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Work and Energy Notes

The document outlines the concepts of work and energy, defining work as the product of force and displacement, with formulas for calculating work done by constant forces and the concepts of positive, negative, and zero work. It also explains kinetic and potential energy, including their formulas and derivations, and introduces the law of conservation of energy. Additionally, power is defined as the rate of work done or energy transferred, with its formula and SI unit provided.

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14 views

Work and Energy Notes

The document outlines the concepts of work and energy, defining work as the product of force and displacement, with formulas for calculating work done by constant forces and the concepts of positive, negative, and zero work. It also explains kinetic and potential energy, including their formulas and derivations, and introduces the law of conservation of energy. Additionally, power is defined as the rate of work done or energy transferred, with its formula and SI unit provided.

Uploaded by

geetanjali.workspace
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work and Energy Notes

1. Work
Definition: Work is said to be done when a force acts on an object and the object moves in the direction
of the applied force. Mathematically, work (W) is the product of the force (F) applied and the
displacement (s) in the direction of the force.

Formula:

W = F ×s
where:
W is work,
F is force,
s is displacement.

Unit: The SI unit of work is the joule (J), where 1 joule = 1 newton-meter (1 J = 1 N·m).

Work Done by a Constant Force:

If a force is applied at an angle θ to the direction of displacement, then:

W = F × s × cos θ

If θ = 0∘ , work is maximum (force and displacement in the same direction).


∘
If θ = 90 , work is zero (force is perpendicular to displacement).

Positive, Negative, and Zero Work:


Positive work: When the force acts in the direction of displacement (e.g., pushing an object).
Negative work: When the force acts opposite to the direction of displacement (e.g., friction). Zero
work: When displacement is zero or the force is perpendicular to displacement (e.g., holding an
object stationary).

2. Energy
Definition: Energy is the capacity to do work. It exists in various forms, such as kinetic energy, potential
energy, thermal energy, etc.

3. Kinetic Energy (K.E.)

Definition: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy.

Formula:

1
K.E. = mv 2
2
where:
m is the mass of the object,
v is the velocity of the object. 1/3
Derivation of Kinetic Energy Formula

Consider an object of mass m moving with an initial velocity u. A constant force F is applied on the
object, and it moves a distance s after time t, gaining a final velocity v .

From Newton’s second law, we know that the work done on the object is:

W =F ×s

From the equation of motion:

v 2 = u2 + 2as (where a is the acceleration)

For simplicity, if the object starts from rest, u = 0, then:

v 2 = 2as
v2
Substituting s = 2a into the work formula:

v2
W =F ×
2a
From Newton’s second law, F = m × a. Substituting F into the equation for work:

v2 1
W =m×a× = mv 2
2a 2
Thus, the work done on the object is converted into kinetic energy, and:

1
K.E. = mv 2
2

4. Potential Energy (P.E.)


Definition: The energy possessed by an object due to its position or configuration is called potential=
energy. For example, an object raised to a certain height above the ground has gravitational potential=
energy.

Formula (for gravitational potential energy):

P.E. = mgh

where:
m is the mass of the object,
g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²),=
h is the height above the ground.

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Derivation of Potential Energy Formula

Consider an object of mass m raised to a height h above the ground. The force required to lift the
object is equal to its weight, F = mg .
The work done in lifting the object to height h is:

W = F × h = mgh

This work is stored as gravitational potential energy, so:

P.E. = mgh

5. Law of Conservation of Energy


Statement: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to
another, but the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

6. Power

Definition: Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred.

Formula:

W
P =
t
where:
P is power,
W is work done,
t is time taken.

Unit: The SI unit of power is the watt (W), where 1 watt = 1 joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s).

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