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 9 th Edition

S ta r k S • P r at t • L a S t
C onC ep t s of

Database
ManageMent

C onC e p t s of
Database ManageMent
S ta rk S • Pr at t • L a S t

To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials 9 th Edition

for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com.

93422_cvr_ptg01_hires.indd 1 SE/Starks/Pratt/Last, Concepts of Database Management, 9e ISBN -9781337093422 ©2019 Designer: Roycroft Design 12/12/17 11:41 AM
 Table of Contents

Triggers 153
vii
Triggers in Access 2016 153
Before Macros 154
After Macros 156
Summary 158
Key Terms 158
Review Questions 159
BITS Corporation Exercises 160
Colonial Adventure Tours Case 161
Sports Physical Therapy Case 162

Chapter 5 Database Design 1: Normalization 163

Introduction 163
Functional Dependence 165
Keys 167
First Normal Form 168
Second Normal Form 170
Third Normal Form 173
Incorrect Decompositions 176
Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form 179
Avoiding the Problem with Multivalued Dependencies 182
Application to Database Design 183
Summary 185
Key Terms 185
Review Questions 185
BITS Corporation Exercises 186
Colonial Adventure Tours Case 187
Sports Physical Therapy Case 188

Chapter 6 Database Design 2: Design Method 189

Introduction 189
User Views 190
Information-Level Design Method 190
Step 1: Represent the User View as a Collection of Tables 190
Step 2: Normalize the Tables 192
Step 3: Identify All Keys 192
Database Design Language (DBDL) 193
Entity-Relationship (E-R) Diagrams 194
Step 4: Merge the Result into the Design 195
Database Design Examples 196
Physical-Level Design 206
Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Design 207
Survey Form 208
Obtaining Information from Existing Documents 209
One-to-One Relationship Considerations 213
Many-to-Many Relationship Considerations 216
Nulls and Entity Subtypes 218
Avoiding Problems with Third Normal Form When Merging Tables 222
The Entity-Relationship Model 222
Summary 227
Key Terms 227
Review Questions 228
BITS Corporation Exercises 229
Colonial Adventure Tours Case 230
Sports Physical Therapy Case 230
 Table of Contents

Chapter 7 DBMS Functions 231

viii
Introduction 231
Update and Retrieve Data 232
Provide Catalog Services 233
Support Concurrent Update 234
The Concurrent Update Problem 234
Avoiding the Lost Update Problem 238
Two-Phase Locking 239
Deadlock 242
Locking on PC-Based DBMSs 243
Timestamping 244
Recover Data 244
Journaling 244
Forward Recovery 246
Backward Recovery 247
Recovery on PC-Based DBMSs 247
Provide Security Services 248
Encryption 248
Authentication 248
Authorizations 249
Views 249
Privacy 249
Provide Data Integrity Features 250
Support Data Independence 252
Adding a Field 252
Changing the Length of a Field 252
Creating an Index 252
Adding or Changing a Relationship 252
Support Data Replication 253
Provide Utility Services 254
Summary 255
Key Terms 255
Review Questions 256
BITS Corporation Exercises 257
Colonial Adventure Tours Case 257
Sports Physical Therapy Case 258

Chapter 8 Database Administration 261

Introduction 261
The Role of the Database Administrator 261
Education and Qualifications 261
Duties and Responsibilities 262
Database Policy Formulation and Enforcement 263
Access Privileges 263
Grant and Revoke 266
Security 266
Disaster Planning 267
Archiving 268
Other Database Administrative Functions 269
DBMS Evaluation and Selection 270
DBMS Maintenance 274
Data Dictionary Management 274
Training 275
Technical Functions 275
Database Design 275
 Table of Contents

Testing 275
ix
Performance Tuning 276
Summary 279
Key Terms 279
Review Questions 279
BITS Corporation Exercises 280
Colonial Adventure Tours Case 281
Sports Physical Therapy Case 282

Chapter 9 Database Management Approaches 283

Introduction 283
Distributed Databases 283
Characteristics of Distributed Systems 285
Location Transparency 285
Replication Transparency 285
Fragmentation Transparency 286
Advantages of Distributed Databases 287
Disadvantages of Distributed Databases 288
Rules for Distributed Databases 291
Client/Server Systems 292
Advantages of Client/Server Systems 294
Web Access to Databases 295
XML 297
Data Warehouses 300
Data Warehouse Structure and Access 302
Rules for OLAP Systems 305
Object-Oriented Systems 306
What Is an Object-Oriented DBMS? 306
Objects and Classes 306
Methods and Messages 308
Inheritance 309
Unified Modeling Language (UML) 309
Rules for OODBMSs 312
Summary 314
Key Terms 315
Review Questions 316
BITS Corporation Exercises 317
Colonial Adventure Tours Case 318
Sports Physical Therapy Case 318

Appendix A Comprehensive Design Example: Douglas College 319

Douglas College Requirements 319
General Description 319
Report Requirements 320
Update (Transaction) Requirements 323
Douglas College Information-Level Design 324
Final Information-Level Design 342
Exercises 343

Appendix B SQL Reference 351

ALTER TABLE 351
Column or Expression List (SELECT Clause) 351
Computed Fields 352
Functions 352
Conditions 352
Simple Conditions 352
Compound Conditions 352
 Table of Contents

BETWEEN Conditions 353

x
LIKE Conditions 353
IN Conditions 353
CREATE INDEX 353
CREATE TABLE 354
CREATE VIEW 355
Data Types 355
DELETE Rows 355
DROP INDEX 356
DROP TABLE 356
GRANT 356
INSERT 357
Integrity 357
Join 357
REVOKE 358
SELECT 358
SELECT INTO 359
Subqueries 359
UNION 360
UPDATE 360

Appendix C “How Do I” Reference 361

Appendix D Introduction to MySQL 363
Introduction 363
Downloading and Installing MySQL 363
Running MySQL 369
Opening an SQL File in MySQL 371
Creating a Query in MySQL 372
Managing the MySQL Window 373
Running MySQL from the Command Line 374
Opening a Command Prompt Window 374
Starting the MySQL Command Line 375
Summary 378
Key Terms 378

Appendix E A Systems Analysis Approach to Information-Level Requirements 379

Introduction 379
Information Systems 379
System Requirement Categories 380
Output Requirements 380
Input Requirements 381
Processing Requirements 381
Technical and Constraining Requirements 381
Determining System Requirements 382
Interviews 382
Questionnaires 382
Document Collection 382
Observation 382
Research 382
Transitioning from Systems Analysis to Systems Design 382
Key Terms 384
Exercises 384

Glossary 385
Index 399
 PREFACE

The advent of database management systems for personal computers in the 1980s moved database
management beyond the realm of database professionals and into the hands of everyday users from all
segments of the population. A field once limited to highly trained users of large, mainframe, database-
oriented application systems became an essential productivity tool for such diverse groups as home
computer users, small business owners, and end-users in large organizations.
The major PC-based database software systems have continually added features to increase their
ease of use, allowing users to enjoy the benefits of database tools relatively quickly. Truly effective use
of such a product, however, requires more than just knowledge of the product itself, although that
knowledge is obviously important. It requires a general knowledge of the database environment, including
topics such as database design, database administration, and application development using these systems.
While the depth of understanding required is certainly not as great for the majority of users as it is
for the information technology professional, a lack of any understanding in these areas precludes effective
use of the product in all but the most limited applications.

ABOUT THIS BOOK

This book is intended for anyone who is interested in gaining some familiarity with database management.
It is appropriate for students in introductory database classes in computer science or information systems
programs. It is appropriate for students in database courses in related disciplines, such as business, at either the
undergraduate or graduate level. Such students require a general understanding of the database environment.
In addition, courses introducing students of any discipline to database management have become increasingly
popular over the past few years, and this book is ideal for such courses. It also is appropriate for individuals
considering purchasing a PC-based database package and who want to make effective use of such a package.
This book assumes that students have some familiarity with computers; a single introductory course is all
the background that is required. While students need not have any background in programming to use this
book effectively, there are certain areas where some programming experience will allow them to explore
topics in more depth.

