces 50
Other Units of Analysis 51
Problems in Studying Work 51
Lack of Information 51
Hard-to-Measure Characteristics 51

PART II The Personal Context of Work 55

3 Satisfaction and Alienation 57

What is Job Satisfaction? 57
Theories of Alienation 58
Theories of Self-Actualization 60
Alienation or Satisfaction? 61
Self-Direction 61
Belongingness 62
Technology 62
Organizational Policies 63
Stress and Overwork 65
Individual Differences in the Experience of Work 66
Great Expectations 67
Responses to Work 67
Attitudes Toward Work 68
Behavioral Responses to Work 70
The Future of Job Satisfaction 74

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 CONTENTS ix

4 Class, Race, and Gender 77

Social Class 77
Why Does Social Inequality Matter So Much? 78
Social Mobility 83
Race 86
Gender 87
How Class, Race, and Gender Interact 87
Discrimination in Hiring 89
Equal Rights Legislation 90
Continuing Forms of Hiring Discrimination 92
Discrimination in Pay and Promotions 94
Racial Discrimination 94
Gender Discrimination 95
Sexual Harassment 97
Managing the Diverse Workforce of the Twenty-First
Century 98

5 Work and Family 101

The Life Cycle Perspective 102
Individual Life Cycle 102
The Career 102
The Family Life Cycle 104
Socialization and Work 105
Informal Socialization 105
Formal Socialization 106
Socialization in the Workplace 106
Stages of the Combined Individual and Family Life Cycles 107
Entering the Labor Force 108
Role Conflict and Role Overload 111
Work Arrangements Among Couples 113
The Arrival of Children 113
Homemakers and Home Production as a Career 116
The Sandwich Generation 117
The “Empty Nest” and Retirement 118
Improving the Integration of Work and Family 121
Repackaging Jobs 121
Family-Related Fringe Benefits 122
Alternative Cycles 123

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 x CONTENTS

6 Collective Responses to Work 126

Why do People Need Labor Organizations? 127
Union Membership 127
An Outline of North American Labor History 128
Local Craft Unions 128
Workers’ Political Parties 130
Early National Unions 130
General Unions: The Knights and the Wobblies 132
The AFL and Craft Unionism 135
The CIO and Industrial Unionism 136
Postwar Challenges and Opportunities 138
Lessons for Today from Labor’s History 142
Twenty-First Century Labor Unions 143
Collective Bargaining 143
Organizing 146
Lobbying 150
Improving the Image of Unions 150
Innovative Organizing and Bargaining Strategies 150
Divisions in the Labor Movement 151
Transnational Strategies 152

PART III Industries and Technologies 157

7 Technology and Organization 161

Technology 162
Operations Technology 162
Materials 162
Knowledge 162
Organization 163
Technological Determinism? 164
How Does Technology Influence Work? 165
Changing Technologies 165
What Exactly Is Skill? 166
Acquiring New Skills 167
How do Organizations Influence Work? 168
The Division of Labor 168

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 CONTENTS xi

Organizational Structure as Control 169

Rediscovering the Worker 171
The Growth of Bureaucracy 172
Defining Bureaucracy 172
Bureaucratic Control 173
Customizing Bureaucracies 174
Informal Work Cultures 174
Limitations of Bureaucracy 177
Top-Heavy Management 177
The Centralization of Control in the Economy 177
Reduced Creativity 178
Corporate Accountability 178
Direct Worker Participation 180
Efficiency Through Participation 180

8 From Field, Mine, and Factory 184

Postindustrial Society? 186
Occupations and Industries 186
Raw Materials: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing 186
Agriculture 186
Forestry 190
Fishing 191
Mining 192
Construction 194
Manufacturing 195
Craft Workers 195
Machine Operators and Assemblers 196
Unskilled Labor 198
Key Manufacturing Industries 200
Automobiles 200
Steel 201
Textiles 202
Global Competition and the New World Order 204
The Wrong Policies at the Wrong Time 204
Unexplored Alternatives 206

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xii CONTENTS

9 The High-Tech Revolution 209

Competing Views of High Tech 210
Job Displacement and Job Creation 211
Job Displacement 211
Job Creation 213
Increasing Segmentation? 214
Public Policy and Employment 215
Changing Job Content 215
Engineering 216
Assembly Jobs 216
Machine Work 217
Clerical Work 218
Middle Management 218
Technical Workers 219
Telecommuting 219
“Offshore” Telecommuting 220
Microprocessor Technologies and Skill Requirements 221
The Skill-Upgrading Thesis 221
The De-Skilling Thesis 221
The Mixed-Effects Position 223
Training for Changing Skill Requirements 224
Working in High Tech 225
Computer Technology and the Meaning of Work 225
Computer Technology and Organizational Dynamics 226
Union Responses 228
New Frontier in High Tech 229

