WEEK: ONE

DATE: 12TH -16TH SEPTEMBER, 2022

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
CLASS: SS2
TOPIC: REPRODUCTIO
PERIOD: 3
DURATION: 105 MINUTES.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. define reproduction
ii. name the types of reproduction in living organisms with examples.
iii. outline the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction in a tabular form.
iv. describe forms of asexual reproduction and give examples of organism that exhibit each one.
RESOURCES & MATERIALS: Modern Biology for SSS by Sarojini T. Ramalingam; African
First Publishers PLC, New System Biology for SSS by Lam Peng Kwan et al; African First
Publishers PLC , Practical Biology
CONTENT:
Reproduction

Reproduction is the ability of living organisms to produce offspring, i.e. new individuals of their
type. This is an important feature of all living organisms. It is the only way in which each kind of
organism can continue to live on forever although the individuals must eventually die.

Organisms have developed many methods of reproducing.

These can be either Asexual or Sexual.

Comparison of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

Often two parents Only one parent, needed

Gametes produced No gametes

Less rapid means of producing offspring Rapid means of producing offspring

Offspring show new variation Offspring identical

Has resistant stages to adverse conditions Rarely has resistant stages

Asexual Reproduction

In asexual reproduction, an individual produces an offspring by itself, i.e. only one parent is
present. There is no fusion of nuclei, and the cell(s) which give rise to the offspring usually
divide by means of mitosis. As a result, asexual reproduction often produces clones-offspring
which are identical to the parent. In extremely rare cases, the offspring may not be identical. This
is due to mutations-changes in the genes or chromosomes.

Asexual reproduction is common among simple organisms, as well as, flowering plants. In
organisms which can reproduce both sexually and asexually, asexual reproduction occurs when
food is plentiful and environmental conditions are favourable for growth.

Fission

The simplest type of asexual reproduction is the fission of unicellular organisms such as bacteria
and protists. Here, the parent organism simply divides into two or more parts, each of which can
exist by itself. In bacteria, where the cell just divides into two identical parts, the process is
called binary fission

Under favorable conditions, fission occurs rapidly, giving rise to numerous identical offspring.
This type of reproduction allows organisms to colonize new habitats very fast.

Budding

In budding, the offspring develops as an outgrowth of the parent. The bud may form on an
external or an internal surface of the parents. Internal buds are formed in some sponges, and are
released when the parent dies. External buds occur in Hydra and coral polyps. These buds break
off from the parent without causing any injury and lead an independent life.
The simplest type of budding is seen in yeasts. The bud may separate immediately or may
remain attached to the parent cell, and in turn form a bud. In multicellular animals like the
Hydra, the cells in the bud undergo differentiation to form the complex body of the organism.

Spore formation

Spores are small unicellular bodies which are produced in large numbers. They are small, light
and easily dispersed by air. Under favorable conditions, each spore can develop into an
independent organism. Spores are commonly produced by bacteria, fungi, protists, algae, mosses
and ferns.

Fragmentation

In this process, a part of an organism breaks up or fragments and gives rise to a new individual.
This is a form of regeneration. It occurs in simple organisms like algae, coelenterates and
sponges. In Spirogyra, when a filament reaches a certain length, parts of it break away and grow
into new filaments.
Vegetative propagation

This process occurs mainly in higher plants. Here, a new plant grows from any portion of an old
one other than the seeds. The part involved must have a store of food and must be able to
produce all the organs of a complete plant, namely roots, stems, leaves and flowers. The store of
food will be used by the new plant during its early stage of growth until it can photosynthesize.

In many flowering plants, certain organs, such as stems and roots, are specially modified for
vegetative propagation. In some plants, these organs also act as perennation organs and enable
the plant to survive from one growing season to the next. Perennation organs lie dormant in the
soil during the unfavorable sea-son. They are usually swollen with excess food produced during
the previous growing season. At the onset of the favorable season, the perennation organ starts to
grow and send up an aerial shoot. Stolons, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and corns are perennation
organs

ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

Farmers and horticulturists use vegetative reproductive methods to grow plants that are exactly
like the parent. They do this by planting pieces of perennating organs like tubers and rhizomes.
Each piece must have a bud which can then develop into a new plant. They also use cuttings,
marcotting, layering, and bud and stem grafting to artificially propagate plants with desirable
properties. The figure below shows how plants can be propagated artificially

Cuttings are woody or green parts of stems which can grow roots and develop into new
plants.The lower cut end of the stem is usually treated with rooting hormone to promote root
growth.The cutting is then planted in moist earth, in a shady place. Sweet potato,cassava,croton
and cocoa are propagated by stem cuttings.

In layering,roots grow from the slit node of a branch that is bent to touch the ground and
covered with soil.The branch is then cut from the parent tree and allowed to grow on its own.
Layering is used to produce new plants of Bougainvillea,rose,cocoa and coffee.
In marcotting, roots grow from the part of a branch at which a ring of tissue has been removed.
This branch can then grow into a new plant. This method is used to propagate garden shrubs and
fruit trees like mango and lemon.

In budding and grafting, a scion (a plant having some good or desired properties) is made to
grow on a stock (a plant providing a well-established root system). The scion and stock must be
closely related varieties.

In budding, a bud from the scion fuses with a branch of a stock and grows into a new plant. In
grafting, a branch of the scion fuses with a branch of the stock and grows into a new plant

Budding and grafting are skilled techniques that are very important in agriculture. They are
commonly used to propagate many fruit trees, especially citrus trees. Such trees bear fruits
quickly and have all the properties of the parent.

(14) STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES:

LEARNER CENTRE ACTIVITIES

Students watch a video clips on asexual reproduction. Write down any question you may have.
Share them on the discussion forum.

ASSIGNMENT:

IN CLASS ACTIVITIES:

ACTIVITY I: The students will be called out to discuss at least one asexual reproduction
either in plant or animal

ACTIVITY II: Students will state the differences between sexual and asexual reproductions

ACTIVITY III: The teacher summarizes and entertains questions from the student

(15). EVALUATION:

 Define the term Reproduction

 State the types of reproduction
 In a tabular form, list at least four differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

(16). CONCLUSION: Reproduction is the process by which living organism give birth to
their young ones.

(17). HOD/VP'S COMMENTS AND ENDORSEMENT: ……………………………………