CHANGES TO THE NINTH EDITION

The Ninth Edition includes the following new features and content:
• New “Your Turn” exercises to fully engage students in critical thinking about what they have just
learned.
• Full color screen shots using Access 2016.
• Hands-on steps for creating and using Microsoft Access data macros to accomplish the same
functionality as SQL triggers.
• General information about creating web apps to allow data to be shared easily using the web.
• A discussion of the systems analysis approach for determining the requirements needed as the
starting point for database design, including descriptions of the requirements you need to gather
and how to gather these requirements.
• A new case for BITS Corporation is used to illustrate the concepts in each chapter of the book,
and is also used in the end-of-chapter exercises.
• A new case for Sports Physical Therapy, along with a case for Colonial Adventure Tours, are
used in the end-of-chapter cases.
• Critical-thinking questions and exercises that reinforce problem-solving and analytical skills are
included in each chapter.
• Concepts of big data are presented across many chapter topics.
• A new appendix covering the use of MySQL with the database cases.
 Preface

xii
SPECIAL FEATURES
As in the Eighth Edition, the SQL material is covered using Access. Also included are generic forms of all
examples that students can use on a variety of platforms, including Oracle. The Ninth Edition continues the
two appendices that provide a useful reference for anyone wanting to use SQL effectively. Appendix B
includes a command reference of all the SQL commands and operators that are taught in the chapters.
Students can use this appendix as a quick resource when constructing commands. Each command includes a
short description, a table that shows the required and optional clauses and operators, and an example and its
results. Appendix C provides students with an opportunity to ask a question, such as “How do I delete
rows?,” and to identify the appropriate section in Appendix B to use to find the answer. Appendix C is
extremely valuable when students know what they want to accomplish, but cannot remember the exact
SQL command they need.
A new Appendix D introduces MySQL with instructions for downloading and installing both the server
and the MySQL Workbench user interface. Students learn how to connect to the server, open and manipulate
an SQL file, enter and save SQL scripts, and use the command line.
In addition to the section of Review Questions, the end of each chapter includes three sets of exercises—
one featuring the BITS Corporation database and the others featuring the Colonial Adventure Tours database
and the Sports Physical Therapy database—that give students “hands-on” experiences with the concepts
found in the chapter.
As in the previous edition, the Ninth Edition covers entity-relationship diagrams. The database design
material includes a discussion of the entity-relationship model as a database model. It also includes a discus-
sion of a characterization of various types of primary keys.
The BITS Corporation, Colonial Adventure Tours, and Sports Physical Therapy databases will be avail-
able at www.cengagebrain.com and are usable with Access 2010, Access 2013, and Access 2016. For those
students using database management systems that run scripts (such as Oracle), the data files also include the
script files that create the tables and add the data to the tables in the databases used in the book.
For instructors who want to use an Access or SQL text as a companion to the Ninth Edition, the
Instructor’s Manual for this book includes detailed tips on integrating the Ninth Edition with other books
from Cengage Learning that cover Access 2010, Access 2013, Access 2016, and SQL (for more information,
see the “Teaching Tools” section in this preface).

Detailed Coverage of the Relational Model, Including Query-By-Example (QBE)

and SQL
The book features detailed coverage of the important aspects of the relational model, including
comprehensive coverage of SQL. It also covers QBE and relational algebra as well as advanced aspects
of the model, such as views, the use of indexes, the catalog, and relational integrity rules.

Normalization Coverage
The Ninth Edition covers first normal form, second normal form, third normal form (Boyce-Codd normal
form), and fourth normal form. The book describes in detail the update anomalies associated with lower
normal forms as part of the motivation for the need for higher normal forms. Finally, the book examines
correct and incorrect ways to normalize tables. This book specifically addresses this by showing students
some of the mistakes people can make in the normalization process, explaining why the approach is
incorrect, demonstrating the problems that would result from incorrect normalizations, and, most
importantly, identifying how to avoid these mistakes.

Views Coverage
This text covers the important topic of views. It describes the process of beginning from a user
perspective and then discusses the creation and use of views as well as the advantages of using
views.

Database Design
The important process of database design is given detailed treatment. A highly useful method for
designing databases is presented and illustrated through a variety of examples. In addition to the
 Preface

method, this text includes important design topics such as the use of survey forms, obtaining
xiii
information by reviewing existing documents, special relationship considerations, and entity subtypes.
Appendix A contains a comprehensive design example that illustrates how to apply the complete design
process to a large and complex set of requirements. After mastering the design method presented in this
text, students should be able to produce correct database designs for future database requirements they
encounter.

Functions Provided by a Database Management System

With such a wide range of features included in current database management systems, it is important for
students to know the functions that such systems should provide. These functions are presented and
discussed in detail, with examples both in Access and SQL.

Database Administration
While database administration (DBA) is absolutely essential in the mainframe environment, it also is important
in a personal computer environment, especially when the database is shared among several users. Thus, this
text includes a detailed discussion of the database administration function.

Database Management System Selection

The process of selecting a database management system is important, considering the number of available
systems from which to choose. Unfortunately, selecting the correct database management system is not an
easy task. To prepare students to be able to do an effective job in this area, the text includes a detailed
discussion of the selection process together with a comprehensive checklist that greatly assists in making
such a selection.

Advanced Topics
The text also covers distributed database management systems, client/server systems, data warehouses,
object-oriented database management systems, web access to databases, and XML. Each of these topics
encompasses an enormous amount of complex information, but the goal is to introduce students to these
important topics. The text also includes coverage of data macros in Access. In addition, the book presents
the systems analysis approach to determining the requirements needed as the starting point for database
design. After describing information systems, the book describes the requirements you need to gather and
how to gather these requirements.

Numerous Realistic Examples

The book contains numerous examples illustrating each of the concepts. A running “case” example—BITS
Corporation—is used throughout the book to demonstrate concepts. The examples are realistic and represent
the kinds of real-world problems students will encounter in the design, manipulation, and administration of
databases. Exercises that use the BITS Corporation case are included at the end of each chapter. In addition,
there is another complete set of exercises at the end of each chapter that features a second and third case—
Colonial Adventure Tours and Sports Physical Therapy—giving students a chance to apply what they have
learned to a database that they have not seen in the chapter material.

Review Material
This text contains a wide variety of questions. At key points within the chapters, students are asked
questions to reinforce their understanding of the material before proceeding. The answers to these questions
follow the questions. A summary and a list of key terms appear at the end of each chapter, followed by
review questions that test the students’ knowledge of the important points in the chapter and that
occasionally test their ability to apply what they have learned. Each chapter also contains hands-on exercises
related to the BITS Corporation, Colonial Adventure Tours, and Sports Physical Therapy case examples.
Critical-thinking questions that reinforce problem-solving and analytical skills are included for review
questions and hands-on exercises.
 Preface

xiv
Teaching Tools
When this book is used in an academic setting, instructors may obtain the following teaching tools from
Cengage Learning through their sales representative or by visiting www.cengage.com:
• Instructor’s Manual The Instructor’s Manual has been carefully prepared and tested to ensure its
accuracy and dependability. The Instructor’s Manual includes suggestions and strategies for using
this text, including the incorporation of companion texts on Access or SQL for those instructors
who desire to do so. For instructors who want to use an Access or SQL text as a companion to the
Ninth Edition, the Instructor’s Manual for this book includes detailed tips on integrating the Ninth
Edition with the following books, also published by Cengage Learning: Microsoft Access 2013:
Introductory Concepts and Techniques, Microsoft Access 2016: Complete Concepts and Techniques,
and Microsoft Access 2016: Comprehensive Concepts and Techniques, by Pratt and Last.
• Data and Solution Files Data and solution files are available at www.cengage.com. Data files
consist of copies of the BITS Corporation, Colonial Adventure Tours, and Sports Physical
Therapy databases that are usable in Access 2010, Access 2013, and Access 2016, and script
files to create the tables and data in these databases in other systems, such as
Oracle and MySQL.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system that allows you to:
• author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage Learning solutions
• create multiple test versions in an instant
• deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want
• PowerPoint Presentations Microsoft PowerPoint slides are included for each chapter as a
teaching aid for classroom presentations, to make available to students on a network for
chapter review, or to be printed for classroom distribution. Instructors can add their own
slides for additional topics they introduce to the class. The presentations are available at
www.cengagebrain.com.
• Figure Files Figure files are included so that instructors can create their own presentations using
figures appearing in the text.

ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXTBOOK

This text includes nine chapters covering general database topics that are relevant to any database
management system. A brief description of the organization of topics in the chapters and an overview each
chapter’s contents follows.

Introduction
Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the field of database management.

The Relational Model

The relational model is covered in detail in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. Chapter 2 covers the data definition and
manipulation aspects of the model using QBE and relational algebra. The text uses Access 2016 to illustrate
the QBE material. The relational algebra section includes the entire relational algebra. (Note: The extra
material on relational algebra is optional and can be omitted if desired.)
Chapter 3 is devoted exclusively to SQL. The SQL material is illustrated using Access, but the chapter
also includes generic versions of all examples that can be used with a variety of platforms, including
Oracle and MySQL.
Chapter 4 covers some advanced aspects of the relational model such as views, the use of indexes, the
catalog, relational integrity rules, stored procedures, triggers, and data macros.

Database Design
Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to database design. Chapter 5 covers the normalization process, which enables
students to identify and correct bad designs. This chapter discusses and illustrates the use of first, second,
 Preface

third, and fourth normal forms. (Note: The material on fourth normal form is optional and can be omitted if
xv
desired.)
Chapter 6 presents a method for database design using many examples. The material includes
entity-relationship diagrams and their role in database design. It also includes discussions of several special
design issues as well as the use of survey forms, obtaining information by reviewing existing documents,
special relationship considerations, and entity subtypes. After completing Chapter 6, students can further
challenge themselves by completing Appendix A, which includes a comprehensive design example that
illustrates the application of the complete design process to a large and complex set of requirements, and
Appendix E, A Systems Analysis Approach to Information-level Requirements. (Note: Chapters 5 and 6 can
be covered immediately after Chapter 2 if desired.)

