SQL INTERVIEWS PDF Disha Mukherjee

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Here our step by step SQL Server Interview Questions/ TSQL Queries asked during
interview.
Set-1: Sql Server Basic Interview Query
Tables:-

1.Write a query to get all employee detail from "EmployeeDetail" table

ANS:
MS SQL Server: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail
Oracle: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail
MySQL: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail

2. Write a query to get only "FirstName" column from "EmployeeDetail" table

ANS:
MS SQL Server: SELECT FirstName FROM EmployeeDetail
Oracle: SELECT FirstName FROM EmployeeDetail
MySQL: SELECT FirstName FROM EmployeeDetail
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3. Write a query to get FirstName in upper case as "First Name".

ANS:
MS SQL Server: SELECT UPPER(FirstName) AS [First Name] FROM EmployeeDetail
Oracle: SELECT UPPER(FirstName) AS [First Name] FROM EmployeeDetail
MySQL: SELECT UPPER(FirstName) AS [First Name] FROM EmployeeDetail

4. Write a query to get FirstName in lower case as "First Name".

ANS:
MS SQL Server: SELECT LOWER(FirstName) AS [First Name] FROM EmployeeDetail
Oracle: SELECT LOWER(FirstName) AS [First Name] FROM EmployeeDetail
MySQL: SELECT LOWER(FirstName) AS [First Name] FROM EmployeeDetail

5. Write a query for combine FirstName and LastName and display it as "Name" (also
include white space between first name & last name)
ANS:
MS SQL Server: SELECT FirstName +' '+ LastName AS [Name] FROM EmployeeDetail
Oracle: SELECT FirstName ||' '|| LastName AS [Name] FROM EmployeeDetail
MySQL:
SELECT CONCAT(FirstName ,' ', LastName) AS [Name] FROM EmployeeDetail
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6. Select employee detail whose name is "Vikas"

ANS:
MS SQL Server: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName = 'Vikas'
Oracle: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName = 'Vikas'
MySQL: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName = 'Vikas'

7. Get all employee detail from EmployeeDetail table whose "FirstName" start with
latter 'a'.
ANS:
MS SQL Server: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like 'a%'
Oracle: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like 'a%'
MySQL: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like 'a%'

8. Get all employee details from EmployeeDetail table whose "FirstName" contains
'k'
ANS:
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MS SQL Server: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like '%k%'

Oracle: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like '%k%'
MySQL: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like '%k%'

9. Get all employee details from EmployeeDetail table whose "FirstName" end with
'h'
ANS:
MS SQL Server: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like '%h'
Oracle: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like '%h'
MySQL: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like '%h'

10. Get all employee detail from EmployeeDetail table whose "FirstName" start with
any single character between 'a-p'
ANS:
MS SQL Server: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like '[a-p]%'
Oracle: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like '[a-p]%'
MySQL: SELECT * FROM EmployeeDetail WHERE FirstName like '[a-p]%'
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Set-2: Sql Server Basic Interview Query

Related Tables:-

Questions Answers

11). Get all employee detail from EmployeeDetail table whose "FirstName" not start
with any single character between 'a-p'
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE FirstName like '[^a-p]%'

12). Get all employee detail from EmployeeDetail table whose "Gender" end with 'le'
and contain 4 letters. The Underscore(_) Wildcard Character represents any single
character.
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE Gender like ' le' --there are two "_"

13). Get all employee detail from EmployeeDetail table whose "FirstName" start with
'A' and contain 5 letters.
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE FirstName like 'A ' --there are four "_"

14). Get all employee detail from EmployeeDetail table whose "FirstName"
containing '%'. ex:-"Vik%as".
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE FirstName like '%[%]%'
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--According to our table it would return 0 rows, because no name containg '%'

15).Get all unique "Department" from EmployeeDetail table.

Ans: SELECT DISTINCT(Department) FROM [EmployeeDetail]

16).Get the highest "Salary" from EmployeeDetail table.

Ans: SELECT MAX(Salary) FROM [EmployeeDetail]

17).Get the lowest "Salary" from EmployeeDetail table.

Ans: SELECT MIN(Salary) FROM [EmployeeDetail]

***SQL SERVER DATE RELATED INTERVIEW QUERY***

18). Show "JoiningDate" in "dd mmm yyyy" format, ex- "15 Feb 2013"
Ans: SELECT CONVERT(VARCHAR(20),JoiningDate,106) FROM [EmployeeDetail]

19). Show "JoiningDate" in "yyyy/mm/dd" format, ex- "2013/02/15"

Ans: SELECT CONVERT(VARCHAR(20),JoiningDate,111) FROM [EmployeeDetail]

20). Show only time part of the "JoiningDate".

Ans: SELECT CONVERT(VARCHAR(20),JoiningDate,108) FROM [EmployeeDetail]
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Set-3: Sql Server Date-Time Interview Query

(Date Time related Queries)
Related Table:-

***SQL DATETIME RELATED QUERIES***

21). Get only Year part of "JoiningDate".
Ans: SELECT DATEPART(YEAR, JoiningDate) FROM [EmployeeDetail]

22).Get only Month part of "JoiningDate".

Ans: SELECT DATEPART(MONTH,JoiningDate) FROM [EmployeeDetail]

23).Get system date.

Ans: SELECT GETDATE()

24). Get UTC date.

Ans: SELECT GETUTCDATE()
25). Get the first name, current date, joiningdate and diff between current date and
joining date in months.
Ans: SELECT FirstName, GETDATE() [Current Date], JoiningDate,
DATEDIFF(MM,JoiningDate,GETDATE()) AS [Total Months] FROM [EmployeeDetail]

26). Get the first name, current date, joiningdate and diff between current date and
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joining date in days.

Ans: SELECT FirstName, GETDATE() [Current Date], JoiningDate,
DATEDIFF(DD,JoiningDate,GETDATE()) AS [Total Months] FROM [EmployeeDetail]

27). Get all employee details from EmployeeDetail table whose joining year is 2013.
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE DATEPART(YYYY,JoiningDate) = '2013'

28). Get all employee details from EmployeeDetail table whose joining month is
Jan(1).
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE DATEPART(MM,JoiningDate) = '1'

29). Get all employee details from EmployeeDetail table whose joining date between
"2013-01-01" and "2013-12-01".
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE JoiningDate BETWEEN '2013-01-
01' AND '2013-12-01'

30). Get how many employee exist in "EmployeeDetail" table.

Ans: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM [EmployeeDetail]
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Set-4: Sql Server Salary Interview Query Salary

(
Related Queries)
Related Tables:-

31. Select only one/top 1 record from "EmployeeDetail" table.

Ans: SELECT TOP 1 * FROM [EmployeeDetail]

32. Select all employee detail with First name "Vikas","Ashish", and "Nikhil".
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE FirstName IN('Vikas','Ashish','Nikhil')

33. Select all employee detail with First name not in "Vikas","Ashish", and "Nikhil".
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE FirstName NOT IN('Vikas','Ashish','Nikhil')

34. Select first name from "EmployeeDetail" table after removing white spaces from
right side
Ans: SELECT RTRIM(FirstName) AS [FirstName] FROM [EmployeeDetail]

35. Select first name from "EmployeeDetail" table after removing white spaces from
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left side
Ans: SELECT LTRIM(FirstName) AS [FirstName] FROM [EmployeeDetail]

36. Display first name and Gender as M/F.(if male then M, if Female then F)
Ans: SELECT FirstName, CASE WHEN Gender = 'Male' THEN 'M'
WHEN Gender = 'Female' THEN 'F' END AS [Gender]
FROM [EmployeeDetail]

37. Select first name from "EmployeeDetail" table prifixed with "Hello "
Ans: SELECT 'Hello ' + FirstName FROM [EmployeeDetail]

38. Get employee details from "EmployeeDetail" table whose Salary greater than
600000
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE Salary > 600000

39. Get employee details from "EmployeeDetail" table whose Salary less than 700000
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE Salary < 700000

40. Get employee details from "EmployeeDetail" table whose Salary between 500000
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than 600000
Ans: SELECT * FROM [EmployeeDetail] WHERE Salary BETWEEN 500000 AND 600000

41. Select second highest salary from "EmployeeDetail" table.

Ans: SELECT TOP 1 Salary FROM
(SELECT TOP 2 Salary FROM [EmployeeDetail] ORDER BY Salary DESC) T ORDER BY Salar
yASC
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Set-5: Sql Server Group By Interview Query

(Group By Related Queries)
Related Table:

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
42. Write the query to get the department and department wise total(sum) salary
from "EmployeeDetail" table.
Ans: SELECT Department, SUM(Salary) AS [Total Salary] FROM [EmployeeDetail]
GROUP BY Department

43. Write the query to get the department and department wise total(sum) salary,
display it in ascending order according to salary.
Ans: SELECT Department, SUM(Salary) AS [Total Salary] FROM [EmployeeDetail]
GROUP BY Department ORDER BY SUM(Salary) ASC
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44. Write the query to get the department and department wise total(sum) salary,
display it in descending order according to salary.
Ans: SELECT Department, SUM(Salary) AS [Total Salary] FROM [EmployeeDetail]
GROUP BY Department ORDER BY SUM(Salary) DESC

45. Write the query to get the department, total no. of departments, total(sum) salary
with respect to department from "EmployeeDetail" table.
Ans: SELECT Department, COUNT(*) AS [Dept Counts], SUM(Salary) AS [Total
Salary] FROM[EmployeeDetail]
GROUP BY Department

46. Get department wise average salary from "EmployeeDetail" table order by salary
ascending
Ans: SELECT Department, AVG(Salary) AS [Average Salary] FROM [EmployeeDetail]
GROUP BY Department ORDER BY AVG(Salary) ASC

47
. Get department wise maximum salary from "EmployeeDetail" table order by salary
ascending
Ans: SELECT Department, MAX(Salary) AS [Average Salary] FROM [EmployeeDetail]
GROUP BY Department ORDER BY MAX(Salary) ASC

48. Get department wise minimum salary from "EmployeeDetail" table order by
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salary ascending
Ans: SELECT Department, MIN(Salary) AS [Average Salary] FROM [EmployeeDetail]
GROUP BY Department ORDER BY MIN(Salary) ASC

--

USE OF HAVING
49. Write down the query to fetch Project name assign to more than one Employee
Ans: Select ProjectName,Count(*) [NoofEmp] from [ProjectDetail] GROUP BY ProjectNa
meHAVING COUNT(*)>1
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Set-6: Sql Server Join Interview Query

(Join Related Queries)
Related Tables:

SQL JOINS RELATED INTERVIEW QUERIES

51. Get employee name, project name order by firstname from "EmployeeDetail" and
"ProjectDetail" for those employee which have assigned project already.
Ans: SELECT FirstName,ProjectName FROM [EmployeeDetail] A INNER JOIN [ProjectDeta
il]B ON A.EmployeeID = B.EmployeeDetailID ORDER BY FirstName
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52.Get employee name, project name order by firstname from "EmployeeDetail" and
"ProjectDetail" for all employee even they have not assigned project.
Ans: SELECT FirstName,ProjectName FROM [EmployeeDetail] A LEFT OUTER JOIN[Projec
tDetail] B ON A.EmployeeID = B.EmployeeDetailID ORDER BY FirstName

53(35.1) Get employee name, project name order by firstname from

"EmployeeDetail" and "ProjectDetail" for all employee if project is not assigned then
display "-No Project Assigned".
Ans: SELECT FirstName, ISNULL(ProjectName,'-No Project
Assigned') FROM[EmployeeDetail] A LEFT OUTER JOIN [ProjectDetail] B
ON A.EmployeeID = B.EmployeeDetailID ORDER BY FirstName

54. Get all project name even they have not matching any employeeid, in left table,
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order by firstname from "EmployeeDetail" and "ProjectDetail".