10 Services 233
What Are Services? 234
Characteristics of Services 234
Sources of the Demand for Services 236
Service Interaction 236
Interaction Standards 236
The Role of Employers 237
The Worker’s Perspective 241
The Rise of the Service Society 243
Sectoral Transformation 243

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 CONTENTS xiii

Tertiarization 243
Types of Service Industries 244
Professional Services 246
Business Services 247
Producer Services 248
Distributive Services 248
Social Services 249
Personal Services 250
Compensation in Services 251
The Future of Service Work 253

PART IV Occupations and Professions 257

11 Professions and Professionals 259

How Sociologists Recognize Professions 260
Abstract, Specialized Knowledge 260
Autonomy 262
Authority 263
Altruism 264
Evaluating the Four Hallmarks 266
How Powerful Are the Professions? 266
Monopolizing Knowledge 267
Power Within the Professions 268
Changes in the Professions 268
Are the Professions Meritocracies? 269
Changing Degrees of Professionalization 272
Professionalization 272
Deprofessionalization 275
The Semiprofessions and the Paraprofessions 277
The Semiprofessions 277
The Paraprofessions 279
The Future of the Professions 280

12 Managers 284
Types of Management Roles 285
Executives 285
Managers 285
Administrators 287
Staff and Line Managers 287
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xiv CONTENTS

Executives, Managers, and Administrators at Work 287

Demand for Managers 287
The Self-Employed Worker 288
Supply of Managers 289
The Managerial Career 292
Continuities and Discontinuities in Management Roles 293
Changes in Scale 293
Changes in Environment 295
Changes in Specialization 296
Changes in Technology 297
Tracking Management Performance 298
The Behavioral Approach 298
The Organizational Culture Approach 299
The Future of Executives, Managers, and Administrators 302

13 Administrative Support and Sales 304

History of Clerical Work 306
Demand for Clerical Workers 306
Supply of Clerical Workers 307
Transforming Administrative Support 310
Office Technology 311
Work Reorganization 314
The Future of Clerical Workers 317
History of Sales Work 318
Demand for Sales Workers 318
Product Marketing 318
Type of Firm 320
Knowledge Base 322
Supply of Sales Workers 323
The Future of Sales Workers 324

14 Marginal Jobs 327

What is a Marginal Job? 328
Illegal or Morally Suspect Occupations 328
Unregulated Work 328
Contingent Work 330
Underemployment 331

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 CONTENTS xv

How Do Jobs Become Marginal? 331

Marginal Occupational Groups 331
Employers Who Marginalize Jobs 337
By Industry 338
By Firm 339
By Employment Contract 340
Unemployment 340
Occupational Differences in Unemployment 341
Layoffs 341
Coping with Unemployment 346
Why Are Some Workers Considered Marginal? 347
Geographic Isolation 347
Educational Level 348
Disabling Conditions 348
Job Displacement 348
Age 349
Race and Ethnicity 349
Gender 350
Interacting Characteristics 350
Marginal Workers and Social Class 350
The Future of Marginal Jobs 351
Dual Labor Markets 352
Internal Labor Markets 352

PART V Work in the Twenty-First Century 357

15 The World of the Large Corporation 359

Corporate Power 360
Public Concerns about Corporate Power 361
Types of Corporate Market Power 362
Corporate Law 365
Owners versus Managers 366
Merger Mania 367
The First Five Merger Waves 367
The Current Megamerger Frenzy 368
Increased Conglomeration 370
The Effects of Size and Concentration 371
A Modest Backlash? 375

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xvi CONTENTS

Intercorporate Linkages 376

Interlocking Directorates 376
The Role of Banks 376
Outsourcing 377
The Small-Firm Sector 378
Satellites, Loyal Opposition, and Free Agents 378
The Creation of New Jobs 379
Economic Revitalization 380

16 Globalization 384
Theories of Industrial Development 385
Emergence of an Integrated Global Economy 388
The World Economy Today 391
The Role of Multinational Corporations 391
Slowed Growth in the Industrialized Nations 393
The End of U.S. Economic Dominance 394
Protectionism, Free Trade, and Fair Trade 395
Trading Blocks: Regional Solutions to Lagging Growth 396
Combined and Uneven Development in Less Developed
Nations 397
Rising Stars 399
Differing Work Practices Around the Globe 399
Least Developed Nations 399
Developing Nations 400
State-Regulated Capitalism 401
German Codetermination 402
Scandinavian Autonomous Work Groups 403
Work Hours Across the Western Industrialized Nations 404
Macroplanning in Japan 405
The Four Little Tigers 408
China 409
Eastern Europe and Russia 410
Competing Organizational Forms 411
International Labor Solidarity 412

