Formulas Induced stress

Thin Wall Cylinders Cylindrical Pressure Vessel a. Tangential Stress without Efficiency For good design:

Where: t = tangential stress d = design stress y = yield stress u = ultimate stress F.S. = factor of safety P = force t = thickness b. Tangential Stress with Joint Efficiency For good design: [ Where: JE = joint efficiency d = design stress P = force D = diameter t = thickness Spherical Pressure Vessel a. Tangential Stress without Efficiency For good design: ]

Where: t = tangential stress P = force D= diameter t = thickness b. Tangential Stress with Joint Efficiency For good design:

Where: t = tangential stress P = force D= diameter t = thickness JE = joint efficiency Thick Wall Cylinders 1. Wall Thickness [ Where: t = tangential stress = internal pressure = external pressure t = thickness = inside radius 2. Axial Stress ] Lames Equation

Where: = axial stress = internal pressure = external pressure

= inside radius = outside radius 3. Maximum Shear Stress at Inner Surface

Where: = maximum shear stress at inner surface = internal pressure = external pressure = inside radius = outside radius 4. Maximum Shear Stress in the Cylinder Wall

Where: = maximum shear stress in the cylinder wall = internal pressure = inside radius = outside radius 5. Equivalent Maximum Tensile Stress in the Cylinder Wall

Where: = maximum shear stress in the cylinder wall = internal pressure = inside radius = outside radius Collapsing Pressure / Critical Pressure on Thin Tubes 1. For Stainless Tubes a. When the Ration ( ) is less than 0.025 ( )

b. When the Ratio (

) is less than 0.03 ( )

2. For Lap-Welded Steel Tubes When the Ratio ( ) is greater than 0.03 ( 3. For Brass Tubes a. When the Ratio ( ) is less than 0.025 ( b. When the Ratio ( ) is greater than 0.03 ( ) ) )

Note: The entire formulas are for the collapsing pressure that is the ultimate strength of the tubes and must be modified to suit the service conditions. The factor of safety to be used should not be less than 3 for the most favorable conditions and should not be increase to 6 when there is a possibility of loss of life. Short Tubes and External Pressure 1. Critical Pressure/Collapsing Pressure of Short Tubes ( Where: L = length of tube t = wall thickness = outside diameter = critical pressure/crushing stress 2. Compressive/Crushing Stress )

Where: = external pressure t = wall thickness = outside diameter = critical pressure/crushing stress Columns

- slenderness ratio Where: L = length of the member k = least radius of gyration k= Where: A = cross-sectional area k = least radius of gyration I = rectangular moment of inertia If If If < 30, 30 < < 120, > 130,

Eulers Formula

Alternative Eulers

( ) J.B. Johnsons Formula * Maximum Deflection +

)+

Yield Strength

)+

Now, define allowable load to be

Thus, the equation will become:

)+

But this equation cannot be solved for either A or Pa, so an iterative solution is required. Another critical factor may be the amount of deflection of the axis of the column due to the eccentric load:

Where: ymax = maximum stress delfection in the outermost fiber of the cross-section area of the middle length of the column F = force Pcr = critical load Sy = yield stress = maximum yield stress E = stiffness A = area L = length K = end of fixity coefficient k = radius of gyration ec = eccentricity Keys Power of Key

Where: P = power T = torque N = speed rpm/rps Force Transmitted, F

Where: F = force T= torque r = shaft radius d = shaft diameter Compressive Stress ( ) of Key

( ) Shearing Stress ( ) of Key

Where: L = length of key w = width of key h = height of key Relation of Key and Shaft for the same material

Shafting Relation of Power, Torque and Speed and Where: P = power transmitted T = torque or torsional moment N = speed F = transmitted load or tangential force r = radius Stresses in Shafts, Subjected to Torsion Only and (for solid circular shaft) (for hollow circular shaft) Where: = torsional shear stress T = torque or torsional moment c = distance from neutral axis to the outer most fiber = radius (for solid circular shaft) J = polar moment of inertia

=(
(

) for solid circular shaft

J=* + for hollow circular shaft D = diameter L = length of shaft = angular deformation in length L, radians G = modulus of rigidity Do = outside diameter Di = inside diameter Stresses in Solid Circular Shaft Subject to Torsion and Bending Ssmax = ( Stmax = ( ) ( )( ) )

Where: Ssmax = maximum shear stress Stmax = maximum tensile or compressive stress M = bending moment T = torsional moment Strength of Shaft Assumed Allowable Stresses For Main Power Transmitting Shafts (assumed stress = 4000psi) or

For Lineshafts Carrying Pulley (assumed stress = 6000psi) or For Small, Short Shafts (assumed stress = 8500psi) or Where: P = power transmitted in HP D = diameter of shaft in inches N = speed in rpm Empirical Formula from Machinerys Handbook

Diameter of Shaft 1. For allowable twist not exceeding 0.08 degree per ft. length or

In SI Units (allowable twist 0.26 degree per meter length) or

2. For allowable twist not exceeding 1 degree per 20D length or

3. For short, solid shaft subjected only to heavy transverse shear Where: D = shaft diameter, inches T = torque, in-lb HP = horsepower N = speed, rpm V = maximum transverse shearing loads, lbs Ss = maximum torsional shearing stress, lbs/in2 Linear Deflection of Shafting For steel line shafting, it is considered good practice to limit the linear deflection to a maximum of 0.010 inch per foot of length. Maximum Distance 1. For shafting subject to no bending action except its own weight 2. For shafting subjected to bending action of pulleys, etc.

Where: L = maximum distance between bearings, ft D = diameter of shaft, inches Note: Pulleys should be placed as close to the bearings as possible. In general, shafting up to three inches in diameter is almost always made from cold-rolled steel. Flywheel 1. Kinetic Energy released by the flywheel (KE)

Where: V1 = maximum speed = V2 = maximum speed = W = total weight of the flywheel G = acceleration due to gravity = 9.806 m/sec2 2. Total Weight of Flywheel (W)

Where: Wr = weight of the flywheel rim Wah = weight of arm and the hub 3. Weight of the Flywheel Rim (Wr)

Where: b = width of the flywheel rim t = thickness of flywheel rim w = density of flywheel material 4. Energy required to punch a metal (E) [ Where: A = shearing area A= ]

F = average force needed to punch a hole Ssu = ultimate shear stress tp = thickness of the plate d = hole diameter Dm = mean diameter of flywheel 5. Power needed to punch a hole (P)

6. Kinetic Energy released by the flywheel = Energy needed to punch a hole 7. Coefficient of Fluctuation ( )

Where: