MULTIMDDDETER

Multimeter
An instrument used to measure the properties of an electrical
circuit, including
Voltage Volts
Current Amps
Resistance Ohms
Multi – tester and
their parts
• Meter scale

• Name plate

• Need Corrector

• Alternating Current Block

• Range Selector

• Needle Pointer

• Zero ohm adjuster knob

• Direct Current Voltage Block

• Resistance Block

• Direct Current milliampere block

• Negative & Positive test Prob

Definition
Meter Scale
■ Is used to identify the amount of
voltage, current, and resistance of
the circuit being measured.

Resistance Block
■ Is the block that used when
measuring the resistance,
continuity of an object.
Definition
Direct Current milliampere
block
■ Is the block used to measure the
direct current.

Zero Ohms Adjuster Knob

■ Is the control to set into zero
position the needle pointer before
and after using multi – tester to
attain the correctness of value.
Definition
Name Plate
■ Is the location of the brand of the
multi - tester

Positive & Negative Prob

■ a prob used to indicated the
positive and negative terminal
Definition
Needle Corrector
■ Is design for calibrating the needle
of the test if it is not located in the
infinity sign and not ranging the
zero value.
Range Selector
■ Is the selector or indicator of the
function of multi – tester.
Definition
Alternating Current
Voltage Block
■ Is the block used when measuring
the power, voltage of an object.

Direct Current Voltage

Block
■ Is the block where used if there is
polarity will be check and commonly
used in the battery.
Multi - tester
• Is sometimes called VOM

• It is a combination of Voltmeter,
ohmmeter, and milli - ammeter
Ammeter
• Is a device for measuring the electric
current through a wire or a circuit
element. An ammeter is always in
series with the element.

• Electrical Symbol for ammeter

Measuring Current
Set multimeter to the proper ADC range.
Circuit flow must go through the meter.

Switch

Battery

Resistor

Light
Voltmeter
• Is a device for measuring potential
difference between two wires, usually
across a circuit element or a group of
elements.

• A voltmeter is always connected in

parallel with the elements

• Electrical Symbol for Voltmeter

Measuring Voltage
Set multimeter to the proper V range.
Measure across a component.

Switch

Battery

Resistor

Light
Ohmmeter
• is an instrument used to measure
resistance and check the continuity of
electrical circuits and components

• Electrical Symbol for Ohmmeter

Measuring Resistance
Set multimeter to the proper Ohms range.
Measure across the component being tested.
Power must be off or removed from the circuit.
Switch

Battery

Resistor

Light
HEATING OF EFFECT OF
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Heating Effect of a Current
■ When electric current is passed through a high resistance wire, like nichrome wire
the resistance wire becomes hot and produces heat.
FORMULA:
H = 𝐼 2 Rt
Where:
H = heating effect of a current
I = Current in amperes
R = resistance in ohms
t = time in seconds
Heating Elements in Heating Appliance

18
Example
Find the heat energy produced in a resistance of 10 Ω when 5
A current flows through it for 5 minutes.
Example
Find the heat energy produced in a resistance of 10 Ω when 5
A current flows through it for 5 minutes.
Solution:
Given:
R = 10 Ω
I=5A
60𝑠
t = 5 min x 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 300 s
H = 52 𝑥10𝑥300 = 75 000𝑗
 OHM’S LAW,ELECTRICAL
POWER, AND ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
Ohm’s Law
■ Defines the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance in an electric circuit
■ Ohm’s Law:
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the voltage
applied to it and is inversely proportional to the resistor’s value.
■ Stated mathematically:

V
V + -
I=
R I R

Where: I is the current (amperes)

V is the potential difference (volts)
R is the resistance (ohms)
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for V
V
I xR
V=IR
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for I
V
I=V/R
I R
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for R
V
R=V/I
I R
Ohm’s Law Triangle
V
I=
V
( amperes, A )
I R R

V V
R= (ohms ,  )
I R I

V
V = I R ( volts, V )
I R
Example: Ohm’s Law
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery
and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 .
When the flashlight is on, how much
current will be drawn from the battery?
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR = = = 0.04 A = 40 mA
R 150 
Electrical Power (P)
■ Is the rate at which electrical energy produced or consumed in a given time.
■ Unit measurement for electrical power is Watt (W)
– NOTE!
𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
– 1 Watts = 1 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
Formula:
P = IE
Where:
I = Current in amperes
E = Voltage in volts
Example

A 200 V lamp has a hot resistance of 400 ohms. The power rating in kilowatts of the
lamp is ___.
Example
A 200 V lamp has a hot resistance of 400 ohms. The power rating in kilowatts of the
lamp is ___.
Given:
V = 200 V
R = 400 ohms
Solution:
𝐸2 (200)2 1𝑘𝑊
P = IE = 𝑅
= 400
= 100 watt x 1000 𝑊 = 0.1 𝑘𝑊
Electrical Energy
■ Energy is the capacity to do work.
FORMULA:
W = Pt
W = electrical energy (joule)
P = electrical power (watt)
t = time (second)
Example
A 10 hp motor runs at rated load for 5 hours. How many kWh is consumed?
Example
A 10 hp motor runs at rated load for 5 hours. How many kWh is consumed?
Given:
746 𝑊
Hp = 10 hp x 1 ℎ𝑝
= 7460 W = 7.460kW