Database Management System Functions

Chapter 7 discusses the features that should be provided by a full-functioned PC-based database management
system. This chapter includes coverage of journaling, forward recovery, backward recovery, authentication,
and authorizations.

Database Administration
Chapter 8 is devoted to the role of database administration. Also included in this chapter is a discussion of
the process of selecting a database management system.

Database Management Approaches

Chapter 9 provides an overview of several advanced topics: distributed databases, client/server systems, web
access to databases, XML and related document specification standards, data warehouses, and object-oriented
databases.

GENERAL NOTES TO THE STUDENT

There are many places in the text where special questions have been embedded. Sometimes the purpose of
these questions is to ensure that you understand some crucial material before you proceed. In other cases, the
questions are designed to give you the chance to consider some special concept in advance of its actual pre-
sentation. In all cases, the answers to these questions follow each question. You could simply read the question
and its answer. You will receive maximum benefit from the text, however, if you take the time to work out the
answers to the questions and then check your answer against the one provided before continuing.
You also will find Your Turn exercises, which allow you to stop, and try to apply the concept. These
critical thinking exercises help you solidify the process and well as solve the problem. The text then follows
through with a sample.
The end-of-chapter material consists of a summary, a list of key terms, review questions, and exercises
for the BITS Corporation, Colonial Adventure Tours, and Sports Physical Therapy databases. The summary
briefly describes the material covered in the chapter. The review questions require you to recall and apply
the important material in the chapter. The BITS Corporation, Colonial Adventure Tours, and Sports Physical
Therapy exercises test your knowledge of the chapter material; your instructor will assign one or more of
these exercises for you to complete. Review questions and exercises include critical-thinking questions to
challenge your problem-solving and analytical skills.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to acknowledge the following individuals who all made contributions during the preparation of
this book during its multiple editions. We also appreciate the efforts of the following individuals, who have
been invaluable during this book’s development: Kate Mason, Associate Product Manager; Michele Stulga,
Content Project Manager, Maria Garguilo and Tyler Sally, Content Developers; Diana Graham, Art Director;
and Sumathy Kumaran, Associate Product Manager at Lumina Datamatics, Inc.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
MANAGEMENT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Introduce Burk IT Solutions (BITS), the company that is used as the basis for many of the
examples throughout the text
• Introduce basic database terminology
• Describe database management systems (DBMSs)
• Explain the advantages and disadvantages of database processing
• Introduce Colonial Adventure Tours, a company that is used in a case that appears at the end
of each chapter
• Introduce Sports Physical Therapy, a company that is used in another case that appears at the
end of each chapter

INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, you will examine the requirements of Burk IT Solutions (BITS), a company that will be
used in many examples in this chapter and in the rest of the text. You will learn how BITS initially stored
its data, what problems employees encountered with the storage method, and why management decided
to employ a database management system (DBMS). Then you will study the basic terminology and
concepts of databases, database management systems, and big data. You will learn the advantages and
disadvantages of database processing. Finally, you will examine the database requirements for Colonial
Adventure Tours and Sports Physical Therapy, the companies featured in the cases that appear at the
end of each chapter.

BITS COMPANY BACKGROUND

Burk IT Solutions (BITS) is a local computer hardware and software consulting company whose IT
consultants perform functions such as hardware repair, software installation, networking solutions, and
system security—for both individuals and small businesses. As the company was getting started, they kept
track of their clients in a spreadsheet; they used a homegrown job order/inventory program to keep track
of work orders. Management has now determined that the company’s recent growth means it is no longer
feasible to use those programs to maintain its data.
What has led the managers at BITS to this decision? One of the company’s spreadsheets, shown in
Figure 1-1 on the next page, displays sample work order data, and illustrates the company’s problems with
the spreadsheet approach. For each work order, the spreadsheet displays the number and name of the client,
the work order number and date, the task ID, a description, the quoted price or estimate, and the number
of the consultant assigned to the client. Note that Harpersburg Bank (order number 68979) appears in two
rows because this client needed two different jobs performed in its order. In the case of Prichard’s Pizza &
Pasta, the company placed two different orders (order numbers 67424 and 67949). In the first order, the
client needed help with mobility (connectivity), which would also require an upgrade. In the second order,
 Chapter 1

the client had printer issues along with a possible virus. The client also was experiencing difficulty with the
2
network between two stores (wide area networking). The result was five lines in the spreadsheet, two work
order numbers, and various job task IDs.

Orders requiring
more than one
spreadsheet row

FIGURE 1-1 Sample orders spreadsheet

Redundancy is one problem that employees have with the orders spreadsheet. Redundancy is the
duplication of data, or the storing of the same data in more than one place. In the Orders spreadsheet,
redundancy occurs in the Client column because the name of a client is stored in more than one place.
Both rows for client number 867, for example, store “MarketPoint Sales” as the client name. In the Orders
spreadsheet, redundancy also occurs in other columns, such as the Client Number and Order Number
columns.

Q & A 1-1
Question: What problems does redundancy cause?
Answer: Redundancy can cause inconsistencies in the data, leading to missing information and poor
decision making from the data. The accuracy of the data is the most important factor. For example, you
might enter “MarketPoint Sales” and “Market Point Sales” on separate rows in the Client column, and
then be unsure about the correct version of this client’s name. Further, if this client’s name is spelled in
two different ways and you use the search feature with one of the two values, you would find a single
match instead of two matches.
When you need to change data, redundancy also makes your changes more cumbersome and
time-consuming. For example, if you incorrectly enter “Harpersberg Bank” in the Client column, you
would need to correct it in two places. Even if you use the global find-and-replace feature, multiple
changes require more editing time than does a single change.
Finally, while storage space is relatively inexpensive, redundancy wastes space because you’re storing
the same data in multiple places. This extra space results in larger spreadsheets that require more space in
memory and on disk. The files also take longer to save and open.
 Introduction to Database Management

Difficulty accessing related data is another problem that employees at BITS encounter with their
3
spreadsheets. For example, if you want to see a client’s address and the scheduled date and time, you must
open and search other spreadsheets that contain this data.
Spreadsheets also have limited security features to protect data from being accessed by unauthorized
users. In addition, a spreadsheet’s data-sharing features also prevent multiple employees from updating data
in one spreadsheet at the same time. Finally, if the increase in work orders at BITS continues at its planned
rate, spreadsheets have inherent size limitations that will eventually force the company to split its order data
into multiple spreadsheets. Splitting the spreadsheets would create further redundancy.
Having decided to replace its spreadsheet software, management has determined that BITS must
maintain the following information about its consultants, clients, categories of IT tasks, and work orders:
• The consultant number, last name, first name, address, normal weekly hours, and rate of pay for
each consultant.
• The client number, name, address, current balance, and credit limit for each client, as well as
the number of the consultant who typically works with the client.
• The order number, task, description, scheduled date, and quoted estimate.
BITS must store information about orders for invoicing purposes. Figure 1-2 shows a sample invoice.

Heading

Body

Footing

FIGURE 1-2 Sample invoice

• The heading (top) of the order contains the BITS Corporation’s name, address, phone, fax, and
email; the word “Invoice”; the order number and date; the client’s number, name, and address;
and the consultant’s number and name.
 Chapter 1

• The body of the order contains one or more order lines, sometimes called line items. Each order
4
line contains a job number, a description, and the total for the item.
• The footing (bottom) of the order contains the balance due.
BITS also must store the following items for each client’s order:
• For each work order, the company must store the order number, the date the order was placed,
and the number of the client that placed the order. The client’s name and address as well as the
number of the consultant who represents the client are stored with the client information. The
name of the consultant is stored with the consultant information.
• For each order line, the company must store the order number, the task ID, the scheduled date
of the repair, and the quoted estimate or price. If the job may result in taking more time or
resources, the client is called and the quoted price is adjusted. Remember that the description
and task category are stored with the information about the IT task.
• The overall order total is not stored. Instead, the computer calculates the total whenever an
order is printed or displayed on the screen.
The problem facing BITS is common to many businesses and individuals that need to store and retrieve
data in an efficient and organized way. Furthermore, most organizations are interested in more than one
category of information. For example, BITS is interested in categories such as consultants, clients, orders,
and tasks. A school is interested in students, faculty, and classes; a real estate agency is interested in clients,
houses, and agents; a distributor is interested customers, orders, and inventory; and a car dealership is
interested in clients, vehicles, and manufacturers.
Besides wanting to store data that pertains to more than one task, BITS is interested in the relationships
between the clients, and consultants. For example, BITS may want to assign consultants that specialize in
one area of IT. They need to be able to associate orders with the clients that ordered them, the consultants
who coordinated the work, and the jobs that the client requested. Likewise, a real estate agency wants to
know not only about clients, houses, and agents but also about the relationships between clients and houses
(which clients have expressed interest in which houses). A real estate agency also wants to know about the
relationships between agents and houses (which agent sold which house, which agent is listing which house,
and which agents are receiving commissions for which houses).