17 The Future of Work 417

Pivotal Work Trends 418
Computer Technology 418
An Integrated World Economy 419
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 CONTENTS xvii

Labor Force Diversity 419

Work in the Twenty-First Century 420
The Innovative Sector 420
The Marginal Sector 427
Working Toward a Brighter Future 431
Increasing Innovation 431
Reducing Marginal Employment 433
Expanding Leisure 433
Public Goods and Reduced Consumption Lifestyles 434

APPENDIX 437

GLOSSARY 447

REFERENCES 459

I ND E X 487

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ✵

Preface for Instructors

S tudies of work occupy a core position in sociology and in the social sciences
more generally. Workplace studies have an enduring importance because of
the centrality of work for both individual and collective well-being defined both
materially and also in terms of achieving meaning and purpose in life. Workplace
studies are made even more exciting by constant and accelerating changes in the
organization of work. Contemporary areas of change include globalization, gen-
der and racial/ethnic relations on the job, and technology-based transformations
of work. Additional excitement (and satisfaction) is provided by the ability to
link changes at the national or global level to changes in the lived experiences
of work for individuals—one of the core contributions and promises of
sociology.
One response to contemporary changes in work has been innovative course
offerings. Many departments still offer industrial sociology and occupations and
professions, but departments are now also offering courses with titles such as the
sociology of work, work and family, women and work, and technology and
work. Finding adequate, up-to-date information for these courses often means
coordinating a series of monographs and articles and relying heavily on the class
lectures and discussion to provide integration.
We have faced these issues in our own courses. We struggled with the intel-
lectual task of developing a more unified view of the sociology of work—a view
represented in this book. This unified view highlights key themes of technology,
class, gender, race and ethnicity, and globalization and allows the book to be
adapted to courses focusing on occupations and professions, gender and work,
or industrial sociology. Although we collaborated on each of the chapters,
Hodson had primary responsibility for Chapters 1, 3, 6–9, and 15–17, and
Sullivan had primary responsibility for Chapters 2, 4–5, and 10–14.
Students are vitally interested in an analytic approach to work—and with
good reason. The social sciences are not merely part of a “liberal arts” education;
they are literally “liberating” because they give students a vocabulary and
xviii
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 PREFACE FOR INSTRUCTORS xix

perspective for understanding the world around them. Given the tremendous
importance of work in our lives, understanding the work world is both intellec-
tually satisfying and pragmatic.
Although the content of this book deals mainly with substantive issues
concerning the world of work, we also hope that the book will be useful in
developing students’ skills of analysis, reasoning, and argumentation. We have
tried to be fair in presenting competing theoretical arguments, but we have also
indicated on which side we believe the weight of the evidence lies. You and the
students may disagree with us. Our own students often do, and some of our best
class sessions are generated from these disagreements. We have tried to identify
prejudices and cultural biases that affect perceptions of work and workers. In
particular, we have integrated the discussion of women and minorities into
every chapter. We have also grappled with the profound changes surrounding
the microelectronics revolution and the rapidly changing global economy. We
have tried to be frank about the gaps that exist in social scientists’ current knowl-
edge and to point out alternative scenarios for future developments.
We also provide support for more general curricular goals by including fre-
quent boxes that highlight cross-cultural issues and by providing tables and
graphs to help students develop the skill of interpreting data. Every chapter
ends with a list of key concepts and questions for thought. These materials are
useful for student review, for written assignments or homework, and for exam-
inations. We also provide a brief annotated list of additional library, Internet, and
media sources at the end of every chapter. Students can use these sources for
further exploring issues developed in the chapter or for assistance in preparing
term papers. Both of us encourage our students to write, and the subject of
work lends itself to creative and thoughtful student papers.

CHANGES TO THE FIFTH EDITION

One of the most significant changes we have made in the fifth edition is to add
more firsthand ethnographic material in which workers speak with their own
voices. In addition, we further highlight the conceptual underpinnings of each
section through more extensive use of paragraph-level headings. We have sys-
tematically updated data, concepts, and sources, and we have rigorously edited
the manuscript for length and style so each chapter can be read in one sitting.

SUPPORTING MATERIALS

An Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank is also available with the fifth edition. It includes
chapter outlines, key concepts and terms, lecture topics, discussion questions, stu-
dent activities for in and out of the classroom, and a test bank that includes
multiple-choice and essay questions—complete with page references and sorted
by question type. The material in the Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank is available on

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xx PREFACE FOR INSTRUCTORS

the companion website. Please go to www.cengage.com/sociology and search

for this title.
We hope that instructors will be able to use this book in a variety of educa-
tional settings and course titles under the semester and quarter systems. For a
course on occupations, we recommend Part I, which provides a historical over-
view and discusses research methods for studying the world of work; Part II,
which discusses individual and collective adaptations to work; Part IV, which
discusses the major occupations; and Chapter 17, which discusses the future of
work. For a course on industrial sociology, we recommend the same starting
sequence, but the substitution of Part III—which discusses organizations,
manufacturing, the microelectronics revolution, and service industries—for
Part IV. Chapters 15 and 16—on large corporations, mergers, and the world
economy—will also fit well into an industrial sociology course depending on
the number of weeks available. For a course on women and work, we recom-
mend Chapters 1, 2, 4 and 5: history, methods, class, gender and race, and work
and family. Chapter 10 on service work and Part IV on occupations will also be
essential for a course on women and work, as will Chapters 16 and 17 on the
global economy and the future of work. For a semester course on the sociology
of work, we recommend the entire book, with about one chapter assigned per
week, along with whatever supplementary readings the instructor chooses. For a
quarter-length course on the sociology of work, several chapters can be skipped
while retaining the core of the book. Depending on the instructor’s preferences,
omitted chapters might include Chapter 3 on the experience of work; Chapter 6
on unions; Chapter 7 on organization and technology; Chapter 14 on marginal
work; or Chapter 15 on large corporations.
We enjoy teaching, and we enjoy becoming better teachers. If you have
questions about our text or if you have ideas for improving the text or for
using the material in a particular setting, we would like to hear from you. Our
addresses appear at the end of this preface. Our own teaching has been improved
by our collaboration, and we are eager to continue the dialogue with others.
We would like to acknowledge our debts to the many colleagues who have
unfailingly assisted us. We have not always taken their advice, but we have
always appreciated it, and this book has been substantially improved by their
contributions. We appreciate the careful editorial work that Meera Dash and
Charles M. Bonjean devoted to every chapter. We learned firsthand about cor-
porate acquisition and reorganization when Dorsey Press, our original publisher,
was acquired by Wadsworth, which was later acquired by Thomson (which later
became Cengage). Paul O’Connell, Serina Beauparlant, Sheryl Fullerton, and
Lin Marshall offered us extremely helpful editorial assistance and taught us
much about textbook publishing.
Many colleagues have shared with us their pedagogical and scholarly exper-
tise by reading and commenting on various chapters. These include Andrew
Abbott, Howard Aldrich, Robert Althauser, Ronald Aminzade, James Baron,
Vern Baxter, John Bodnar, David Brain, Harley Browning, Phyllis Bubnas,
Beverly Burris, Johnny Butler, Catherine Connolly, Daniel Cornfield, Sean

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 PREFACE FOR INSTRUCTORS xxi

Creighton, Tom Daymont, Nancy DiTomaso, Frank Dobbin, Michael Dreiling,

Lou Dubose, Sheldon Ekland-Olson, Joe Feagin, Neil Fligstein, Ramona Ford,
Eliot Freidson, Omer Galle, Maurice Garnier, Tom Gieryn, Michael Givant,
Jennifer Glass, Norval Glenn, Mark Granovetter, Larry Griffin, Ein Haas,
Richard Hall, John Hannigan, Heidi Hartmann, Jeff Haydu, Jane Hood,
Gregory Hooks, Arne Kalleberg, Jacqueline King, James Kluegel, Judith
Langlois, Eric Larson, Kevin Leicht, Laura Lein, Sanford Levinson, Susan
Marshall, Garth Massey, Ruth Milkman, Delbert Miller, Joanne Miller, Jeylan
Mor-timer, Mary Murphree, Jan Mutchler, Janet Near, Annette Nierobisz,
Brigid O’Farrell, Toby Parcel, Alan Ponak, Brian Powell, David Rabban, Sabine
Rieble, Pamela Robers, Rob Robinson, Nestor Rodriguez, Patricia Roos,
Rachel Rosenfeld, Arthur Sakamoto, Paul Schervish, Carmi Schooler, Peter
Seybold, James Shockey, Ken Spenner, Suzanne Staggenborg, Robin Stryker,
Joyce Tang, Peggy Thoits, Charles Tolbert II, Linda Waite, Michael Wallace,
Sandy Welsh, Christine Williams, James Wood, and Gloria Young. We are also
grateful to a number of research assistants whose help has been invaluable: Dick
Adams, Bill Brislen, Robert Dixon, George A. Harper Jr., Laura Hartman,
Robert Parker, Matthew B. Ploeger, Bridget Lavelle, and Carolyn Smith.
We would especially like to thank the following reviewers who contributed
to the development of the fifth edition of The Social Organization of Work:

