Center of Business Administration (CBA)

Online English Grammar Course (Fundamental Level)

Fifth Week: Contents Summary

Lesson 09: Expressing Past Time, Part 02

Topic-01: Questions with Who and Whom …………………………….…………….
… 02
Topic-02: Simple Past Tense: irregular verbs (group 5) ………………………….
….. 04
Topic-03: Simple Past Tense: irregular verbs (group 6) …………………………..
….. 06
Topic-04: Simple Past Tense: irregular verbs (group 7)
………………………………. 08
Topic-05: Before and After in Time Clauses ……….………………………….
………….10
Topic-06: When in Time Clauses ……………….…………...
…………………………….. 12
Topic-07: Present Progressive and Past Progressive …..………..
……………………..14
Topic-08: Using While with Past Progressive …………………...…………….
……….... 16
Topic-09: Simple Past Tense Vs. Past Progressive …………………….….
…………....18

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Online English Grammar Course (Fundamental Level)

Source: Basic English Grammar, 4th Edition, by Betty S. Azar and Stacy A.
Hagen
Topic 01: Questions with Who and Whom
Topic 01: Questions with Who and Whom
Questions Answers
a. What did they see? → A boat. (They saw What is used to ask questions about things.
a boat.) Who is used to ask questions about people.
b. Who did they see? → Jay. (They saw Jay.)
c. Who did they see? → Jay. (They saw Jay.) Examples (c) and (d) have the same meaning.
d. Whom did they see? → Jay. (They saw Whom is used in formal English as the object of a
Jay.) verb or a preposition.
In (S. c.): Who, no whom, is usually used
every
day English.
In (S. d.): Whom is used in every formal English
Whom is rarely used in everyday spoken English.
e. Who(m) did they see? → Jay. (They saw In (S. e.): Who(m) is the object of the ve
Jay.) see/saw.
f. Who saw Jay? → Ella. (Ella Saw Jay.) Usual question word order is used: question
g. Who lives there? Ed. (Ed lives there.) word + helping verb + subject + main verb.
h. Who came → Eva. (Eva came.) In (Ss. f., g., and h.): Who is the subject of the
Incorrect: Who did come? question. Usual question word order is NOT used.
When who is the subject of a question, do NOT

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Online English Grammar Course (Fundamental Level)

use does, do, or did. Do NOT change the verb in

any way: the verb form in the question is the sam
as the verb form in the answer.
Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1I7iqfwPHwc&pp=ygUbUXVlc3Rpb25zIHdpdGggV2hvIGFuZCBXaG9t

Task No. 01: Make questions for the following’s statements.

A: Who did you see at the party?
B: Nina. (I saw Nina at the party
. . A: Who came to the party
B: Nina. (Nina came to the party.)
. A: Who did you talk to?

B: Kenji. (I talked to Kenji.)

A: Who did Barak help?
B: Barak. (Barak helped Abbey.)
A: A: Who did you invite?

B: Barak and Abbey. (I invited Barak and Abbey.)

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Online English Grammar Course (Fundamental Level)

Topic 02: Simple Past Tense: irregular verbs (group 5)

Topic 02: Simple Past Tense: irregular verbs (group 5)
Cost-Cost Hit-Hit Shut-Shut
Cut-Cut Hurt-Hurt Spend-Spent
Forget-Forgot Lend-Lent Understand-
Give-Gave Make-Made Understood
Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=oJZdkhclusQ&pp=ygUjU2ltcGxlIFBhc3QgVGVuc2U6IGlycmVndWxhciB2ZXJicyA%3D

Task No. 01: Complete the following sentences use the correct form
of the words in parentheses.
1. A: How much does a new car cost?
B: It (cost) cost a lot. New cars are expensive.
2. A: Did you get a ticket for the rock concert?
B: No, it (cost) cost too much.
3. A: Where is your history book?
B: I (give) gave it to Robert.
4. A: What happened?
B: I had a car accident. I (hit) hit a telephone pole.
5. A: May I have your homework, please?
B: I am sorry, but I do not have it now. I (forget) forgot it.
6. Did you eat breakfast?
B: Yeah. I (make) made some scrambled eggs and toast for myself.
7. Eric (shut) shut the window when he wakes up every morning.
8. Eric (shut) shut the window when who woke up yesterday morning.