DATABASE SOLUTION
After studying the alternatives to using spreadsheet software, BITS decided to switch to a database system.
A database is a structure that contains data about many different categories of information and about the
relationships between those categories. The BITS database, for example, will contain information about
consultants, clients, orders, and tasks. It also will provide facts that relate consultants to the clients they
service, and clients to the work orders they currently have placed.
With a database, employees can enter the number of a particular work order and identify which client
placed the order. Alternately, employees can start with a client and find all work orders the client placed,
together with descriptions of the task. Using a database, BITS not only can maintain its data better but
also can use the data in the database to produce a variety of reports and to answer different types of
questions.

Database Terminology
There are some terms and concepts in the database environment that are important to know. For instance,
the terms entity, attribute, and relationship are fundamental when discussing databases. An entity is a
person, place, object, event, or idea for which you want to store and process data. The entities of interest to
BITS, for example, are consultants, clients, orders, and tasks. Entities sometimes are represented by a table
of data in database systems.
An attribute is a characteristic or property of an entity. The term is used in this text exactly as it is used
in everyday English. For the entity person, for example, the list of attributes might include such things as eye
color and height. For BITS, the attributes of interest for the entity client are such things as client name,
street, city, and so on. An attribute is also called a field or column in many database systems.
 Introduction to Database Management

Figure 1-3 shows two entities, Consultant and Client, along with the attributes for each entity. The
5
Consultant entity has nine attributes: ConsltNum, LastName, FirstName, Street, City, State, ZipCode, Hours,
and Rate. The attributes are the same as the columns in a spreadsheet. The Client entity has nine attributes:
ClientNum, ClientName, Street, City, State, ZipCode, Balance, CreditLimit, and ConsltNum. NOTE: Entity
(table) names and attribute (field) names should be easy to understand, concise, indicative of their content,
and contain no spaces.

Consultant
ConsltNum LastName FirstName Street City State ZipCode Hours Rate

Entities
Attributes

Client
ClientNum ClientName Street City State ZipCode Balance CreditLimit ConsltNum

Attributes

FIGURE 1-3 Entities and attributes

The final key database term is relationship. A relationship is an association between entities. There is an
association between consultants and clients; for example, at BITS, a consultant is associated with all of his or
her clients, and a client is associated with its consultant. Technically speaking, a consultant is related to all of
his or her clients, and a client is related to its consultant.
This particular relationship is called a one-to-many relationship because each consultant is associated
with many clients, but each client is associated with only one consultant. In this type of relationship, the
word many is used differently than in everyday English; not always will it indicate a large number. In this
context, for example, the term many means that a consultant can be associated with any number of clients.
That is, a given consultant can be associated with zero, one, or more clients.
A one-to-many relationship often is represented visually in the manner shown in Figure 1-4. In such a
diagram, entities and attributes are represented in precisely the same way as they are shown in Figure 1-3.
A line connecting the entities represents the relationship. The one part of the relationship (in this case,
Consultant) does not have an arrow on its end of the line, and the many part of the relationship (in this case,
Client) is indicated by a single-headed arrow.

Consultant
ConsltNum LastName FirstName Street City State ZipCode Hours Rate

Relationship

Client
ClientNum ClientName Street City State ZipCode Balance CreditLimit ConsltNum

FIGURE 1-4 One-to-many relationship

 Chapter 1

6
Storing Data
Spreadsheets, word-processed documents, webpages, and other computer information sources are stored
in files. A file that is used to store data, often called a data file, is the computer counterpart to an
ordinary paper file you might keep in a file cabinet, an accounting ledger, or other place. A database,
however, is more than a file. Unlike a typical data file, a database can store information about multiple
entities.
Additionally, a database holds information about the relationships among the various entities. Not only
will the BITS database have information about both consultants and clients, it also will hold information
relating consultants to the clients they service, clients to work orders, tasks to work orders, and so on.
Formally, a database is a structure that can store information about multiple types of entities, the attributes
of those entities, and the relationships among the entities.
How does a database handle these entities, attributes of entities, and relationships among entities?
Entities and attributes are fairly simple. Each entity has its own table. In the BITS database, for example,
there will be one table for consultants, one table for clients, and so on. The attributes of an entity become
the columns in the table. In the table for consultants, for example, there will be a column for the consultant
number, a column for the consultant last name, and so on. Within each table, a row of data corresponds to
one record. A record is a group of fields related to one item in a table.
What about relationships between entities? At BITS, there is a one-to-many relationship between
consultants and clients. (Each consultant is related to the many clients that he or she represents, and
each client is related to the one consultant who represents the client.) How is this relationship handled
in a database system? It is handled by using common columns in the two tables. Consider Figure 1-4 on the
previous page again. The ConsltNum column in the Consultant table and the ConsltNum column in the Client
table are used to implement the relationship between consultants and clients. (It is not unusual to abbreviate
column names in a database.) Given a consultant, you can use these columns to determine all the clients
that he or she represents; given a client, you can use these columns to find the consultant who represents
the client.
How will BITS store its data via tables in a database? Figure 1-5 shows sample data for BITS.
In the Consultant table, you see that there are four consultants whose numbers are 19, 22, 35,
and 51. The name of consultant 19 is Christopher Turner. His street address is 554 Brown Dr. He lives
in Tri City, FL, and his zip code is 32889. He typically works 40 hours a week with a pay rate of
$22.50 per hour.
BITS has 12 clients at this time, which are identified with the numbers 143, 175, 299, 322, 363, 405,
449, 458, 677, 733, 826, 867. The name of client number 143 is Jarrod Hershey. (The last name is listed first
for alphabetical/sorting reasons. Not all clients have a first and last name.) This client’s address is 135 E. Mill
Street in Easton, FL, with a zip code of 33998. The client’s current balance is $1,904.55, and its credit limit
is $2,500.00. The number 19 in the ConsltNum column indicates that Jarrod Hershey is represented by
consultant 19 (Christopher Turner—see Consultant table).
In the table named Tasks, you see that BITS currently has 16 tasks, whose task ID numbers are AC65,
DA11, DI85, HA63, HI31, LA81, MO49, OT99, PI54, SA44, SI77, SI91, UP38, VR39, WA33, and WC19.
TaskID AC65 is Accessories, and BITS normal pricing is $80.00 for installing and troubleshooting accessories
such as storage devices and monitors. The Accessories item is in the ACC category. Other categories include
DRM (data recovery), HAM (hardware issues), and SOM (software issues), among others. The company has a
$50 minimum charge on all service calls.
In the table named WorkOrders, you see that there are eight orders, which are identified with the
numbers 67101, 67313, 67424, 67838, 67949, 68252, 68868, and 68979. Order number 67101 was placed on
September 6, 2018, by client 733 (Laura Howler—see Client table).
 Introduction to Database Management

Consultant 7
ConsltNum LastName FirstName Street City State ZipCode Hours Rate
19 Turner Christopher 554 Brown Dr. Tri City FL 32889 40 $22.50
22 Jordan Patrick 2287 Port Rd. Easton FL 33998 40 $22.50
35 Allen Sarah 82 Elliott St. Lizton FL 34344 35 $20.00
51 Shields Tom 373 Lincoln Ln. Sunland FL 39876 10 $15.00

Client
ClientNum ClientName Street City State ZipCode Balance CreditLimit ConsltNum
143 Hershey, Jarrod 135 E. Mill Street Easton FL 33998 $1,904.55 $2,500.00 19
175 Goduto, Sean 12 Saratoga Parkway Tri City FL 32889 $2,814.55 $5,000.00 19
299 Two Crafty 9787 NCR 350 West Sunland FL 39876 $8,354.00 $10,000.00 22
Cousins
322 Prichard's Pizza 501 Air Parkway Lizton FL 34344 $7,335.55 $10,000.00 35
& Pasta
363 Salazar, Jason 56473 Cherry Tree Dr. Easton FL 33998 $900.75 $2,500.00 35
405 Fisherman's 49 Elwood Ave. Harpersburg FL 31234 $4,113.40 $7,500.00 19
Spot Shop
449 Seymour, 4091 Brentwood Ln Amo FL 34466 $557.70 $5,000.00 22
Lindsey
458 Bonnie's 9565 Ridge Rd. Tri City FL 32889 $4,053.80 $7,500.00 22
Beautiful
Boutique
677 Yates, Nick 231 Day Rd. Sunland FL 39876 $2,523.80 $2,500.00 35
733 Howler, Laura 1368 E. 1000 S. Lizton FL 34344 $3,658.05 $5,000.00 22
826 Harpersburg 65 Forrest Blvd. Harpersburg FL 31234 $6,824.55 $10,000.00 19
Bank
867 MarketPoint 826 Host St. Easton FL 33998 $3,089.00 $5,000.00 19
Sales