Ans: SELECT FirstName,ProjectName FROM [EmployeeDetail] A RIGHT OUTER JOIN[Proj
ectDetail] B ON A.EmployeeID = B.EmployeeDetailID ORDER BY FirstName

55. Get complete record (employeename, project name) from both tables
([EmployeeDetail],[ProjectDetail]), if no match found in any table then show NULL.
Ans: SELECT FirstName,ProjectName FROM [EmployeeDetail] A FULL OUTER JOIN[Projec
tDetail] B ON A.EmployeeID = B.EmployeeDetailID ORDER BY FirstName

56. Write a query to find out the employeename who has not assigned any project,
and display "-No Project Assigned"( tables :- [EmployeeDetail],[ProjectDetail]).
Ans: SELECT FirstName, ISNULL(ProjectName,'-No Project
Assigned') AS [ProjectName]FROM [EmployeeDetail] A LEFT OUTER JOIN [ProjectDetail]
B ON A.EmployeeID =B.EmployeeDetailID
WHERE ProjectName IS NULL

57. Write a query to find out the project name which is not assigned to any employee(
tables :- [EmployeeDetail],[ProjectDetail]).
Ans: SELECT ProjectName FROM [EmployeeDetail] A RIGHT OUTER JOIN [ProjectDetail]
B ONA.EmployeeID = B.EmployeeDetailID
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WHERE FirstName IS NULL

58. Write down the query to fetch EmployeeName & Project who has assign more
than one project.
Ans: Select EmployeeID, FirstName, ProjectName from [EmployeeDetail] E INNER JOIN[P
rojectDetail] P
ON E.EmployeeID = P.EmployeeDetailID
WHERE EmployeeID IN (SELECT EmployeeDetailID FROM [ProjectDetail] GROUP BYEmpl
oyeeDetailID HAVING COUNT(*) >1 )

59. Write down the query to fetch ProjectName on which more than one employee
are working along with EmployeeName.
Ans: Select P.ProjectName, E.FName from ProjectDetails P INNER JOIN EmployeeDetails
E
on p.EmployeId = E.Id where P.ProjectName in(select ProjectName from ProjectDetailsgr
oup by ProjectName having COUNT(1)>1)
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Set-7: Sql Server Tricky Join Interview Query

(Tricky Join Queries)

COMPLEX SQL JOINS INTERVIEW QUERIES SET- 7

--60. What would be the output of the following query(INNER JOIN)

SELECT T1.ID, T2.ID FROM TBL_1 T1 INNER JOIN TBL_2 T2 ON T1.ID = T2.ID
--ANS:
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--61. What would the output of the following query(LEFT OUTER JOIN)

SELECT T1.ID, T2.ID FROM TBL_1 T1 LEFT OUTER JOIN TBL_2 T2 ON T1.ID = T2.ID
--ANS: Output would be same as 60th Question
--62. What will be the output of the following query(LEFT OUTER JOIN)

SELECT T1.ID, T2.ID FROM TBL_1 T1 LEFT OUTER JOIN TBL_2 T2 ON T1.ID = T2.ID
--ANS: Output would be same as 60th Question
--63. What would the output of the following query(RIGHT OUTER JOIN)

SELECT T1.ID, T2.ID FROM TBL_1 T1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN TBL_2 T2 ON T1.ID = T2.ID
--ANS: Output would be same as 60th Question
--64. What would be the output of the following query(FULL OUTER JOIN)

SELECT T1.ID, T2.ID FROM TBL_1 T1 FULL OUTER JOIN TBL_2 T2 ON T1.ID = T2.ID
--ANS: Output would be same as 60th Question
--65. What would be the output of the following query(CROSS JOIN)

SELECT T1.ID, T2.ID FROM TBL_1 T1 CROSS JOIN TBL_2 T2

--ANS: Output would be same as 60th Question

--66. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
SELECT A.[ID] ,A.[Name],B.[ID] ,B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A INNER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID = B.ID
--ANS:

--67. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
SELECT A.[ID] ,A.[Name],B.[ID] ,B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A INNER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID = B.ID AND A.[Name] = B.[Name]
--ANS:
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--68. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
--(INNER JOIN WITH AND)
SELECT A.[ID] ,A.[Name],B.[ID] ,B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A INNER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID = B.ID AND A.[Name] = B.[Name]
--ANS:

--69. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
--(INNER JOIN WITH OR)
SELECT A.[ID], A.[Name],B.[ID], B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A INNER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID = B.ID OR A.[Name] = B.[Name]
--ANS:

--70. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
--(INNER JOIN WITH NOT EQUAL !=)
SELECT A.[ID], A.[Name],B.[ID], B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A INNER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID != B.ID
--ANS:

--71. Click on the Page no 2 below for continue reading ( for 71st and more such Query)

--71. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
--(INNER JOIN WITH NOT)
SELECT A.[ID] ,A.[Name],B.[ID] ,B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A INNER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON NOT(A.ID = B.ID)
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--ANS:

--72. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
--(INNER JOIN WITH IN)
SELECT A.[ID], A.[Name],B.[ID], B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A INNER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID IN(1)
--ANS:

--73. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
--(INNER JOIN WITH NOT)
SELECT A.[ID] ,A.[Name],B.[ID] ,B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A INNER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON NOT(A.ID = B.ID)
--ANS:

--74. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
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--(LEFT OUTER JOIN)

SELECT A.[ID] ,A.[Name],B.[ID] ,B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A LEFT OUTER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID = B.ID
--ANS:

--75. Write down the query to fatch record from Table_1 which not exist in Table_2(based on ID column)
--ANS:
SELECT A.[ID] ,A.[Name],B.[ID] ,B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A LEFT OUTER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID = B.ID WHERE B.[ID] IS NULL

--76. What would be the output of the following query.(Related Tables : Table_1,Table_2)
--(LEFT OUTER JOIN WITH !=)
SELECT A.[ID] ,A.[Name],B.[ID] ,B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A LEFT OUTER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID != B.ID
--ANS:

--77. Write down the query to fatch record from Table_2 which not exist in Table_1(based on ID column)
--ANS:
SELECT A.[ID] ,A.[Name],B.[ID] ,B.[Name] FROM [Table_1] A RIGHT OUTER JOIN [Table_2] B
ON A.ID = B.ID WHERE A.[ID] IS NULL
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Set-8: Sql Server DDL Interview Query DDL

( Queries )
--78. Write down the query to create employee table with Identity column([EmployeeID])
--ANS:
CREATE TABLE EmployeeDetail( [EmployeeID] INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL, [FirstName]
VARCHAR(50) NULL,
[LastName] NVARCHAR(50) NULL, [Salary] DECIMAL(10, 2) NULL, [JoiningDate] DATETIME NULL,[Depar
tment] NVARCHAR(20) NULL,
[Gender] VARCHAR(10) NULL)

--79. Write down the query to create employee table with Identity column([EmployeeID])
--ANS:
CREATE TABLE EmployeeDetail( [EmployeeID] INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, [FirstName]NV
ARCHAR(50) NULL,
[LastName] NVARCHAR(50) NULL, [Salary] DECIMAL(10, 2) NULL, [JoiningDate] DATETIME NULL,[Depar
tment] NVARCHAR(20) NULL,
[Gender] VARCHAR(10) NULL)

--80. Write down the query to create employee table with primary key (EmployeeID)
--ANS:
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CREATE TABLE EmployeeDetail( [EmployeeID] INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
[FirstName] NVARCHAR(50) NULL,[LastName] NVARCHAR(50) NULL, [Salary] DECIMAL(10, 2) NULL,[Join
ingDate] DATETIME NULL, [Department] NVARCHAR(20) NULL,
[Gender] VARCHAR(10) NULL)

--81. How to set Primary key using Alter command

--ANS:
ALTER TABLE EmployeeDetail ADD PRIMARY KEY (P_EmployeeID)

--82. How to set primary key and foreignkey relationship using query(set EmployeeID column of
ProjectDetail table as a foreignkey)
--ANS:
ALTER TABLE ProjectDetail
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_EmployeeDetailID_Eid FOREIGN KEY(EmployeeDetailID)REFERENCESEmployeeDetail
(EmployeeID)

Set-9: Small but tricky Interview Query

(Very Interesting set)
ANSWERS :
110) D 109) A 108) A 107) A 106) A 105) C 104) D 103) B 102) B 101) C 100) C 99) A 98) D 97) A 96) C
95) C 94) C 93) D 92) B 91) A 90) A 89) C 88) D 87) A 86) D 85) C 84) D 83) B

83). SELECT 15
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 15
C). 0
D). 1
84).SELECT $
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). $
C). 1
D). 0.00
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85).SELECT COUNT(*)
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 0
C). 1
D). *
86). SELECT COUNT('7')
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 7
C). 0
D). 1
87). SELECT 'VIKAS' + 1
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 'VIKAS'
C). VIKAS
D). VIKAS1
88).SELECT 'VIKAS' + '1'
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 'VIKAS'
C). VIKAS
D). VIKAS1
89).SELECT (SELECT 'VIKAS')
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 'VIKAS'
C). VIKAS
D). VIKAS1

90).SELECT SELECT 'VIKAS'

--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 'VIKAS'
C). VIKAS
D). VIKAS1

91). SELECT * FROM 'Country'

--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). Select all data from country table
C). Country
D). Throw error
92). SELECT * FROM Country , EmployeeDetail
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--output of this query would be.

A). Throw error
B). Output will be cross join of both tables
C). Output will be inner join
D). Output will be only Country table data

93). SELECT COUNT(*) + COUNT(*)

--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 0
C). 1
D). 2
94). SELECT 'VIKAS' FROM Country
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). Display one time "VIKAS"
C). Display "VIKAS" as many rows in Country table
D). Will select country table data
95).SELECT SUM(1+2*3)
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 9
C). 7
D). 6
96). SELECT MAX(1+2*3)
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 3
C). 7
D). 6
97).SELECT MAX(1,3,4)
--output of this query would be.
A).Throw error
B). 1
C). 3
D). 4
98).SELECT MAX('VIKAS')
--output of this query would be.
A).Throw error
B). 1
C). 2
D). VIKAS
99).Select Count(SELECT CountryID FROM Country)
--output of this query would be.
A).Throw error
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B). Will display count of country table

C). 0
D). 1
100).
SELECT 1 + '1'
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error B). 1 C). 2 D). 11
101). SELECT '1' + 1
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). 1 C). 2
D). 11

102). SELECT NULL + 5

--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). NULL
C). 5
D). 0

103). SELECT NULL + '1'

--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). NULL
C). 1
D). 0

104). SELECT 1 WHERE NULL = NULL

--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). NULL
C). 1
D). NOTHING WILL RETURN BY This (0 rows will be returned by this) because the condition is false

105). SELECT SUM(1)

--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). NULL
C). 1
D). 0
106).
SELECT SUM('1')
--output of this query would be.
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A). Throw error

B). NULL
C). 1
D). 0

107). SELECT SUM(NULL)

--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error
B). NULL
C). 1
D). 0

108). SELECT 6/0

--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error(Divide by zero error encountered.)
B). NULL
C). 1
D). 0
109). SELECT 0/0
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error(Divide by zero error encountered.)
B). NULL
C). 1
D). 0
110). SELECT 0/9
--output of this query would be.
A). Throw error(Divide by zero error encountered.)
B). NULL C). 1
D). 0

Set-10: Very much Tricky(not 4

freshers)Query (Very Much Tricky Query)
Related Tables :
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--100. Write down the query to print first letter of a Name in Upper Case and all other letter in Lower
Case.(EmployDetail table)
ANS:
SELECT UPPER(SUBSTRING(FirstName,1,1))+LOWER(SUBSTRING(FirstName,2,LEN(FirstName)-
1)) AS [FirstName]
Output:-
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--101. Write down the query to display all employee name in one cell seprated by ',' ex:-"Vikas, nikita,
Ashish, Nikhil , anish"(EmployDetail table)
ANS:
Solution 1:
SELECT STUFF(( SELECT ', ' + E.FirstName FROM [EmployeeDetail] AS E FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 2, '') AS [All
Emp Name]
Output:-

Solution 2:

--102. Write down the query to get ProjectName and respective EmployeeName(firstname) which are
working on the project,
--if more then one employee working on same project, then it should be in same cell seprated by comma
--for example :- Task Tracker : Vikas, Ashish
ANS:
SELECT ProjectName, STUFF((SELECT ', ' + FirstName FROM EmployeeDetail
E1 INNER JOIN [ProjectDetail] P1 ON E1.EmployeeID = P1.EmployeeDetailID
WHERE P1.ProjectName = P2.ProjectName FOR XML PATH('')),1,2,'' ) AS [Employee
Name] FROM EmployeeDetail E2
INNER JOIN [ProjectDetail] P2 ON E2.EmployeeID = P2.EmployeeDetailID
GROUP BY ProjectName
Output:-
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AND THE VERY VERY COMPLEX QUERY HERE

--103: You have a table(FuelDetail) with ID, Fuel, And Date columns.
--Fuel column is contain fuel quantity at a particular time when car start traveling. So we need to find out
that when the driver fill Petrol in his/her car.
--By FuelDetail Table image on the top of this post, you can understand the query.
--Car start driving at 10 Am on 25th April with petrol(10 liter)
--at 11 AM Petrol was 9 liters
--at 12 AM petrol was 8 liters
--at 2 PM (14) petrol was 12 liters...
--This means that he/she fill the petrol at 25th April 2014 at 2PM
--Next time he fill petrol at 7PM 25th April 2014
--and Next time he fill petrol at 11PM 25th April 2014
ANS:
Solution 1:
SELECT c1.fuel AS [Fuel quantity Now],c1.[Date],c.fuel AS [Fuel quantity Before],c.[Date]
FROM FuelDetail c
JOIN
FuelDetail c1 ON c1.[Date] =(SELECT MIN([Date]) FROM FuelDetail WHERE [Date]>c.[Date] )
WHERE c1.fuel>c.fuel

Solution 2:(by Eduardo Ramires) see in comment section

Select FD.ID, FD.Fuel, FD.Date,FD1.Fuel [Fuel Quantity Before],FD1.Date
from FuelDetail FD inner join FuelDetail FD1 on FD1.ID = (FD.ID-1)
and FD1.Fuel < FD.Fuel

Output will be:

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Set-11: Sql Server Complex Interview Query

(Tricky queries)
HARD/TRICKY/COMPLEX SQL JOIN QUERIES EXAMPLES
Answers: 104) C, 105) C, 106) B, 107) E, 108) D
104) . What would be the out-put of the following Sql query?
SELECT A.A FROM (SELECT 1 A, 2 B) A
JOIN (SELECT 1 A,1 B)B ON A.A = B.B
Options:

105).What would be the out-put of the following Sql query?

SELECT B.A FROM (SELECT 1 A) A
JOIN (SELECT 1 A, 2 B)B ON A.A = B.A
Options:
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106). What would be the out-put of the following Sql query?

SELECT B.A FROM (SELECT 1 A) A
JOIN (SELECT 1 A, 2 B)B ON A.A = B.B
Options:

107). What would be the out-put of the following Sql query?

SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 A UNION ALL SELECT 2 B) A
JOIN (SELECT 1 A,2 B UNION ALL SELECT 1 A, 1 B)B ON A.A = B.B
Options:

108). What would be the out-put of the following Sql query?

SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 A UNION ALL SELECT 2 B) A
JOIN (SELECT 1 A,2 B)B ON A.A = B.B
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Options:

Now let’s start Mix

Interview questions
(Theoretical + Queries)
Set-12: Sql Server Datatype Interview
Questions
So let's first go through SQL Server Data types

DATATYPE DESCRIPTION
bigint Integer data from -2^63 to 2^63-1
binary Fixed-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes
bit Integer data with either a 1 or 0 value (often for a true or false reading)
char Fixed-length non-unicode character data with a maximum length of 8,000 characters
cursor A reference to a cursor
datetime Date and time data from January 1, 1753, through December 31, 9999, with an accuracy o
3.33 milliseconds (but use datetime2 instead)
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decimal Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1 (same as 'num
float (decimal(9,2)) = max value 9999999.99)
image Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 through 1.79E + 308
int Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 2^31 - 1 bytes
money Integer data from -2^31 through 2^31 - 1 (-2 billion to 2 billion approx)
nchar Monetary data values from -2^63 through 2^63 - 1
ntext Fixed-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters
numeric Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 2^30 - 1 characters (Deprecated
nvarchar don't use!)
real Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1 (same as 'deci
Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters
Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 through 3.40E + 38

smalldatetime Date and time data from January 1, 1900, through June 6, 2079, with an accuracy of one
minute
smallint Integer data from -2^15 through 2^15 - 1 (-32000 to 32000 approx)
smallmoney Monetary data values from -214,748.3648 to +214,748.3647
sql_variant A data type that stores values of various data types, except text, ntext, timestamp, and
table sql_variant
text A special data type used to store a result set for later processing
timestamp Variable-length data with a maximum length of 2^31 - 1 characters (Deprecated - don't u
tinyint A database-wide unique number that gets updated every time a row gets updated
Integer data from 0 to 255
uniqueidentifier A globally unique identifier
varbinary Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes
varchar Variable-length non-unicode data with a maximum of 8,000 characters
date holds date
time holds time
datetime2 Date and time data from January 1, 1753, through December 31, 9999, with an accuracy
about 100 nanoseconds, plus more compactly stored
datetimeoffset takes international time into account in reading
xml for storing or even parsing raw xml data

SQL SERVER DATATYPES INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

What do you understand by Data-types in sql server?

Ans: SQL Server data types defines the characteristic of the data that is stored in a column.
Each column, variable and expression has related data type in SQL.
How you should choose data type for particular column when you create a table?
Ans: The data type should be chosen based on the information you wish to store. for
example you would not use an integer data type for storing employee name.
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What is the very useful datatype introduced in SQL Server 2016?

Ans: JSON datatype

What are the two types of character data SQL Server supports?
Ans: Regular and Unicode

What are the Regular character data types?

Ans: Char and VarChar
What are the Unicode character data types?
Ans: NChar and NVarChar
How are literal strings expressed with Regular character column?
Ans: Single quote 'text'.
How are literal strings expressed with Unicode character column?
Ans: Must Start with N'text'.
What can you define with variable length character data types?
Ans: VARCHAR(MAX)

How large is VARCHAR(MAX)?

Ans: 8000 Bytes in line.
Name any five date and time data types?
Ans: 1.) DATETIME
2.) SMALLDATETIME
3.) DATE
4.) TIME
5.) DATETIME2
6.) DATETIMEOFFSET
What does the PARSE function do?

Ans: Parse a value as a requested type and indicate a culture.

Syntax?

PARSE('date' AS datatype USING culture)

What happens when you only want to work with time in a DATETIME data type?
Ans: SQL Server stores the date as Jan 1 1900.
What do you understand by Timestamp, Difference between Datetime and Timestamp
datatypes?
Ans: Datetime: Datetime is a datatype.
Timestamp: Timestamp is a data type that exposes automatically generated binary
numbers, which are guaranteed to be unique within a database. timestamp is used typically
as a mechanism for version-stamping table rows. The storage size is 8 bytes.
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In fact, in sql server 2008 this column type was renamed (i.e. timestamp is deprecated) to
rowversion. It basically means that every time a row is changed, this value is increased. This
is done with a database counter, i.e. two different rows that where updated in the same
transaction have the same row version.

Set-13: TCS Sql Server Tricky Interview

Queries
1).How to select random record form a table?
Ans: Select top 1 * from <TableName> order by newId()
2). Suppose that you have table Employee with a column EName which contain
Records Employee name(EName) as A,B,A,A,B,D,C,M,A, Write a query which will
change/Swap the EName A to B and B to A.
Ans: UPDATE Employee set EName = (CASE WHEN EName='A' THEN 'B' WHEN
EName='B' THEN 'A' ELSE EName END)
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3).Write a query to create a clone of existing table without using Create Command.
Ans: SELECT * INTO <NewTable> FROM <ExistingTable> WHERE 1=2
SELECT TOP 0 * INTO <NewTable> FROM <ExistingTable>
4). Table Tbl1 has 100 rows, Table Tbl2 has 0 rows so number of rows returned by the
below query?
SELECT Tbl1.* from Tbl1, Tbl2;
Ans : No row will be retun by this query

5). Write a query to print 1 to 100 in sql server without using loops?
Ans: Use Recursive common table expression:
;WITH CTE
AS
(
SELECT 1 [Sequence]
UNION ALL
SELECT [Sequence] + 1 FROM CTE WHERE [Sequence] <100
)
SELECT * FROM CTE
Using Loop:
DECLARE @i INT
SET @i = 0
WHILE (@i < 100)
BEGIN
SELECT @i = @i + 1
PRINT @i
END

6). Write a query to calculate number of A in string 'VIKASAAA'?

Ans: SELECT LEN('VIKASAAA') - LEN(REPLACE('VIKASAAA', 'A', ''))

7). What would be the output of below query?

SELECT * FROM ( SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 ) M
Ans: It will throw error because in sub query no column name specified
8). What would be the output of below query?
Ans: SELECT SUM(A) AS [Sum] FROM ( SELECT 1 A UNION ALL SELECT NULL A) M
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9).For 5/2, I want resut as 2.5, How you will do that in SQL Server?
SELECT CAST(MyIntField1 AS float) / CAST(MyIntField2 AS float)
10). You have two tables with blank value in both table as shown in below image,
Then what would be the output of the following Query based on the tables shown in
image?
SELECT T1.*, T2.* FROM Table1 T1 INNER JOIN Table2 T2
ON T1.Name = T2.Name

Ans: Output of the above query would be as below, Inner join will join both blank values

11). What will be the output of the following query?

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Set-14: HCL Sql Server Interview Queries

1). What is @@ERROR? (click on the questions to see answer)

2). What is a linked server?

3). Will Non-Clustered Index used every time by SQL Server Engine? (HCL/Unitedhealth
Group)
4). What are different part of a SQL Page?

5). What are the types of database recovery models?

6). What are different types of Collation Sensitivity?

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7). What are the disadvantages of using Stored Procedure?

8). Can we call Stored Procedure in a View?

9). What is FILL Factor?

10). How Fixed Length and Variable Length Data types affect performance in Sql server
Explain with example?

11). What would be the output of the following script?

SELECT NULL + 5
12). What do you understand by index_id = 0 and Index_id = 1, related to sys.indexes table?
What they represent?
13). Can a stored procedure call itself or recursive stored procedure? How much level SP
nesting is possible?
14).What would be the output of following query?

15). What is forwarding pointer in SQL Server? How it is helpful in performance

optimization?
16). What would be the output of the following script?
SELECT COUNT(*)
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17). How do you optimize Stored Procedures?

18). What would be the output of the following script?

DECLARE @Name VARCHAR(20)
SET @Name = 'विकास अहलाव त'
SELECT @Name

19). What would be the output of following SQL Script.

20). What would be the output of the following query?

21). What Execute in SQL Server First?

A) WHERE
B) SELECT
C) ON
D) FROM
E) TOP
22). Sql server difference between session and connection?

23). Suppose you have following table"TestUpdate".

SELECT * FROM Testupdate

What would be the output of following query?

UPDATE Testupdate SET ID = ID + (SELECT MAX(ID) FROM Testupdate)
SELECT * FROM Testupdate
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24). Repeat Rows N Times According to Column Value in SQL Server?

Set-15: Sql Server View Interview Questions

1).What do you understand by View in SQL Server?

Ans: A view is a virtual table whose contents are defined by a query. or a view is a stored
SELECT statement that works like a virtual table.
2). What are the types of view?
Ans:

 Indexed Views
 Partitioned Views
 System Views
 Click here for more detail

3). How many column a view can contain?

Ans: 1024
4). The tables that makes up a view are called as?
Ans: Base tables
5). Can you create a view by using temporary table?
Ans: No
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6).Can you create a view by using another view(nesting views)?

Ans: Yes! you can build view on other views and nest them up to 32 levels, Basing a view on
another view is known as nesting views.

7). What are the limitations of a View?

8). How you will encrypt a view, so that people can utilize view to run reports, but
can't see the underlying code?
Ans: We can encrypt our view by using WITH ENCRYPTION keyword
Ex:
Create View vEmployeeDetail
WITH ENCRYPTION
AS
Select EmpID, Sum(Amount) as Total From Emp Group by EmpID
9). If you are going to change or drop a table, but you don't know how many
views/proc etc are depend on this particular table, then how you will you find
dependencies?
Ans: To check dependencies there is a system-supplied stored procedure, sp_depends,
which will list all dependent objects for the object name you pass in.

10). What is the purpose of the WITH SCHEMABINDING clause and where can it be
used?
Ans: WITH SCHEMABINDING can be used in Views and T-SQL Functions.
Objects that are schema bound can have their definition changed, but objects that are
referenced by schema bound objects cannot have their definition changed.
Schema binding effectively states that the meta-data which is created at object creation
time can then be relied upon to be accurate at all times, and use of sp_refreshsqlmodule is
not necessary. Schema binding can also significantly increase the performance of user
defined functions in SQL Server 2005 and above. However, caution should be applied, as
this is definitely not always the case.

11). Can we use WITH SCHEMABINDING in Stored Procedures?

Ans: WITH SCHEMABINDING can't be used in Stored Procedures.
12). Will below script correct or not? If not what is wrong with it?
CREATE VIEW vProduct_WithSchemabinding
WITH SCHEMABINDING
AS
SELECT * FROM [Person].[Person]
Ans: If we are using WITH SCHEMABINDING then we can't use "Select *";
This will throw "Syntax '*' is not allowed in schema-bound objects." error
Correct:
CREATE VIEW vProduct_WithSchemabinding
WITH SCHEMABINDING
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AS
SELECT FirstName,LastName FROM [Person].[Person]

13).Is view store data physically apart from table or not?

Ans: A view is just a macro, it has no persistent storage.The underlying table data is stored
in the MDF file. But its not always true, Creating a clustered index on the view materializes
its data on disk, giving the view a physical dimension, as opposed to its normal virtual role.

14).What are the purpose of creating view?

Ans: View is used for the following purposes:
a) Security
b) Faster Response
c) Complex Query solve

Set-16: Sql Server Index Interview Questions

Lest Start :
What is an Index?
Indexes of SQL Server are similar to the indexes in books. They help SQL Server retrieve the
data quicker. Index is a database object, which can be created on one or more columns.
When creating the index will read the column(s) and forms a relevant data structure to
minimize the number of data comparisons. The index will improve the performance of data
retrieval and adds some overhead on data modification such as create, delete and modify.
So it depends on how much data retrieval can be performed on table versus how much of
DML (Insert, Delete and Update) operations.
How many clustered indexes there can be in one table?

Only one.
How many non-clustered indexes there can be in one table?
For SQL Server 2005: 249 Nonclustered Index
For SQL Server 2008: 999 Nonclustered Index
What is clustered table?
A table having clustered index also called as clustered table.
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Disadvantages of the Indexes?

Inserts and updates takes longer time with clustered index.
It takes some disk space to create Non-Clustered index
How many columns can we include in non clustered index?
Max 16 columns can be combined to make a single composite index key, with a cap that the
max size of the combined values is 900 bytes.

Why Use an Index?

Use of SQL server indexes provide many facilities such as:
* Rapid access of information
* Efficient access of information
* Enforcement of uniqueness constraints

Types of Indexes?
SQL Server has two major types of indexes:
Clustered
Non-Clustered
What is Clustered index?
A clustered index sorts and stores the data rows of the table or view in order based on the
clustered index key. The clustered index is implemented as a B-tree index structure that
supports fast retrieval of the rows, based on their clustered index key values.
What is Non-Clustered index?
A nonclustered index can be defined on a table or view with a clustered index or on a heap.
Each index row in the nonclustered index contains the nonclustered key value and a row
locator. This locator points to the data row in the clustered index or heap having the key
value. The rows in the index are stored in the order of the index key values, but the data
rows are not guaranteed to be in any particular order unless a clustered index is created on
the table.
For understand deeply follow the link
http://blog.sqlauthority.com/2013/02/10/sql-server-primary-key-and-nonclustered-index-
in-simple-words/
Write the T-Sql statement/syntex for create and index?
Creates an index on a table. Duplicate values are allowed:
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name)
SQL CREATE UNIQUE INDEX Syntax
Creates a unique index on a table. Duplicate values are not allowed:
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name)
Difference Between Unique Index vs Unique Constraint?
Unique Index and Unique Constraint are the same. They achieve same goal. SQL
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Performance is same for both.

What is the difference between a Clustered and Non-Clustered Index?
Clustered Index
1.There can be only one Clustered index for a table
2.Usually made on the primary key
3. The leaf nodes of a clustered index contain the data pages.
4. A clustered index actually describes the order in which records are physically stored on
the disk, hence the reason you can only have one.
Non-Clustered Index
1.There can be only 249/999(2005/2008) Non-Clustered index for a table
2.Usually made on the any key
3.The leaf node of a nonclustered index does not consist of the data pages. Instead, the leaf
nodes contain index rows
4.A Non-Clustered Index defines a logical order that does not match the physical order on
disk.
Is Clustered index store the table data in sorted order?
Yes!
When you create an index on a column or number of columns in MS SQL Server, you can
specify that the index on each column be either ascending or descending.

Generally which index perform faster Clustered or Non-Clustered?

Generally it is faster to read from a clustered index if you want to get back all the columns.
You do not have to go first to the index and then to the table.
But not its not always true, have a look on the following article
http://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/3041/when-sql-server-nonclustered-indexes-are-
faster-than-clustered-indexes/
What is Fill Factor and What is the Best Value for Fill Factor?
Fill factor is the value that determines the percentage of space on each leaf-level page to be
filled with data. In an SQL Server, the smallest unit is a page, which is made of Page with
size 8K. Every page can store one or more rows based on the size of the row. The default
value of the Fill Factor is 100, which is same as value 0. The default Fill Factor (100 or 0) will
allow the SQL Server to fill the leaf-level pages of an index with the maximum numbers of
the rows it can fit. There will be no or very little empty space left in the page, when the fill
factor is 100.
Ref. http://blog.sqlauthority.com/2011/01/31/sql-server-what-is-fill-factor-and-what-is-the-
best-value-for-fill-factor/
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Set-17: Sql Server SP Interview Questions

1).What is Stored Procedure?
Ans: A stored procedure is a named group of SQL statements that have been previously
created and stored in the server database. Stored procedures accept input parameters so that
a single procedure can be used over the network by several clients using different input data.
And when the procedure is modified, all clients automatically get the new version. Stored
procedures reduce network traffic and improve performance. Stored procedures can be used
to help ensure the integrity of the database.
2). What are the uses of stored procedure?
Ans: Stored procedures are often used for data validation and as access control mechanism.
Logic applied in applications can be centralized and stored in applications. Complex
procedures and functionalities which require huge amount of data processing and logic
implementation access their data by procedures. Data is stored in these procedures and
accessed by procedures.
3). What are the type of Stored procedure in SQL Server?
Ans:

 System Defined Stored Procedure

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 Extended Procedure
 User Defined Stored Procedure

CLR Stored Procedure
click here for more detail

4).What is the difference between a user defined function and a Stored procedure?
Ans: Click here for answer

5).Explain about recursive stored procedures?