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9. A: Did you enjoy going into the city to see a show?

B: Yes, but I (spend) spent a lot of money.
10. A: Do
you have a calculator?
B: Yes, but I (lend) lent to George.
11. A: Is
that knife sharp?
B: It is very sharp. It (cut)cuts Everything easily.
12. A: Why
are you wearing a cap on your head? It is so hot today.
B: I went to a barber this morning. He (cut)cut my hair too short.
A: Let me see. Oh, it looks fine.

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Topic 03: Simple Past Tense: irregular verbs (group 6)

Topic 03: Simple Past Tense: irregular verbs (group 6)
Blow-Blew Grow-Grew Swim-Swam
Draw-Drew Keep-Kept Throw-Threw
Fall-Fell Know-Knew Win-Won
Feel-Felt
Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=16NN9gFs0pI&pp=ygUiU2ltcGxlIFBhc3QgVGVuc2U6IGlycmVndWxhciB2ZXJicw%3D
%3D

Task No. 01: Complete the following sentences. Use the simple
past form of the verbs from the box.

Blow-Draw-Fall-Feel-Grow-Keep-Know-Swim-Throw-Win

1. A: Did you enjoy your tennis game with Jackie?

B: Yes, but I lost. Jackie won
2. A: How did you break your leg?
B: I feel down on the ice on the sidewalk.
3. A: Did you give the box of candy to your girlfriend.
B: No, I did not. I kept it and ate it myself.
4. A: That is a nice picture.
B: I agree. Tanya drew it. She is a good artist.

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5. A: Your daughter is so tall!

B: I know. She grew a lot last year.
6. A: I burned my finger.
B: Did you put ice on it?
A: No. I blew on it.
7. A: Did you finish the test?
B: No. I knew all of the answers, but I ran out of time.
8. A: Did you have fun at the beach?
B: Lots of fun. We swam In the ocean.
9. What is the matter? You sound like you have a frog in your
throat.
B: I think I am catching a cold. I feel okay yesterday, but I do not
feel very good today.
10. A: How
did you break the window, Tommy?
B: Well, I threw a ball to Julie, but it missed Julie and hit the
window instead.

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Online English Grammar Course (Fundamental Level)

Topic 04: Simple Past Tense: irregular verbs (group 7)

Topic 04: Simple Past Tense: irregular verbs (group 7)
Become-Became Build-Built Hide-Hid
Bend-Bent Feed-Fed Hold-Held
Bite-Bit Fight-Fought Shake-Shook

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=16NN9gFs0pI&pp=ygUiU2ltcGxlIFBhc3QgVGVuc2U6IGlycmVndWxhciB2ZXJicw%3D
%3D

Task No. 01: Complete the following sentences. Use the simple
past form of the verbs from the box.

Fight-Become-Bend-Bite-Build-Feed-Fight-Hide-Hold-Shake

1. Many countries in the world fought in World War 2.

2. I need a new pair of glasses. I sat on my old glasses and
broke them.
3. I hid my husband’s birthday present in the closet yesterday. I
did not want him to find it.
4. Emma and Steve saved money. They did not buy a bookcase
for their new apartment. They bought wood and built one.
5. The baby is sleeping peacefully. She is not hungry. Her
mother fed her before she put her in bed.

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6. David is a Canadian citizen. Maria was born in Puerto Rico, but

when she married David, she become a Canadian citizen, too.
7. Doug is a new father. He felt very happy when he held his
baby in his arms for the first time.
8. A: Ouch!
B: What is the matter?
A: I bit my tongue.
9. When my dog got out of the lake, it shook
Itself. Dogs always do that when they are wet.