Tasks OrderLine
TaskID Description Category Price OrderNum TaskID ScheduledDate QuotedPrice
AC65 Accessories ACC $80.00 67101 SI77 9/10/2018 $144.00
DA11 Data recovery major DRM $175.00 67313 LA81 9/12/2018 $104.00
DI85 Data recovery minor DRM $50.00 67424 MO49 9/14/2018 $65.00
HA63 Hardware major HAM $225.00 67424 UP38 9/14/2018 $185.00
HI31 Hardware minor HAM $165.70 67838 LA81 9/20/2018 $104.00
LA81 Local area networking (LAN) LAN $104 00 67949 PI54 9/21/2018 $50.00
MO49 Mobility MOB $65.00 67949 VR39 9/21/2018 $88.00
OT99 Other work OTH $99.99 67949 WA33 9/21/2018 $126.00
PI54 Printing issues PRI $50.00 68252 DI85 9/24/2018 $50.00
SA44 Software major SOM $200.00 68868 SA44 9/24/2018 $200.00
SI77 Software minor SOM $144.00 68979 AC65 9/27/2018 $77.00
SI91 Security install/repair SIR $126.00 68979 DA11 9/27/2018 $970.00
UP38 Upgrades UPG $185.00
VR39 Virus removal VIR $90.00 WorkOrders
WA33 Wide area networking (WAN) WAN $130.00 OrderNum OrderDate ClientNum
WC19 Web connectivity WEC $75.00 67101 9/6/2018 733
67313 9/7/2018 458
67424 9/10/2018 322
67838 9/10/2018 867
67949 9/10/2018 322
68252 9/12/2018 363
68868 9/14/2018 867
68979 9/17/2018 826

FIGURE 1-5 Sample data for BITS

 Chapter 1

The table named OrderLine on the previous page might seem strange at first glance. Why do you need a
8
separate table for the order lines? Couldn’t the order lines be included in the WorkOrders table? The answer
is yes. The WorkOrders table could be structured as shown in Figure 1-6. Notice that this table contains the
same orders as those shown in Figure 1-5 on the previous page, with the same dates and clients. In addition,
each table row in Figure 1-6 contains all the order lines for a given order. Examining the third row, for
example, you see that order 67424 has two order lines. One of the order lines is for MO49 (mobility issues),
and the quoted price is $65.00. The other order line is for UP38 (upgrades), and the quoted price is $185.00.

WorkOrders
OrderNum OrderDate ClientNum TaskID QuotedPrice
67101 9/6/2018 733 SI77 $144.00
67313 9/7/2018 458 LA81 $104.00
67424 9/10/2018 322 MO49 $65.00
UP38 $185.00
67838 9/10/2018 867 LA81 $104.00
67949 9/10/2018 322 PI54 $50.00
VR39 $88.00
WA33 $126.00
68252 9/12/2018 363 DI85 $50.00
68868 9/14/2018 867 SA44 $200.00
68979 9/17/2018 826 AC65 $77.00
DA11 $970.00

FIGURE 1-6 Alternative WorkOrders table structure

Q & A 1-2
Question: How is the information in Figure 1-5 represented in Figure 1-6?
Answer: Examine the OrderLine table shown in Figure 1-5 and note the third and fourth rows. The third row
indicates that there is an order line in order number 67424 for task MO49 with a quoted price of $65.00.
The fourth row indicates that there is an order line in order 67424 for upgrades with a quoted price of
$185.00. Thus, the information in Figure 1-6 is represented in Figure 1-5 with two separate rows rather than
in one row.

Q & A 1-3
Question: Why is the quoted price in the OrderLine table different from the price listed in the Tasks table?
Answer: The estimator at BITS Corporation talks to each client or customer as he or she calls in to request
services, and then enters the work order and order line. The estimator evaluates the need and may adjust
the price up or down depending on the situation and how much time may be involved. In the Tasks table,
the prices are listed for a typical hour related to the task at hand. The actual service or repair may take
more time. For example, Task DA11 is listed at $175.00. However, in the last order line, the estimator, after
talking with the client, quoted a price of $970.00 for the large amount of work involved.

It might seem inefficient to use two rows to store information that can be represented in one row.
There is a problem, however, with the arrangement shown in Figure 1-6 — the table is more complicated.
In Figure 1-5, there is a single entry at each position in the OrderLine table. In Figure 1-6, some of the
individual positions within the table contain multiple entries, thus making it difficult to track the
information between columns. In the row for order number 67424, for example, it is crucial to know that
TaskID UP38 corresponds to the dollar figure $185.00 in the QuotedPrice column, not to the $65.00.
 Introduction to Database Management

In addition, having a more complex table means that there are practical issues to worry about, such as
9
the following:
• How much room do you allow for these multiple entries?
• What happens when an order requires more order lines than you have allowed room for?
• Given a task ID, how do you determine which orders contain order lines for that task?
Certainly, none of these problems is unsolvable. These problems do add a level of complexity, however,
that is not present in the arrangement shown in Figure 1-5 on page 7. In Figure 1-5, there are no multiple
entries to worry about, it does not matter how many order lines exist for any work order, and it is easy to find
every order that contains an order line for a given task (just look for all order lines with the given TaskID).
In general, this simpler structure is preferable, which is why the order lines appear in a separate table.
To test your understanding of the BITS data, use the data shown in Figure 1-5 on page 7 to answer the following
questions.

Q & A 1-4
Question: What are the numbers of the clients represented by Christopher Turner?
Answer: 143, 175, 405, and 867. (Look up the ConsltNum value for Christopher Turner in the Consultant
table and obtain the number 19. Then find all clients in the Client table that have the number 19 in the
ConsltNum column.)

Q & A 1-5
Question: What is the name of the client that placed order 67424, and what is the name of the consultant
who represents this client?
Answer: Prichard’s Pizza & Pasta is the client, and Sarah Allen is the consultant. (Look up the ClientNum
value in the Orders table for order number 67424 and obtain the number 322. Then find the client in the
Client table with a ClientNum value of 322. Using this client’s ConsltNum value, which is 35, find the name
of the consultant in the Consultant table.)

Q & A 1-6
Question: List all the items that appear in order 67949. For each item, give the description, number ordered,
and quoted price.
Answer: TaskID: PI54; description: Printing issues; category: PRI; and quoted price: $50.00. Also, TaskID: VR39;
description: Virus removal; category: VIR; and quoted price $88.00. Finally, TaskID: WA33; description: Wide
area networking (WAN); category: WAN; and quoted price: $126.00. The scheduled date is 9/21/2018. (Look up
each OrderLine table row in which the order number is 67949. Each row contains a TaskID, the ScheduledDate,
and the QuotedPrice. Use the TaskID to look up the corresponding description in the Tasks table.)

Q & A 1-7
Question: Why is the QuotedPrice column in the OrderLine table? Couldn’t you just use the task ID to look
up the price in the Tasks table?
Answer: If the QuotedPrice column did not appear in the OrderLine table, you would need to obtain the
price for a service on an order line by looking up the price in the Tasks table. Although this might not be a
bad practice, it prevents BITS from charging different prices to different clients for the same item. Because
BITS wants the flexibility to quote and charge different prices to different clients, the QuotedPrice column is
included in the OrderLine table. If you examine the OrderLine table, you will see cases in which the esti-
mated price matches the actual price in the Tasks table and cases in which the estimated price differs. For
example, in order number 67949, the scheduler at BITS quoted a price to Prichard’s Pizza & Pasta of 126.00
(for TaskID WA33) rather than the regular price of 130.00 (shown in the Tasks table). The reduction might
lead you to think the client received a slight discount for its multiple task order.
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himself. At any rate, the journey would have been shorter; though, as
against that, Paris offered more possibilities of surgical aid. His
opposition had been violent enough to check his growing friendliness
with the Brants; and at the hours when they came to see George,
Campton now most often contrived to be absent. Well, at any rate,
George was alive, he was there under his father’s eye, he was going to
live: there seemed to be no doubt about it now. Campton could think
it all over slowly and even calmly, marvelling at the miracle and
taking it in.... So at least he had imagined till he first made the
attempt; then the old sense of unreality enveloped him again, and he
struggled vainly to clutch at something tangible amid the swimming
mists. “George—George—George——” He used to say the name over
and over below his breath, as he sat and watched at his son’s bedside;
but it sounded far off and hollow, like the voice of a ghost calling to
another.
Who was “George”? What did the name represent? The father left
his post in the window and turned back to the bed, once more
searching the boy’s face for enlightenment. But George’s eyes were
closed: sleep lay on him like an impenetrable veil. The sleep of
ordinary men was not like that: the light of their daily habits
continued to shine through the chinks of their closed faces. But with
these others, these who had been down into the lower circles of the
pit, it was different: sleep instantly and completely sucked them back
into the unknown. There were times when Campton, thus watching
beside his son, used to say to himself: “If he were dead he could not
be farther from me”—so deeply did George seem plunged in secret
traffic with things unutterable.
Now and then Campton, sitting beside him, seemed to see a little
way into those darknesses; but after a moment he always shuddered
back to daylight, benumbed, inadequate, weighed down with the
weakness of the flesh and the incapacity to reach beyond his habitual
limit of sensation. “No wonder they don’t talk to us,” he mused.
By-and-bye, perhaps, when George was well again, and the war
over, the father might penetrate into his son’s mind, and find some
new ground of communion with him: now the thing was not to be
conceived.
He recalled again Adele Anthony’s asking him, when he had come
back from Doullens: “What was the first thing you felt?” and his
answering: “Nothing.”... Well, it was like that now: every vibration
had ceased in him. Between himself and George lay the unbridgeable
abyss of his son’s experiences.

