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Lecture 2

The document discusses the evolution of microprocessor technology, highlighting key milestones such as the development of the first integrated circuit and the introduction of MOSFETs. It explains the significance of Moore's Law and various integration types in VLSI design, emphasizing the benefits of integration like reduced power consumption and increased reliability. Additionally, it outlines different VLSI design methodologies, including full custom and semicustom designs, and the impact of technology nodes on performance and manufacturing costs.

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anusha kulai
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7 views

Lecture 2

The document discusses the evolution of microprocessor technology, highlighting key milestones such as the development of the first integrated circuit and the introduction of MOSFETs. It explains the significance of Moore's Law and various integration types in VLSI design, emphasizing the benefits of integration like reduced power consumption and increased reliability. Additionally, it outlines different VLSI design methodologies, including full custom and semicustom designs, and the impact of technology nodes on performance and manufacturing costs.

Uploaded by

anusha kulai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

In 2008, Intel’s Itanium In 1947, John Bardeen


In 1958, Jack Kilby built microprocessor contained and Walter Brattain built
the first integrated circuit more than 2 billion
transistors and a 16 GB Flash the first functioning
flip-flop with two point contact transistor
transistors at Texas memory contained more
than 4 billion transistors. at Bell Laboratories.
Instruments.

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By the 1960s, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) began to enter
production.

MOSFETs offer the compelling advantage that they draw almost zero control current while
idle.

They come in two flavors: nMOS and pMOS, using n-type and p-type silicon, respectively.

The original idea of field effect transistors dated back to the German scientist Julius Lilienfield
in 1925 and a structure closely resembling the MOSFET was proposed in 1935 by Oskar Heil.

In 1963, Frank Wanlass at Fairchild described the first logic gates using MOSFETs.

Fairchild’s gates used both nMOS and pMOS transistors, earning the name Complementary
Metal Oxide Semiconductor, or CMOS

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Moore’s Law
• “The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles
approximately every 18 months” Gordon E. Moore, 1965

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Integration Types
• SSI: Small Scale Integration [10 -100]
• MSI: Medium Scale Integration [100-
1000]
Based on • LSI: Large Scale Integration [tens of
number of thousand]
• VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration [more
transistors than hundreds of thousand]
• ULSI: Ultra Large Scale Integration [> 1
million]

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Feature Size
• The feature size of a CMOS manufacturing process refers to the
minimum dimension of a transistor that can be reliably built.

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Why Integration?

* Less area/volume and therefore, compactness

* Less power consumption

* Less testing requirements at system level

* Higher reliability, mainly due to improved on-chip interconnects

* Higher speed, due to significantly reduced interconnection length

* Significant cost savings

*Therefore, the current trend of integration will continue in the foreseeable


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Overview of VLSI Design Methodology

VLSI Design Styles


➢Full custom design
• Every design is made form scratch, starting from a single transistor
• Access to every aspect of design for improvement in the circuit performance –leads to High
level of performance
• Silicon area consumed is relatively small
• Longer design time Long time to market
• Justified in Critical applications - Medical, avionics
➢Semicustom design
• Makes use of available Pre designed cells Shorter design cycle time
• E.g. Standard Cell design / FPGA Design
• Less opportunity for performance improvement
• Overall performance of the final VLSI product will be less than
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Impact of different VLSI Design styles upon the design cycle time and the
achievable circuit performance

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Selection of design style
• The choice of particular design style for a VLSI product depends on the performance
requirements, the expected lifetime of the product and the cost of the project.

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Technology node /Manufacturing process
generation/ Manufacturing process technology
• As transistors shrink - Operate faster, consume less power,
cheaper to manufacture.
• Manufacturers introduce a new process generation (Also
called a technology node) every2-3 years with a 30%
smaller feature size to pack twice as many transistors in
the same area.
• Example: 22nm tech node.

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VLSI Design Flow

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21EC504_VLSI
Simplified VLSI Design
Flow

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