t = 5 hrs
Solution:
W = Pt = (7.460kW)(5hrs) = 37.3kWh
Example
A residential house has a lighting load of 1000 W and a small appliance load of 2000
W. if they are used at the same time, what will be the monthly bill at an energy cost of P
0.40 per kilowatt – hour?
Electrical & Heat Energy Equivalents
■ Gram – calorie or calorie
– The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree
Celsius
■ British Thermal Unit (BTU)
– The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree
Fahrenheit
■ Joule
– SI unit of energy and work. One Joule is the work done by a force of one Newton
acting through a distance of one meter
FORMULA:
Q = mcΔT
Where:
Q = heat energy required
m = mass of the material
c = specific heat of the material
ΔT = change in temperature
Example
100 liters of water is heated from 20°C to 40°C. How many kWhr of electricity is
needed assuming no losses?
Example
100 liters of water is heated from 20°C to 40°C. How many kWhr of electricity is
needed assuming no losses?
Given:
m = Density x Volume
1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚3
m= ( 1 𝑚3 ) 𝑥 100 𝐿 𝑥 1000 𝐿
= 100 𝑘𝑔

Q = mcΔT
1 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
Q = (100 kg)( )(40°C - 20°C)
𝑘𝑔 °𝐶
1 𝑘𝑊ℎ
Q = 2000 kcal x 860 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
Q = 2.3255 kWh
Example
2.3 kWhr is expended to heat 100 liters of water inside an insulated vessel. What shall
be the rise in temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Circuit Elements
• A circuit element is a basic electrical component or
device that is used to build electrical circuits.

Passive Circuit Elements Active Circuit Elements

■ Passive elements do not require an ■ Active elements require an external
external power source to operate, power source to operate and can
and they primarily modify or control amplify or control electrical signals.
the flow of electrical current
■ Example: Transistor, Diode
■ Example: Resistor, Capacitor, and
Inductor
Types of Sources
Ideal Independent Source Ideal dependent Source
■ Is an active element that provides a ■ is an active element in which the
specified voltage or current that is source quantity is controlled by
completely independent of other another voltage or current
circuit elements
■ Dependent sources are usually
designated by diamond-shaped
symbols
Types of Dependent Sources
1.A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4.A current-controlled current source (CCCS).
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
Branch
■ Represent a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.
Node
■ Is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
Loop
■ Is any closed path in a circuit
Note!
■ Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively
share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.
■ Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently have
the same voltage across them
SERIES AND PARALLEL
CONNECTED RESISTOR
Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
■ Components are connected ■ Both ends of the components are
end-to-end. connected together.
■ There is only a single path for ■ There are multiple paths for current
current to flow. to flow.

Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.) 48
Series Circuits
Characteristics of a series circuit
■ The current flowing through every series component is equal.
■ The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the resistances
(i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
■ The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR2) is equal to the total
applied voltage (V T). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ +
VT VR2
- -

- +
RT
VR3
49
Example: Series Circuit
Example:
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, and IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, and VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

- +
RT 50
VR3
Voltage Division Theorem (VDT)
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
R T = R1 + R2 + R3
R T = 220  + 470  + 1.2 k
R T = 1890  = 1.89 k

Current Through Each Component:

VT
IT = (Ohm' s Law) V
RT
12 v I R
IT = = 6.349 mAmp
1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit :

IT = IR1 = IR2 = IR3 = 6.349 mAmp

52
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:

VR1 = IR1  R1 = (Ohm' s Law)

VR1 = 6.349 mA  220 Ω = 1.397 volts

VR2 = IR2  R2 (Ohm' s Law)

VR2 = 6.349 mA  470 Ω = 2.984 volts V
I R
VR3 = IR3  R3 (Ohm' s Law)
VR3 = 6.349 mA  1.2 K Ω = 7.619 volts

53
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
VT = VR1 + VR2 + VR3
12 v = 1.397 v + 2.984 v + 7.619 v
12 v = 12 v

54
Parallel Circuits
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
■ The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
■ The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocal:
1 1 1 1 1
= + + RT =
R T R1 R 2 R 3 1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3
■ The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal to
the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

55
Current Division Theorem
Example: Parallel Circuit
Example:
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, and VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, and IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT

IR1 IR2 IR3

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

57
57
Example: Parallel Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT =
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3
1
RT =
1 1 1
+ +
470  2.2 k 3.3 k
R T = 346.59 

Voltage Across Each Component:

Since this is a parallel circuit :

VT = VR1 = VR2 = VR3 = 15 volts

58
Example: Parallel Circuit
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1 = (Ohm' s Law)
R1
V 15 v
IR1 = R1 = = 31.915 mAmps
R1 470 

V
VR2 15 v
IR2 = = = 6.818 mAmps I R
R2 2.2 k 

VR3 15 v
IR3 = = = 4.545 mAmp
R3 3.3 k 

VT 15 v
IT = = = 43.278 mAmp
RT 346.59  59
Example: Parallel Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
IT = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
43.278 mAmps = 31.915 mA + 6.818 mA + 4.545 mA
43.278 mAmps = 43.278 mAmps

60
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Summary of Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in a
series circuit equals the total applied
voltage.

Gustav Kirchhoff Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

1824-1887
German Physicist
The total current in a parallel circuit equals
the sum of the individual branch currents.

64
Example
Determine Vo and I in the circuit shown
Examples
Find current I0 and voltage V0 in the circuit shown
Example
Find the current and voltage in the circuit shown