Topic 05: Before and After in Time Clauses

Topic 05: Before and After in Time Clauses
a. I ate breakfast. = A Main Clause Explanations:

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Online English Grammar Course (Fundamental Level)

b. Before I went to class = A Time Clause A clause is a group of

c. I ate breakfast before I went to class. words that has a subject and
d. Before I went to class, I ate breakfast. a verb.
e. We took a walk after we finished our work. A main clause is a complete sentence.
f. After we finished our work, we took a walk. Example (a) is a complete sentence.
g. We took a walk after the movie. Example(b) is not a complete sentence.
h. I had a cup of coffee before class. connected to a main clause as in (c) and
NOTE: When a time clause comes (d.)
before the main clause, a comma is
A time clause begins with a time word such
always is used between the two
as before and after.
clauses. A comma is not needed when
Before + S + V = A Main Clause
the time clause comes after the main
After + S + V = A Time Clause
clause.
A time clause can come after a main clau
and (e.) A time clause can come before a
main clause, as in (d) and (f.) There is no
difference in
meaning between (c) and (d) or between
(e) and (f.)

Before and after do not always introduce

time clause. They are also used as
prepositions followed by a noun object, as
in (g) and (h.)

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=Pet4ad8JLXs&pp=ygUgQmVmb3JlIGFuZCBBZnRlciBpbiBUaW1lIENsYXVzZXM%3D

Task No. 01: In the first pair of sentences, write “1” before the activity that
happens first and “2” before the activity that happens second. Then choose
.the sentence(s) with the correct meaning

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1. 2 Salman went to shop.

1 Salman watched a movie.
(Correct) Before Salman went to sleep, he watched a movie.
 Before Salman watched a movie, he went to sleep.
2 2 We went home.
1 We left my uncle’s house.
a. After we went home, we left my uncle’s house.
b. (Correct) After we left my uncle’s house, we went home.
3 1 I washed the dishes.
2 I put them away.
a. After I put the dishes away, I washed them.
b. (Correct)Before I put the dishes away, I washed them.
4 1 The lions chased the zebra.
2The lions ate the zebra.
a. (Correct) Before the lions ate the zebra, they chased it.
b. Before the lions chased the zebra, they ate it.
c. (Correct) After the lions chased the zebra, they ate it.
d. After the lions ate the zebra, they chased it.

Topic 06: When in Time Clauses

Topic 06: When in Time Clauses
a. When the train stopped, we took a walk. Or: We When can introduce a time
took a walk when the train stopped. clause.
b. When Tom was a child, he lived with his aunt. Sentence Pattern: When + S
Or: Tom lived with his aunt when he was a child. + V = A Time Clause

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In (a): When the rain stopped is

a time clause.
In (b): Notice that the noun
(Tom) comes before the
pronoun (he.)
Compare: When is also used to introduce
c. When did the rain stop? = a question questions.
d. When the rain stopped = a time clause A question is a complete
sentence, as in (c.)
A time clause is not a
complete sentence.

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a42IhCV-

b7k&pp=ygUUV2hlbiBpbiBUaW1lIENsYXVzZXM%3D

Task No. 01: Make sentences by combining the ideas in Column A with
.those in Column B. Then change the position of the time clause
,Example Sentence: When the show ended
.a. When the show ended, people clapped
.b. People clapped when the show ended

:Column A :Column B
,D 1. When the show ended .a. When I dropped it
,F 2. When I was in Japan .b. I closed my umbrella
E 3. Elena bought some new shoes .c. When he was in high school
G 4. I took a lot of photographs .d. People clapped

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C 5. Adam was a soccer player .e. When she went shopping yesterday
,B 6. When the rain stopped .f. I stayed in a hotel in Tokyo
7A . The mirror broke .g. When I was in Hawaii

Topic 07: Present Progressive and Past

Progressive
Topic 07: Present Progressive and Past Progressive
Present Progressive (in progress right :Explanation
now.) The present progressive describes an
.a. It is 10: 00 now. Boris is setting in class activity which is progress right now, at
.the moment of speaking

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As in (a): Right now it is 10:00. Boris

began to sit before 10:00. Sitting is in
.progress at 10:00
Past Progressive (in progress yesterday) The past progressive describes an activity
.a. It was 10:00. Boris was sitting in class in progress at a particular time in the
.past
As in (b): Boris began to sit in class before
10:00 yesterday. At 10:00 yesterday,
.sitting in class was in progress
Present Progressive Form: Am, Is, Are + The forms of the present progressive and
-ing the past progressive consist of be + -ing.
.c. It is 10:00. → I am sitting in class The present progressive uses the present
.Boris is sitting in class → .forms of be: am, is, and are + -ing
.We are sitting in class →
Past Progressive Forms: was, were + - The past progressive uses the past forms
ing .of be: was and were + -ing
.d. It was 10: → Boris was sitting in class
.We were sitting in class →
Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKzG_ZS-
Ydg&pp=ygUoUHJlc2VudCBQcm9ncmVzc2l2ZSBhbmQgUGFzdCBQcm9ncmVzc2l2ZQ
%3D%3D

Task No. 01: Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb in
.parentheses
Paul started to eat dinner at 07:00. At 07:05, Kara came. Paul (eat) was .1
.eating when Kara (come) come at 07:05
Bobby was at home yesterday evening. His favourite program was on TV .2
last night. It started at 08:00. It ended at 09:00. At 08:30, his friend Kristin
.called. When Kristin (call) called At 08:30, Bobby (watch)was watching TV

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Online English Grammar Course (Fundamental Level)

Rosa played her guitar for an hour yesterday morning. She started to play .3
her guitar at 09:30. She stopped at 10:30. Mike arrived at her apartment at
.10:00. At 10:00, Rosa (play) was playing her guitar

Topic 08: Using While with Past Progressive

Topic 08: Using While with Past Progressive

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.a. The phone rang while I was sleeping :Explanation

:Or While + subject + verb = a time clause
.b. While I was sleeping, the phone rang .While I was sleeping is a time clause
While = during that time
A while-clause describes an activity that
was I progress at the time another activity
happened. The verb in a while-clause is
often past progressive (e.g., was sleeping.)
NOTE: When a time clause comes before a
main clause, a comma is used between the
clauses. A comma is not used when the time
.clause comes after the main clause

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlEF3-

onNWU&pp=ygUhVXNpbmcgV2hpbGUgd2l0aCBQYXN0IFByb2dyZXNzaXZl

.Task No. 01: Use While to combine the following sentences

:Example Sentence
 I was studying last night. Rita called.
→ While I was studying last night, Rita called.
→ Rita called while I was studying last night.
1. Someone knocked on my apartment door.
I was eating breakfast yesterday.
2. I was cooking dinner last night.
I burned my hand.
3. Yoko raised her hand.
The teacher was talking.
4. A tree fell on my car.
I was driving in a windstorm.
5. I was studying last night.

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A mouse suddenly appeared on my desk.

Topic 09: Simple Past Tense Vs. Past Progressive

Topic 09: Simple Past Tense Vs. Past Progressive

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a. Jane called me yesterday. Explanation:

b. I talked to Jane for an hour last night. The Simple Past describes activities or
c. What time did you get up this morning? situations that began and ended at a
particular time in the past (e.g.,
yesterday, last night, and so on.)

d. I was studying when Jane called me last The past Progressive describes an
night. activity that was in progress (was
e. While I was studying last night, Jane called happening) at the time another action
me. happened.)
As in (d) and (e): The studying was
in progress when Jane called.
When is commonly used in the simple
past activity, as in (d.)
I opened my umbrella when it began to rain. If both the time clause and the main
clause in a sentence are simple past,
it means that the action in the time
clause happened first, and the action
in the main clause happened second.
As in (f): First, it began to rain;
second, I opened my umbrella.
Compare: As in (g): First, the phone rang;
g. When the phone rang, I answered it. second, I answered it.
h. When the phone rang, I was studying. As in (h): First, the studying was in
progress; second, the phone rang.

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlEF3-

onNWU&pp=ygUhVXNpbmcgV2hpbGUgd2l0aCBQYXN0IFByb2dyZXNzaXZl

Task No. 01: Complete the following sentences. Use the past
progressive in while-clauses. Use the simple past in the when-clauses.

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1. While I (wash) was washing the dishes last night, I (get) got a
phone call from my best friend.
2. When my best friend (call) called last night, I (wash) was washing
the dishes.
3. My friend Jessica (come) came over while I (eat) was eating dinner
last night.
4. I (eat was eating ) dinner when my friend Jessica (come) came
over last night.
5. My friend Ricardo (come) came when I (stream) was streaming a
movie on my computer last night. I (invite) invited him to watch it
with me.
6. I (stream)streaming a movie on my computer last night when my
friend Ricardo (come) came over.
7. Jason (wear)was wearing a suit and tie when I (see)saw him
yesterday.
8. While I (watch)was watching TV in bed last night and
(relax)relaxing after a long day, my new puppy (take)took my
slippers.

Writing Task:
Part 01: Read the following model paragraph which is about an
unforgettable day.

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 Center of Business Administration (CBA)
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An Unforgettable Day
I remember February 28, 2001 very clearly. It was 12:00 in the
afternoon, and I was at home with my daughter. She was a year old,
and we were having lunch. There was a lot of noise outside our
apartment building because builders were putting on a new roof.
Suddenly, I heard a very loud noise. The room began to move and did
not stop. It was an earthquake! I grabbed my daughter and got under
the kitchen table. I told her everything was okay, but actually I felt
afraid. The shaking lasted about 45 seconds, but it felt longer. My
husband was traveling that day, and I wanted to talk to him. I tried to
call him on his phone several times, but there was no cell service. I
was nervous, and I was not thinking very clearly. Finally, after ten
minutes, I remembered the Internet. I checked and saw a news story
about a very strong earthquake. Before I finished the article, my
husband called. He was driving when he felt the earthquake, so he
stopped at a gas station and waited. He was fine. Some buildings fell
down in our city, but fortunately, no one died.

Part 02: Write a paragraph about a day you remember well. You can begin
your paragraph with this sentence: I remember (date) very clearly …
Include the following information in your paragraph:
 What happened on that day?
 When did it happen?
 Where were you?
 What were you doing?
 Were other people there?
 What were they doing?
 How did you feel?
 How did the day/event end?

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Word Limit: mini 200 words – max 250 words

An Unforgettable Memory

I remember (date) very clearly …………….

………………………………………………………………………… to

*An Unforgettable Memory*

I remember *July 10th, 2022* very clearly. It was a beautiful day when
I visited a green, peaceful place in *Noristan Province*, Afghanistan. I
had heard a lot about the lush forests and stunning landscapes of this
area, so I was excited to finally see it for myself.

That day, I traveled with my family and we reached a quiet village

surrounded by tall trees and green hills. We arrived in the morning,
and the air felt fresh and cool. As we walked through the village, I saw
fields of vibrant green grass and wildflowers growing everywhere. The
sound of birds singing and the wind blowing through the trees made it
feel like a dream.

My family and I spent the day walking around, enjoying the natural
beauty. We sat by a small stream, dipped our feet in the cool water,
and relaxed. There were also some locals there, who were friendly and
shared stories about the area. I felt peaceful and happy to be in such a
calm place, surrounded by nature.

By the late afternoon, we headed back to our car, feeling relaxed and
grateful for the day. The memory of that green, peaceful place in

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Noristan still makes me smile, and I’ll never forget how wonderful it
felt to be so close to nature.

Writing task: Write a paragraph about social media.

Include the following information in your paragraph:
 What is social media?
 What are the advantages of social media?
 What are the disadvantages of social media?
 What kind of social media do you use?
 What about your data safety and privacy?
 How often do you use social medial?
 How do people use social media in our country?

Word Limit: mini 150 words – max 250 words

*Social Media:

Social media is a platform where people can connect with others, share
information, and communicate online. Examples of social media are
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok. One of the main advantages
of social media is that it helps people stay in touch with friends and
family, even if they are far away. It also provides a way to learn new
things, stay updated on the news, and share creative ideas. However,
there are also some disadvantages. For example, social media can
sometimes lead to people spending too much time online, which may
affect their real-life relationships. It can also cause issues like
cyberbullying and privacy concerns. Personally, I use Instagram and
Facebook to stay connected with my friends and see interesting posts.
I try to be careful with my data and make sure my privacy settings are
secure. I use social media almost every day, but I make sure not to

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spend too much time on it. In our country, people use social media for
both fun and important tasks like business and learning, but they also
have to be cautious about privacy issues.

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