Q. No. 11) Why is resource planning essential?

Or,
What is the need of doing resource planning in a country like India?

Ans. Resource planning is essential because:

Resource planning is a widely accepted strategy for the judicious use of resources.
Resources in India are not evenly distributed. Some parts of the country are rich in one
resource but deficient in other important resources. For example – Rajasthan is rich in
solar and wind energy but lacks water resources. Jharkhand is rich in minerals and
coal deposits but lacks industrialization.
Most of the resources present in our environment are limited. Therefore, if these
resources are not preserved or not used rationally we will be in great trouble.
To reduce regional disparity.
To save for future generations and to avoid wastage or overutilization of resources.

Q. No. 12) What are the three stages of resource planning?

Ans. The three stages of resource planning are:

Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This
involves surveying, mapping, and qualitative and quantitative estimation and
measurement of the resources.
Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill, and
institutional setup for implementing resource development plans.
Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Q. No. 13) Write any three human activities which are responsible for land degradation in India.
Ans. Three human activities responsible for land degradation in India are:

Mining: Expansion of mining and quarrying have contributed significantly to land

degradation. In Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa deforestation
due to mining have caused severe land degradation.
Over-grazing: In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra
overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation
Over-irrigation: In the states of Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh, over-
irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to an
increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.

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 Mineral processing like the grinding of limestone for the cement industry and calcite
and soapstone for the ceramic industry generates huge quantities of dust in the
atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles
down on the land.

Q. No. 14) Suggest and explain ways to protect the land from degradation in various states of
India.
Or,
Describe any three measures of controlling land degradation.

Ans. Measures to control land degradation:

Afforestation and proper management of grazing should be done.

Planting of shelter belts of plants and control over grazing should be done.
Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
Control of mining activities and proper management of waste lands should be done.
Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.

Q. No. 15) Explain the various purpose of land use.

Ans. Land resources are used for the following purposes:

i. Forests

ii. Land not available for cultivation

1. Barren and wasteland

2. Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.

iii. Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow land)

1. Permanent pastures and grazing land

2. Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in the net sown area)
3. Culturable wasteland (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years)

iv. Fallow lands

1. Current fallow (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year)
2. Other than the current fallow (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years)

v. Gross cropped area

Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus the net sown area is known as gross
cropped area.

Q. No. 16) Study the pie diagram representing the land use data of India for the year 1960-61 &
2014-15 and answer the following questions:

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a. Mention the percentage of land under the net sown area in 1960-61 & 2014-15 respectively.
b. Why maximum share of land is under Net Sown Area in India? Give two reasons.
c. State why 33 % of the geographical area should be under forest as mentioned in the National
Forest Policy of 1952. Give two reasons.
Ans. a.

1960-61: 45.26%
2014-15: 45.5%

See also Power Sharing Class 10 Notes: Understanding the Concepts

b. Maximum share of land is under the net sown area in India because:

The growing food demand to feed the growing population of India is responsible for the
maximum share of land under the net sown area.
To achieve food security the share of land under the net sown area is more.

c. The reasons are:

33 % of the geographical area should be under forest as it is essential for maintaining

ecological balance.
It provides a livelihood to millions of people who live on the fringes of these forests and
depend upon it.

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Q. No. 17) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give four main
features of this type of soil.
Ans. Alluvial soil is found in the entire northern plain. It is the most widely spread soil in
India.

The main features of alluvial soil are:

It is formed by the sediments deposited by river water.

It consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
It is very fertile. It contains an adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid, and
lime.
It is ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat, and other cereals.
Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely
populated.

Q. No. 18) Classify alluvial soil on the basis of age and differentiate between them.
Or,
Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar soil.

Ans. According to age, alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new
alluvial (Khadar).

Khadar Bangar

i. It is a new alluvial soil. i. It is an old alluvial soil.

ii. Lower concentration of kankar nodules. ii. Higher concentration of kankar nodules.

iii. It has more fine particles. iii. It has less fine particles.

iv. It is more fertile. iv. It is less fertile.

Q. No. 19) Write the features of ‘regur’ soil.

Ans. The following are the characteristics of regur soil (also known as black soil):

It is made up of extremely fine clayey material. They are well-known for their capacity
to hold moisture.
It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime.
These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.
They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the
soil.
It is ideal for growing cotton, so it is also known as ‘black cotton soil’.

Q. No. 20) Distinguish between red and laterite soils.

Ans.

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 Red soil Laterite soil

i. Formed due to the weathering of igneous and i. Formed by the leaching process.
metamorphic rocks.

ii. Develop in areas of low rainfall. ii. Develop in areas of high rainfall.

iii. Red in color due to the presence of iron in iii. Red in color due to little clay and
them. much gravel of red sandstones

iv. These are less crystalline. iv. These are crystalline.

v. These are highly porous and less fertile, but v. These are less fertile, only grass
where these are deep, these are fertile. grows in abundance.

Q. No. 21) Define soil erosion. Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India. What
are the causes of soil erosion in India?

Ans. Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, caused by various agents
such as water, wind, and human activities. This can lead to loss of fertile land, reduced crop
yields, and increased risk of landslides and flooding.

Types of soil erosion:

Gullies: The running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep
channels/gullies. The unfit land caused by gullies is called bad land or ravines.
Sheet erosion: Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The topsoil is
washed away. This process is known as sheet erosion.

Causes of soil erosion:

Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction, mining, etc. are

responsible for soil erosion.
Natural forces like wind, glaciers, and water also lead to soil erosion. Running water
cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep channels known as gullies, which makes
the land unfit for cultivation. The wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as
wind erosion.
Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in the
wrong way i.e., up and down the slope forms channels for the quick flow of water
leading to soil erosion.

Q. No. 22) What are the factors that have contributed to the development of various types of soils
in India? Suggest any three methods through which soil erosion can be prevented.
Or,
Suggest any three methods of soil conservation suitable to Indian conditions.
Or,
What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?

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Ans. India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic reals, and vegetation types which
have contributed to the development of various types of soils.

Measures to prevent soil erosion:

Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decrease the speed of water
flow down the slopes and soil erosion can be prevented.
Terrace cultivation: Step or terrace cultivation on slopes restricts erosion. Western and
Central Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming.
Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow
between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind and prevents soil erosion.
Shelter belts: Rows of trees called shelter belts have led to the stabilization of sand
dunes in the desert in western India.

Must Read:
Resources and Development Class 10 Notes
Class 10 Revision Notes
Class 10 Important Questions

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