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Resources and Developmen1 Notes

The document discusses the concept of resources, their classification based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. It emphasizes the importance of sustainable resource management to prevent ecological crises and ensure equitable distribution for future generations. Additionally, it covers land resources in India, their use patterns, soil types, and conservation measures against degradation and erosion.

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sanyagupta63056
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3 views

Resources and Developmen1 Notes

The document discusses the concept of resources, their classification based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. It emphasizes the importance of sustainable resource management to prevent ecological crises and ensure equitable distribution for future generations. Additionally, it covers land resources in India, their use patterns, soil types, and conservation measures against degradation and erosion.

Uploaded by

sanyagupta63056
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

NOTES
Resources

• Everything available in our environment which can be used to


satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible,
economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as
‘Resource’.

Classification of Resources

• The resources can be classified as:


→ On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
→ On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable
→ On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and
international
→ On the basis of status of development – potential, developed
stock and reserves.
On the Basis of Origin

• Biotic Resources: These are obtained from biosphere and have life
such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.

• Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-


living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and
metals.

On the Basis of Exhaustibility


• Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or
reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are
known as renewable resources. For example, solar and wind energy,
water, forests and wildlife, etc.

• Non-Renewable Resources: The resources once consumed cannot


be replaced are known as non-renewable resources. These
resources take millions of years in their formation.For example: Oil,
Coal etc.

On the Basis of Ownership

• Individual Resources: The resources owned privately by individuals


are called Individual resources. For example: Plot, houses etc.
owned by a person.

• Community Owned Resources: The resources which are accessible


to all the members of the community. For example: Public parks,
picnic spots owned by a community.

• National Resources: The resources which come under nation are


known as National Resources. Technically, all the resources belong
to the nation.

• International Resources: The resources lying beyond 200 kms of


Exclusive Economic Zone in the oceans are called International
Resources. No one can use these resources without the permission
of international institutions.

On the Basis of the Status of Development


• Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but
have not been utilised. For example: the regions Rajasthan and
Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and
solar energy.

• Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their


quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation.

• Stock: The resources that have been surveyed, but cannot be used
due a lack of technology. For example: water is a compound of two
inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a
rich source of energy but we don't have technical know-how to use
them.

• Reserves: The resources that have been surveyed and we can use
them with present technology but their use has not been started are
known as Reserves. For example: the water in the dams, forests etc.

Development of Resources

• Resources are vital for human survival.

• It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature so, human
beings used them indiscriminately and this has led to the following
major problems:
→ Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
→ Accumulation of resources in few hands which divides the society
into rich and poor.
→ Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global
ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion,
environmental pollution and land degradation.
• For a sustained quality of life and global peace, an equitable
distribution of resources has
become essential.

• For using resources judiciously, we need to adopt sustainable


economic development.

• Sustainable economic development means development should


take place without damaging the environment, and development in
the present should not compromise with the needs of the future
generations.

Resource Planning

• Resource planning is a complex process which involves :


(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the
country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and
quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate
technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource
development plans.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national
development plans.

Land Resources
Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.
→ It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic
activities, transport and communication systems.

• Land is present in limited size so we must use them effectively.


Land Resources in India

• About 43 percent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities


for agriculture and industry.

• About 30 percent of the total surface area of the country are


mountains which ensure perennial flow of some rivers and provide
facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.
• About 27 per cent of the area of the country is the plateau region
that possesses rich reserves
of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

Land Use Pattern in India

• The use of land is determined by:


→ Physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types
→ Human factors such as population density, technological
capability and culture and traditions etc.
• Land use data, however, is available only for 93 per cent of the
total geographical area because the land use reporting for most of
the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully.
→ Also, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and
China have also not been surveyed.

Land Degradation and Conservation measures


• Human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and
quarrying contributed in land degradation.

• Measures to control land degradation:


→ Afforestation
→ Planting of shelter belts of plants
→ control on over grazing
→ stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes
→ Proper management of waste lands
→ control of mining activities

Soil as a Resource

• Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.


• It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of
living organisms on the earth.

Classification of Soils

On the basis of the factors responsible for soil formation, colour,


thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties, the soils
of India can be classified in different types:

• Alluvial Soils:
→ Entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil.
→ Also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas
of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
→ Fertile soil therefore, fit for agriculture purpose.
→ Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely
populated.
→ Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the
growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse
crops.

• Black Soil:
→ Black in colour and are also known as regur soils.
→ Ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
→ Found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh also along the Godavari and the Krishna
valleys.
→ Made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material.
→ Well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.
→ Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.

• Red and Yellow Soils:


→ Found in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern
parts of the Deccan plateau.
→ Also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the
middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western
Ghats.
→ Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and
metamorphic rocks.

• Laterite Soils:
→ Develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.
→ Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the
hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
→ Suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and
fertilizers.
→ Low Humus content because decomposers, like bacteria, get
destroyed due to high temperature.

• Arid Soils:
→ Found in the western parts of Rajasthan.
→ After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable.
→ Lacks humus and moisture because dry climate, high temperature
make evaporation faster.
→ Salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by
evaporating the water.

• Forest Soils:
→ Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain
forests are available.
→ Feature differs based on location.
→ Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper
slopes.
→ Silt in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river
terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.

Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

• Natural ways of Soil erosion: Wind, glacier and water lead to soil
erosion.

• Human activities: Deforestation, over-grazing, construction and


mining etc., contributes in soil erosion.
• Measures to control Soil erosion:
→ Strip cropping
→ Planting shelter belts
→ In the hilly areas, using contour ploughing and terrace farming.

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