Donovan Jackman
Anoka Technical College

Danielle MacCartney
Webster University

Robert Parker
University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Harry Perlstadt
Michigan State University

Victor Shaw
California State University, Northridge

Denise Benoit Scott

State University of New York, Geneseo

And, of course, we are grateful to our students—who are our toughest critics
and our greatest supporters. They have provided the essential ingredient that
makes teaching, writing, and learning such as a satisfying and rewarding
experience.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the creative insights and support
of our spouses, Susan Rogers and Douglas Laycock. They provided detailed

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xxii PREFACE FOR INSTRUCTORS

comments on every chapter and always supplied whatever we lacked at the

moment—whether it was conviction, energy, courage, or just appreciation.

Randy Hodson
Distinguished Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences and
Distinguished University Teacher
Department of Sociology
Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
sociology.osu.edu/rdh
[email protected]

Teresa A. Sullivan
President, University of Virginia
George M. Kauffman Presidential Professor of Sociology
P.O. Box 400224
Charlottesville, VA 22904-4224
[email protected]

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ✵

Preface for Students

M ost people will work throughout their adult lives. Work will absorb the
best part of their days. College students are naturally interested in the
world of work, how it is changing, and the implications of those changes for
themselves and their families. In our own classes, we find that students are very
concerned—even worried—about their future roles as workers. We hope that
this text will help you explore some of these issues by yourself and with your
classmates and instructor.
The intellectual backbone of any course on work concerns the process
through which work becomes more and more specialized, the transformation
of specialization into stratification and inequality, and resulting struggles over
the organization of work. This skeletal framework informs this text, although it
will often be part of the only faintly visible background. You will spend most of
your time reading about topics such as the impact of the microelectronics revo-
lution, the rapidly changing roles of women at work, and the constantly evolving
world economy. Six themes in particular are highlighted through the use of
boxed materials identified with the following special thematic icons:
■ Technology ■ Race and ethnicity

■ Class relations ■ Globalization

■ Gender ■ Good work

These themes are developed throughout the book from the first chapter to the
last chapter.
Part I provides background material for the study of work. Chapter 1 offers an
overview of work in past societies and identifies key themes that will be followed
throughout the book. Chapter 2 explains how we study work in contemporary
society. This chapter will be of value to those wishing to specialize in the sociology
of work and to others interested in understanding research findings based on
xxiii
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Transcriber’s Note

Warning: Some of the puns may contain elements that we would

today deem stereotyping by race, ethnicity or gender.
Punctuation has been normalized. Variations in hyphenation have
been retained as they were in the original publication. The following
changes have been made:
draws and colors beatifully —> beautifully {43}
vingt quatre —> vingt-quatre {133}
cerque —> cirque {133}
difference —> différence {133}
parse qu’el —> parce qu’il {133}
Carthagenois —> Carthaginois {133}
Romans —> Romains {133}

Quand un gant resemble-t-il an numero vingt cinq. —>

Quand un gant ressemble-t-il au numéro vingt-cinq. {134}

treeze —> treize {134}

Un felon peut-il prendu —> Un félon peut-il prendre {134}
j’etais —> j’étais {134}
que je suis —> ce que je suis {134}
maitresse —> maîtresse {134}
Je ne suis par —> Je ne suis pas {134}
in the margin of —> below {140, ind}
in the margin —> below {148, 149 - 3 instances}
divide the result by 6, add 25 —> add 20 {141}
The following arithmetic problem in the original publication did not
contain a solution:
“Suppose it were possible for a man in Cincinnati to start on
Sunday noon,” {page 145}
Gaps in page numbering appear at chapter borders to maintain
pagination of original book, which included repeated chapter
headings, reduced in this e-book.
Decorative use of letterspacing in the book cover is represented in
some mobile versions using italics.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONUNDRUMS,
RIDDLES AND PUZZLES ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States
copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy
and distribute it in the United States without permission and
without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the
General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree
to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease
using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the
work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement
by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full
Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and
with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country
where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of
the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
 containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute

this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must,
at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy,
a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy
upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
 payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these
efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium
on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data,
transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property
infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be
read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you
do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status
by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or
federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions
to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact
 Section 4. Information about Donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine
the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.