Here are the exact locations of the given structures: 1. Centrosome - Found in animal cells near the nucleus, playing a key role in cell division. 2. Stroma - Located in the chloroplast, it is the fluid-filled space where the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis takes place. 3. Palisade mesophyll cells - Found in the upper layer of leaves, mainly in dicot plants, responsible for photosynthesis. 4. Hydathodes - Found at the margins or tips of leaves, where guttation (loss of water in liquid form) occurs. 5. Lenticels - Present on the bark of woody stems, facilitating gas exchange in plants. 1. WATER = Xylem of the leaf — Substomatal space — Stomata 2. SOIL WATER — Root hair — Osmosis — Root pressure = Xylem — Ascent of sap3. DESTARCHED PLANT = Placed in sunlight — A leaf boiled in alcohol — Washed in water = lodine added 4, PHOTONS > Grana — Water molecules — Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions — Oxygen 5. CELL WALL — Cell membrane = Cytoplasm — Nucleus — Nucleolus Sec B A. What is Eutrophication? Eutrophication is the excessive enrichment of water bodies with nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus), leading to an overgrowth of algae. This reduces oxygen levels in the water, causing harm to aquatic life. B. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the stomatal apparatus. A stomatal apparatus consists of: Guard cells (bean-shaped cells that regulate stomatal opening and closing) Stomatal pore (the opening through which gas exchange occurs)Epidermal cells (surrounding cells providing structural support) C. Give reasons: 1. Plants wilt in the afternoon During the afternoon, the temperature is high, causing increased transpiration (water loss through stomata). If the rate of water loss is greater than absorption, the plant cells lose turgidity, resulting in wilting. 2. Radiation harms our body High-energy radiation, such as UV rays and X-rays, can damage cells and DNA, leading to mutations, skin damage, and even cancer. Excessive exposure to radiation is harmful to human health. D. Differentiate between the following pairs based on definitions: 1. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration Photosynthesis: The process in which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen. Respiration: The process of breaking down glucose in cells to release energy in the form of ATP, usually using oxygen. 2. Osmosis vs. Diffusion Osmosis: The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. Diffusion: The movement of molecules (solid, liquid, or gas) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration untilequilibrium is reached. E. Look at the given picture and answer the questions Tropic Movements in Plants 1. Name and define the tropic movement shown by the seedling. Phototropism: It is the movement of a plant in response to light. The shoot grows toward the light (positive phototropism), while the roots grow away from it (negative phototropism). 2. Which part of the seedling is showing the negative response to the given stimulus? The roots are showing a negative response to light because they grow away from the light source. 3. Name and define the tropic movement in plants that ensures that the root grows into the soil. Gravitropism (Geotropism): It is the growth movement of a plant in response to gravity. Roots exhibit positive gravitropism as they grow downward into the soil, while shoots show negative gravitropism by growing upward. Question 4 A. What are oil spills? Oil spills refer to the release of liquid petroleum into marine or coastal environments, causing water pollution and harming aquatic life. B. Mention four adaptations in plants to reduce excessive transpiration. 1. Thick cuticle on leaves 2. Reduced number of stomata 3. Sunken stomata4. Leaves modified into spines (as seen in cacti) C. State two main functions of the Ethylene hormone. 1. Promotes fruit ripening 2. Stimulates leaf abscission (shedding of leaves) D. Define: 1. Turgor pressure The pressure exerted by the cell membrane against the cell wall due to the water inside the vacuole. It helps maintain the rigidity of plant cells. 2. Osmotic pressure The pressure required to prevent the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane due to osmosis. Ganong's Potometer Experiment 1. Label part 1 and mention its use. Part 1 is the graduated tube, which measures the rate of transpiration by recording the movement of the air bubble. 2. What is the role played by the air bubble in this experiment? The air bubble moves along the graduated tube, indicating the amount of water absorbed by the plant, which correlates with the rate of transpiration. 3. Write one limitation in the use of the potometer. It does not measure the actual transpiration rate, as some absorbed water may be used for photosynthesis or stored in plant tissues. Question 5A. Bananas ripen when stored with ripe oranges. Why? Ripe oranges release ethylene gas, which accelerates the ripening of bananas. B. State two main objectives of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. 1. Eliminate open defecation and promote sanitation. 2. Proper waste management and cleanliness of public spaces. C. Explain briefly the Potassium ion concentration theory. The Potassium ion concentration theory explains stomatal movement. During the daytime, potassium ions accumulate in guard cells, causing water to enter via osmosis, making the stomata open. At night, potassium ions exit, causing the stomata to close. D. What is phototropism? What is the role of auxins in this type of tropism in plants? Phototropism is the growth of a plant in response to light. Auxins promote cell elongation on the shaded side of the shoot, causing the plant to bend toward the light source. E. Acid rain is caused by natural processes and human activities. Pollution & Acid Rain 1. What is pollution? Pollution is the contamination of the environment with harmful substances, leading to adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems. 2. Write any two harmful effects of acid rain. Acid rain damages plant leaves and reduces crop yield. It causes the acidification of water bodies, harming aquatic life. Question 6A. Write a balanced chemical equation representing the process of photosynthesis. C. Differentiate between: 1. Turgidity and Flaccidity Turgidity: The state of a plant cell when it is full of water, making the cell rigid. Flaccidity: The state of a plant cell when it loses water, causing it to shrink and become limp. 2. Wall pressure and Turgor pressure Wall pressure: The pressure exerted by the cell wall against the swollen protoplasm. Turgor pressure: The pressure exerted by the fluid inside the vacuole against the cell wall. D. What is parthenocarpy? Give two examples of parthenocarpic fruits. Parthenocarpy is the development of fruits without fertilization, leading to seedless fruits. Examples: Banana, seedless watermelon. E. Given below are incorrect statements. Rewrite the correct statements. 1. Incorrect: Depletion of the ozone layer is caused by increased levels of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Correct: Depletion of the ozone layer is caused by increased levels of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere. 2. Incorrect: Light reaction is called a thermochemical reaction. Correct: Light reaction is called a photochemical reaction. 3. Incorrect: Gibberellic acid is called the stress hormone.Correct: Abscisic acid is called the stress hormone. Question 7 A. Define thigmotropism. Thigmotropism is the directional growth of a plant in response to touch or physical contact, such as tendrils wrapping around a support. B. Write the steps to test a leaf for starch. 1. Pluck a fresh leaf and boil it in water for. 2 minutes. 2. Boil the leaf in alcohol using a water bath to remove chlorophyll. 3. Wash the leaf with warm water to soften it. 4. Add iodine solution to the leaf. 5. A blue-black color indicates the presence of starch. C. Write any two functions of cytokinins. 1. Promote cell division and shoot growth. 2. Delay leaf senescence (aging). D. State one main function of: 1. Cell membrane: Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. 2. Cuticle in leaves: Reduces water loss by acting as a waterproof layer. E. Root Hair Zone Diagram 1. Label the parts 1 to 4. 1: Root hair 2: Epidermis 3: Cortex 4: Xylem 2. Mention the characteristics of roots for absorbing water. Presence of root hairs increases surface area for absorption. Thin walls facilitate osmosis. Active transport of minerals enhances water uptake.