As he sat there, the door was softly opened a few inches and
Boylston’s face showed through the crack: light shot from it like the
rays around a chalice. At a sign from him Campton slipped out into
the corridor and Boylston silently pushed a newspaper into his grasp.
He bent over it, trying with dazzled eyes to read sense into the
staring head-lines: but “America—America—America——” was all
that he could see.
A nurse came gliding up on light feet: the tears were running down
her face. “Yes—I know, I know, I know!” she exulted. Up the tall
stairs and through the ramifying of long white passages rose an
unwonted rumour of sound, checked, subdued, invisibly rebuked,
but ever again breaking out, like the noise of ripples on a windless
beach. In every direction nurses and orderlies were speeding from
one room to another of the house of pain with the message: “America
has declared war on Germany.”
Campton and Boylston stole back into George’s room. George
lifted his eyelids and smiled at them, understanding before they
spoke.
“The sixth of April! Remember the date!” Boylston cried over him
in a gleeful whisper.
The wounded man, held fast in his splints, contrived to raise his
head a little. His eyes laughed back into Boylston’s. “You’ll be in
uniform within a week!” he said; and Boylston crimsoned.
Campton turned away again to the window. The day had come—
had come; and his son had lived to see it. So many of George’s
comrades had gone down to death without hope; and in a few
months more George, leaning from that same window—or perhaps
well enough to be watching the spectacle with his father from the
terrace of the Tuileries—would look out on the first brown battalions
marching across the Place de la Concorde, where father and son, in
the early days of the war, had seen the young recruits of the Foreign
Legion patrolling under improvised flags.
 At the thought Campton felt a loosening of the tightness about his
heart. Something which had been confused and uncertain in his
relation to the whole long anguish was abruptly lifted, giving him the
same sense of buoyancy that danced in Boylston’s glance. At last,
random atoms that they were, they seemed all to have been shaken
into their places, pressed into the huge mysterious design which was
slowly curving a new firmament over a new earth....
There was another knock; and a jubilant nurse appeared, hardly
visible above a great bunch of lilacs tied with a starred and striped
ribbon. Campton, as he passed the flowers over to his son, noticed an
envelope with Mrs. Talkett’s perpendicular scrawl. George lay
smiling, the lilacs close to his pillow, his free hand fingering the
envelope; but he did not unseal the letter, and seemed to care less
than ever to talk.
After an interval the door opened again, this time to show Mr.
Brant’s guarded face. He drew back slightly at the sight of Campton;
but Boylston, jumping up, passed close to the painter to breathe:
“To-day, sir, just to-day—you must!”
Campton went to the door and signed silently to Mr. Brant to
enter. Julia Brant stood outside, flushed and tearful, carrying as
many orchids as Mrs. Talkett had sent lilacs. Campton held out his
hand, and with an embarrassed haste she stammered: “We couldn’t
wait——” Behind her he saw Adele Anthony hurriedly coming up the
stairs.
For a few minutes they all stood or sat about George’s bed, while
their voices, beginning to speak low, rose uncontrollably,
interrupting one another with tears and laughter. Mr. Brant and
Boylston were both brimming with news, and George, though he
listened more than he spoke, now and then put a brief question
which loosened fresh floods. Suddenly Campton noticed that the
young man’s face, which had been too flushed, grew pale; but he
continued to smile, and his eyes to move responsively from one
illuminated face to the other. Campton, seeing that the others meant
to linger, presently rose and slipping out quietly walked across the
Rue de Rivoli to the deserted terrace of the Tuileries. There he sat for
a long time, looking out on the vast glittering spaces of the Place de
la Concorde, and calling up, with his painter’s faculty of vivid and
precise visualization, a future vision of interminable lines of brown
battalions marching past.
When he returned to the hospital after dinner the night-nurse met
him. She was not quite as well satisfied with her patient that evening:
hadn’t he perhaps had too many visitors? Yes, of course—she knew it
had been a great day, a day of international rejoicing, above all a
blessed day for France. But the doctors, from the beginning, must
have warned Mr. Campton that his son ought to be kept quiet-very
quiet. The last operation had been a great strain on his heart. Yes,
certainly, Mr. Campton might go in; the patient had asked for him.
Oh, there was no danger—no need for anxiety; only he must not stay
too long; his son must try to sleep.
Campton nodded, and stole in.
George lay motionless in the shaded lamplight: his eyes were open,
but they seemed to reflect his father’s presence without any change
of expression, like mirrors rather than like eyes. The room was
doubly silent after the joyful hubbub of the afternoon. The nurse had
put the orchids and lilacs where George’s eyes could rest on them.
But was it on the flowers that his gaze so tranquilly dwelt? Or did he
see in their place the faces of their senders? Or was he again in that
far country whither no other eyes could follow him?
Campton took his usual seat by the bed. Father and son looked at
each other, and the old George glanced out for half a second between
the wounded man’s lids.
“There was too much talking to-day,” Campton grumbled.
“Was there? I didn’t notice,” his son smiled.
No—he hadn’t noticed; he didn’t notice anything. He was a million
miles away again, whirling into his place in the awful pattern of that
new firmament....
“Tired, old man?” Campton asked under his breath.
“No; just glad,” said George contentedly.
His father laid a hand on his and sat silently beside him while the
spring night blew in upon them through the open window. The quiet
streets grew quieter, the hush in their hearts seemed gradually to
steal over the extinguished city. Campton kept saying to himself: “I
must be off,” and still not moving. The nurse was sure to come back
presently—why should he not wait till she dismissed him?
 After a while, seeing that George’s eyes had closed, Campton rose,
and crept across the room to darken the lamp with a newspaper. His
movement must have roused his son, for he heard a slight struggle
behind him and the low cry: “Father!”
Campton turned and reached the bed in a stride. George, ashy-
white, had managed to lift himself a little on his free elbow.
“Anything wrong?” the father cried.
“No; everything all right,” George said. He dropped back, his lids
closing again, and a single twitch ran through the hand that Campton
had seized. After that he lay stiller than ever.
 XXXVI

G eorge’s prediction had come true. At his funeral, three days

afterward, Boylston, a new-fledged member of the American
Military Mission, was already in uniform....
But through what perversity of attention did the fact strike
Campton, as he stood, a blank unfeeling automaton, in the front pew
behind that coffin draped with flags and flanked with candle-glitter?
Why did one thing rather than another reach to his deadened brain,
and mostly the trivial things, such as Boylston’s being already in
uniform, and poor Julia’s nose, under the harsh crape, looking so
blue-red without its powder, and the chaplain’s asking “O grave,
where is thy victory?” in the querulous tone of a schoolmaster
reproaching a pupil who mislaid things? It was always so with
Campton: when sorrow fell it left him insensible and dumb. Not till
long afterward did he begin to feel its birth-pangs....

They first came to him, those pangs, on a morning of the following

July, as he sat once more on the terrace of the Tuileries. Most of his
time, during the months since George’s death, had been spent in
endless aimless wanderings up and down the streets of Paris: and
that day, descending early from Montmartre, he had noticed in his
listless way that all the buildings on his way were fluttering with
American flags. The fact left him indifferent: Paris was always
decorating nowadays for one ally or another. Then he remembered
that it must be the Fourth of July; but the idea of the Fourth of July
came to him, through the same haze of indifference, as a mere far-off
childish memory of surreptitious explosions and burnt fingers. He
strolled on toward the Tuileries, where he had got into the way of
sitting for hours at a time, looking across the square at what had
once been George’s window.
 He was surprised to find the Rue de Rivoli packed with people; but
his only thought was the instinctive one of turning away to avoid
them, and he began to retrace his steps in the direction of the
Louvre. Then at a corner he paused again and looked back at the
Place de la Concorde. It was not curiosity that drew him, heaven
knew—he would never again be curious about anything—but he
suddenly remembered the day three months earlier when, leaning
from George’s window in the hospital, he had said to himself “By the
time our first regiments arrive he’ll be up and looking at them from
here, or sitting with me over there on the terrace”; and that decided
him to turn back. It was as if he had felt the pressure of George’s
hand on his arm.
Though it was still so early he had some difficulty in pushing his
way through the throng. No seats were left on the terrace, but he
managed to squeeze into a corner near one of the great vases of the
balustrade; and leaning there, with the happy hubbub about him, he
watched and waited.
Such a summer morning it was—and such a strange grave beauty
had fallen on the place! He seemed to understand for the first time—
he who had served Beauty all his days—how profoundly, at certain
hours, it may become the symbol of things hoped for and things died
for. All those stately spaces and raying distances, witnesses of so
many memorable scenes, might have been called together just as the
setting for this one event—the sight of a few brown battalions passing
over them like a feeble trail of insects.
Campton, with a vague awakening of interest, glanced about him,
studying the faces of the crowd. Old and young, infirm and healthy,
civilians and soldiers—ah, the soldiers!—all were exultant, confident,
alive. Alive! The word meant something new to him now—something
so strange and unnatural that his mind still hung and brooded over
it. For now that George was dead, by what mere blind propulsion did
all these thousands of human beings keep on mechanically living?
He became aware that a boy, leaning over intervening shoulders,
was trying to push a folded paper into his hand. On it was pencilled,
in Mr. Brant’s writing: “There will be a long time to wait. Will you
take the seat I have kept next to mine?” Campton glanced down the
terrace, saw where the little man sat at its farther end, and shook his
head. Then some contradictory impulse made him decide to get up,
laboriously work his halting frame through the crowd, and insert
himself into the place next to Mr. Brant. The two men nodded
without shaking hands; after that they sat silent, their eyes on the
empty square. Campton noticed that Mr. Brant wore his usual gray
clothes, but with a mourning band on the left sleeve. The sight of that
little band irritated Campton....
There was, as Mr. Brant had predicted, a long interval of waiting;
but at length a murmur of jubilation rose far off, and gathering depth
and volume came bellowing and spraying up to where they sat. The
square, the Champs Elysées and all the leafy distances were flooded
with it: it was as though the voice of Paris had sprung up in fountains
out of her stones. Then a military march broke shrilly on the tumult;
and there they came at last, in a scant swaying line—so few, so new,
so raw; so little, in comparison with the immense assemblages
familiar to the place, so much in meaning and in promise.
“How badly they march—there hasn’t even been time to drill them
properly!” Campton thought; and at the thought he felt a choking in
his throat, and his sorrow burst up in him in healing springs....

It was after that day that he first went back to his work. He had not
touched paint or pencil since George’s death; now he felt the
inspiration and the power returning, and he began to spend his days
among the young American officers and soldiers, studying them,
talking to them, going about with them, and then hurrying home to
jot down his impressions. He had not, as yet, looked at his last study
of George, or opened the portfolio with the old sketches; if any one
had asked him, he would probably have said that they no longer
interested him. His whole creative faculty was curiously,
mysteriously engrossed in the recording of the young faces for whose
coming George had yearned.
“It’s their marching so badly—it’s their not even having had time to
be drilled!” he said to Boylston, half-shamefacedly, as they sat
together one August evening in the studio window.
Campton seldom saw Boylston nowadays. All the young man’s
time was taken up by his job with the understaffed and
inexperienced Military Mission; but fagged as he was by continual
overwork and heavy responsibilities, his blinking eyes had at last lost
their unsatisfied look, and his whole busy person radiated hope and
encouragement.
On the day in question he had turned up unexpectedly, inviting
himself to dine with Campton and smoke a cigar afterward in the
quiet window overhanging Paris. Campton was glad to have him
there; no one could tell him more than Boylston about the American
soldiers, their numbers, the accommodations prepared for their
reception, their first contact with the other belligerents, and their
own view of the business they were about. And the two chatted
quietly in the twilight till the young man, rising, said it was time to be
off.
“Back to your shop?”
“Rather! There’s a night’s work ahead. But I’m as good as new after
our talk.”
Campton looked at him wistfully. “You know I’d like to paint you
some day.”
“Oh——” cried Boylston, suffused with blushes; and added with a
laugh: “It’s my uniform, not me.”
“Well, your uniform is you—it’s all of you young men.”
Boylston stood in the window twisting his cap about undecidedly.
“Look here, sir—now that you’ve got back to work again——”
“Well?” Campton interrupted suspiciously.
The young man cleared his throat and spoke with a rush. “His
mother wants most awfully that something should be decided about
the monument.”
“Monument? What monument? I don’t want my son to have a
monument,” Campton exploded.
But Boylston stuck to his point. “It’ll break her heart if something
isn’t put on the grave before long. It’s five months now—and they
fully recognize your right to decide——”
“Damn what they recognize! It was they who brought him to Paris;
they made him travel when he wasn’t fit; they killed him.”
“Well—supposing they did: judge how much more they must be
suffering!”
“Let ’em suffer. He’s my son—my son. He isn’t Brant’s.”
 “Miss Anthony thinks——”
“And he’s not hers either, that I know of!”
Boylston seemed to hesitate. “Well, that’s just it, isn’t it, sir? You’ve
had him; you have him still. Nobody can touch that fact, or take it
from you. Every hour of his life was yours. But they’ve never had
anything, those two others, Mr. Brant and Miss Anthony; nothing
but a reflected light. And so every outward sign means more to them.
I’m putting it badly, I know——”
Campton held out his hand. “You don’t mean to, I suppose. But
better not put it at all. Good night,” he said. And on the threshold he
called out sardonically: “And who’s going to pay for a monument, I’d
like to know?”

A monument—they wanted a monument! Wanted him to decide

about it, plan it, perhaps design it—good Lord, he didn’t know! No
doubt it all seemed simple enough to them: anything did, that money
could buy.... When he couldn’t yet bear to turn that last canvas out
from the wall, or look into the old portfolio even.... Suffering,
suffering! What did they any of them know about suffering? Going
over old photographs, comparing studies, recalling scenes and
sayings, discussing with some sculptor or other the shape of George’s
eyelids, the spring of his chest-muscles, the way his hair grew and his
hands moved—why, it was like digging him up again out of that
peaceful corner of the Neuilly cemetery where at last he was resting,
like dragging him back to the fret and the fever, and the senseless
roar of the guns that still went on.
And then: as he’d said to Boylston, who was to pay for their
monument? Even if the making of it had struck him as a way of
getting nearer to his boy, instead of building up a marble wall
between them—even if the idea had appealed to him, he hadn’t a
penny to spare for such an undertaking. In the first place, he never
intended to paint again for money; never intended to do anything but
these gaunt and serious or round and babyish young American faces
above their stiff military collars, and when their portraits were
finished to put them away, locked up for his own pleasure; and what
he had earned in the last years was to be partly for these young men
—for their reading-rooms, clubs, recreation centres, whatever was
likely to give them temporary rest and solace in the grim months to
come; and partly for such of the protégés of “The Friends of French
Art” as had been deprived of aid under the new management. Tales
of private jealousy and petty retaliation came to Campton daily, now
that Mme. Beausite administered the funds; Adele Anthony and
Mlle. Davril, bursting with the wrongs of their pensioners, were
always appealing to him for help. And then, hidden behind these
more or less valid reasons, the old instinctive dread of spending had
reasserted itself, he couldn’t tell how or why, unless through some
dim opposition to the Brants’ perpetual outpouring: their hospitals,
their motors, their bribes, their orchids, and now their monument—
their monument!
He sought refuge from it all with his soldiers, haunting for hours
every day one of the newly-opened Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Clubs. Adele
Anthony had already found a job there, and was making a success of
it. She looked twenty years older since George was gone, but she
stuck to her work with the same humorous pertinacity; and with her
mingled heartiness and ceremony, her funny resuscitation of
obsolete American slang, and her ability to answer all their most
disconcerting questions about Paris and France (Montmartre
included), she easily eclipsed the ministering angels who twanged
the home-town chord and called them “boys.”
The young men appeared to return Campton’s liking; it was as if
they had guessed that he needed them, and wanted to offer him their
shy help. He was conscious of something rather protecting in their
attitude, of his being to them a vague unidentified figure, merely “the
old gentleman” who was friendly to them; but he didn’t mind. It was
enough to sit and listen to their talk, to try and clear up a few of the
countless puzzles which confronted them, to render them such
fatherly services as he could, and in the interval to jot down notes of
their faces—their inexhaustibly inspiring faces. Sometimes to talk
with them was like being on the floor in George’s nursery, among the
blocks and the tin soldiers; sometimes like walking with young
archangels in a cool empty heaven; but wherever he was he always
had the sense of being among his own, the sense he had never had
since George’s death.
To think of them all as George’s brothers, to study out the secret
likeness to him in their young dedicated faces: that was now his one
passion, his sustaining task; it was at such times that his son came
back and sat among them....
Gradually, as the weeks passed, the first of his new friends, officers
and soldiers, were dispersed throughout the training camps, and new
faces succeeded to those he had tried to fix on his canvas; an endless
line of Benny Upshers, baby-Georges, schoolboy Boylstons, they
seemed to be. Campton saw each one go with a fresh pang, knowing
that every move brought them so much nearer to the front, that ever-
ravening and inexorable front. They were always happy to be gone;
and that only increased his pain. Now and then he attached himself
more particularly to one of the young men, because of some look of
the eyes or some turn of the mind like George’s; and then the parting
became anguish.
One day a second lieutenant came to the studio to take leave. He
had been an early recruit of Plattsburg, and his military training was
so far advanced that he counted on being among the first officers
sent to the fighting line. He was a fresh-coloured lad, with fair hair
that stood up in a defiant crest.
“There are so few of us, and there’s so little time to lose; they can’t
afford to be too particular,” he laughed.
It was just the sort of thing that George would have said, and the
laugh was like an echo of George’s. At the sound Campton suddenly
burst into tears, and was aware of his visitor’s looking at him with
eyes of dismay and compassion.
“Oh, don’t, sir, don’t,” the young man pleaded, wringing the
painter’s hand, and making what decent haste he could to get out of
the studio.

Campton, left alone, turned once more to his easel. He sat down
before a canvas on which he had blocked out a group of soldiers
playing cards at their club; but after a stroke or two he threw aside
his brush, and remained with his head bowed on his hands, a lonely
tired old man.
He had kept a cheerful front at his son’s going; and now he could
not say goodbye to one of these young fellows without crying. Well—
it was because he had no one left of his own, he supposed. Loneliness
like his took all a man’s strength from him....
 The bell rang, but he did not move. It rang again; then the door
was pushed timidly open, and Mrs. Talkett came in. He had not seen
her since the day of George’s funeral, when he had fancied he
detected her in a shrunken black-veiled figure hurrying past in the
meaningless line of mourners.
In her usual abrupt fashion she began, without a greeting: “I’ve
come to say goodbye; I’m going to America.”
He looked at her remotely, hardly hearing what she said. “To
America?”
“Yes; to join my husband.”
He continued to consider her in silence, and she frowned in her
perplexed and fretful way. “He’s at Plattsburg, you know.” Her eyes
wandered unseeingly about the studio. “There’s nothing else to do, is
there—now—here or anywhere? So I sail to-morrow; I mean to take a
house somewhere near him. He’s not well, and he writes that he
misses me. The life in camp is so unsuited to him——”
Campton still listened absently. “Oh, you’re right to go,” he agreed
at length, supposing it was what she expected of him.
“Am I?” She half-smiled. “What’s right and what’s wrong? I don’t
know any longer. I’m only trying to do what I suppose George would
have wanted.” She stood uncertainly in front of Campton. “All I do
know,” she cried, with a sharp break in her voice, “is that I’ve never
in my life been happy enough to be so unhappy!” And she threw
herself down on the divan in a storm of desolate sobbing.
After he had comforted her as best he could, and she had gone
away, Campton continued to wander up and down the studio
forlornly. That cry of hers kept on echoing in his ears: “I’ve never in
my life been happy enough to be so unhappy!” It associated itself
suddenly with a phrase of Boylston’s that he had brushed away
unheeding: “You’ve had your son—you have him still; but those
others have never had anything.”
Yes; Campton saw now that it was true of poor Madge Talkett, as it
was of Adele Anthony and Mr. Brant, and even in a measure of Julia.
They had never—no, not even George’s mother—had anything, in the
close inextricable sense in which Campton had had his son. And it
was only now, in his own hour of destitution, that he understood how
much greater the depth of their poverty had been. He recalled the
frightened embarrassed look of the young lieutenant whom he had
discountenanced by his tears; and he said to himself: “The only thing
that helps is to be able to do things for people. I suppose that’s why
Brant’s always trying——”
Julia too: it was strange that his thoughts should turn to her with
such peculiar pity. It was not because the boy had been born of her
body: Campton did not see her now, as he once had in a brief
moment of compassion, as the young mother bending illumined
above her baby. He saw her as an old empty-hearted woman, and
asked himself how such an unmanageable monster as grief was to fill
the room up of her absent son.
What did such people as Julia do with grief, he wondered, how did
they make room for it in their lives, get up and lie down every day
with its taste on their lips? Its elemental quality, that awful sense it
communicated of a whirling earth, a crumbling Time, and all the cold
stellar spaces yawning to receive us—these feelings which he was
beginning to discern and to come to terms with in his own way (and
with the sense that it would have been George’s way too), these
feelings could never give their stern appeasement to Julia.... Her
religion? Yes, such as it was no doubt it would help; talking with the
Rector would help; giving more time to her church-charities, her
wounded soldiers, imagining that she was paying some kind of tax on
her affliction. But the vacant evenings, at home, face to face with
Brant! Campton had long since seen that the one thing which had
held the two together was their shared love of George; and if Julia
discovered, as she could hardly fail to do, how much more deeply
Brant had loved her son than she had, and how much more
inconsolably he mourned him, that would only increase her sense of
isolation. And so, in sheer self-defence, she would gradually,
stealthily, fill up the void with the old occupations, with bridge and
visits and secret consultations at the dressmaker’s about the width of
crape on her dresses; and all the while the object of life would be
gone for her. Yes; he pitied Julia most of all.
But Mr. Brant too—perhaps in a different way it was he who
suffered most. For the stellar spaces were not exactly Mr. Brant’s
native climate, and yet voices would call to him from them, and he
would not know....
 There were moments when Campton looked about him with
astonishment at the richness of his own denuded life; when George
was in the sunset, in the voices of young people, or in any trivial joke
that father and son would have shared; and other moments when he
was nowhere, utterly lost, extinct and irrecoverable; and others again
when the one thing which could have vitalized the dead business of
living would have been to see him shove open the studio door, stalk
in, pour out some coffee for himself in his father’s cup, and diffuse
through the air the warm sense of his bodily presence, the fresh smell
of his clothes and his flesh and his hair. But through all these moods,
Campton began to see, there ran the life-giving power of a reality
embraced and accepted. George had been; George was; as long as his
father’s consciousness lasted, George would be as much a part of it as
the closest, most actual of his immediate sensations. He had missed
nothing of George, and here was his harvest, his golden harvest.
Such states of mind were not constant with Campton; but more
and more often, when they came, they swept him on eagle wings over
the next desert to the next oasis; and so, gradually, the meaningless
days became linked to each other in some kind of intelligible
sequence.

Boylston, after the talk which had so agitated Campton, did not
turn up again at the studio for some time; but when he next appeared
the painter, hardly pausing to greet him, began at once, as if they had
just parted: “That monument you spoke about the other day ... you
know....”
Boylston glanced at him in surprise.
“If they want me to do it, I’ll do it,” Campton went on, jerking the
words out abruptly and walking away toward the window. He had
not known, till he began, that he had meant to utter them, or how
difficult they would be to say; and he stood there a moment
struggling with the unreasoning rebellious irritability which so often
lay in wait for his better impulses. At length he turned back, his
hands in his pockets, clinking his change as he had done the first
time that Boylston had come to him for help. “But as I plan the
thing,” he began again, in a queer growling tone, “it’s going to cost a
lot—everything of the sort does nowadays, especially in marble. It’s
hard enough to get any one to do that kind of work at all. And prices
have about tripled, you know.”
Boylston’s eyes filled, and he nodded, still without speaking.
“That’s just what Brant’ll like though, isn’t it?” Campton said, with
an irrepressible sneer in his voice. He saw Boylston redden and look
away, and he too flushed to the forehead and broke off ashamed.
Suddenly he had the vision of Mr. Brant effacing himself at the foot
of the hospital stairs when they had arrived at Doullens; Mr. Brant
drawing forth the copy of the orderly’s letter in the dark fog-swept
cloister; Mr. Brant always yielding, always holding back, yet always
remembering to do or to say the one thing the father’s lacerated soul
could bear.
“And he’s had nothing—nothing—nothing!” Campton thought.
He turned again to Boylston, his face still flushed, his lips
twitching. “Tell them—tell Brant—that I’ll design the thing; I’ll
design it, and he shall pay for it. He’ll want to—I understand that.
Only, for God’s sake, don’t let him come here and thank me—at least
not for a long time!”
Boylston again nodded silently, and turned to go.
After he had gone the painter moved back to his long table. He had
always had a fancy for modelling—had always had lumps of clay lying
about within reach. He pulled out all the sketches of his son from the
old portfolio, spread them before him on the table, and began.
Paris, 1918—Saint Brice-Sous-Forêt, 1922.

THE END
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. P. 62, changed “we was surprised” to “he was
surprised”.
2. Silently corrected typographical errors and
variations in spelling.
3. Retained anachronistic, non-standard, and
uncertain spellings as printed.
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