Ans: Recursive stored procedures are used for performing repetitive tasks. Recursive feature
is disabled by default but can be activated by using the following command on the server
max_sp_recursion_depth, also don’t forget to rename the system variable to a non zero
variable.
6). Can a stored procedure call itself or recursive stored procedure? How much level
SP nesting is possible?

Ans: Yes. Because Transact-SQL supports recursion, you can write stored procedures that
call themselves. You can nest stored procedures and managed code references up to 32
levels.

7).Have you ever created or used recursive stored procedure? Give example?
Ans: I created a recursive stored procedure for calculating the factorial of a number.
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[Factorial_ap]
( @Number Integer,@RetVal Integer OUTPUT )
AS
DECLARE @In Integer
DECLARE @Out Integer
IF @Number != 1
BEGIN
SELECT @In = @Number – 1
EXEC Factorial_ap @In, @Out OUTPUT
SELECT @RetVal = @Number * @Out
END
ELSE
BEGIN
SELECT @RetVal = 1
END
RETURN
GO

8).What are the advantages of using a Stored Procedures?

Ans: Following are the main advantage of using a SP
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 Reduce network usage between clients and servers – stored procedures perform
intermediate processing on the database server reducing unnecessary data transfer
across the network
 Improved security – database administrator can control the users who access the
 stored procedure
Reduced development cost and increased reliability
 Stored procedures are tunable to improve the performance. When same stored
procedure executed again, it can use the previously cached execution plans
Separate or abstract server side functions from the client side
Stored procedures can encapsulate logic. You can change stored procedure code

without affecting clients.

Access
 to other database objects in a secure and uniform way
Can
 prevent SQL injection attacks
Unit testable
Encapsulation of business logic – less chances to data become corrupted through
faulty client programs.
9). What are the disadvantages of using a Stored Procedures?
Ans: Following are the main disadvantage of using a SP

 Writing and maintaining stored procedures requires more specialized skills.

 There are no debuggers available for stored procedures
 Stored procedure language may differ from one database system to another.
 Poor exception handling

Tightly coupled to the database system

 Not possible to use objects
Sometimes it is hard to understand the logic written in dynamic SQL
10). How do we recompile a stored procedure at run time?
Ans: Add the WITH RECOMPILE hint when creating or executing the stored procedure

11).How to Optimize Stored Procedure Optimization?

Ans: There are many tips and tricks for the same. Here are few:

 Include SET NOCOUNT ON statement.

 Use schema name with object name.
 Do not use the prefix "sp_" in the stored procedure name.


Use IF EXISTS (SELECT 1) instead of (SELECT *).
 Use the sp_executesql stored procedure instead of the EXECUTE statement.
 Try to avoid using SQL Server cursors whenever possible.
 Keep the Transaction as short as possible.
Use TRY-Catch for error handling.
12). How you will execute the stored procedure as a different user?
Ans: I will use EXECUTE AS
Example-
EXECUTE AS user = 'special_user'
EXECUTE YourProcerdure
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13).What is the difference between stored procedure and view in SQL Server?
Ans: Views : They are the virtual table which consists of one or more rows and columns
from different real tables of the Database. It is the template of rows and columns of
multiple tables. You cannot pass any parameters here.
Stored Procedures : They are a collection of pre-executed sql Statements where you can
send the parameters as input and retrieve the output data.
Summery difference of Stored procedure and View:
Stored Procedure:
1. Accept parameters
2. Can not be used as a building block in large query.
3.Can contain several statement like if, else, loop etc.
4.Can perform modification to one or several tables.
5.Can not be used as the target for Insert, update, delete queries.
6.We can use view inside stored procedure.

Views:
1. Does not accepts parameters
2. Can be used as a building block in large query.
3.Can contain only one single Select query.
4. Can not perform modification to any table.
5. Can be used (sometimes) as the target for Insert, update, delete queries.
6.We can't use stored procedure inside view.
14). How do we recompile a stored procedure at run time?
Ans: By adding the WITH RECOMPILE hint when creating or executing the stored procedure.

15). Explain the differences between Stored Procedures and triggers?

Ans: 1. When you create a trigger you have to identify event and action of your trigger but
when you create s.p you don't identify event and action
2. Trigger is run automatically if the event is occurred but s.p don't run automatically but you
have to run it manually
3. Within a trigger you can call specific s.p but within a sp you cannot call a trigger
4.Trigger execute implicitly whereas store procedure execute via procedure call from
another block.
5. We can call a stored procedure from front end (.asp files, .aspx files, .ascx files etc.) but we
can't call a trigger from these files.
6. Stored procedure can take the input parameters, but we can't pass the parameters as an
input to a trigger.

16). When would you use stored procedure or functions ?

Ans: Functions are computed values and cannot perform permanent environmental changes
to SQL Server (i.e. no INSERT or UPDATE statements allowed).
A Function can be used inline in SQL Statements if it returns a scalar value or can be joined
upon if it returns a result set.
for more see the diffrence between them, and use according to that.
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17). Why use functions instead of stored procedure in SQL?

Ans: If you want perform some calculation base on some column value, then you can use
function instead of stored proc because you can not call a procedure in a select statement
but you can call function in a select statement.
18). Can we use try and catch in stored procedure and function both? give and
example?
Ans: We can use try and catch block in stored procedure, but not in user defined
function(UDF)
Example(try catch in SP)
CREATE PROCEDURE USP_TryCatch_Test
AS
BEGIN TRY

SELECT 1/0
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
SELECT ERROR_NUMBER() AS ErrorNumber
,ERROR_SEVERITY() AS ErrorSeverity
,ERROR_STATE() AS ErrorState
,ERROR_PROCEDURE() AS ErrorProcedure
,ERROR_LINE() AS ErrorLine
,ERROR_MESSAGE() AS ErrorMessage;
END CATCH

19). Can we use multiple select statements in a Stored Procedure SQL Server?
Ans: Yes, we can use multiple select statements in a SP.
20). Can we create Stored Procedure without "Begin" and "End" refer the below
image and try to answers?

Ans: Yes, We can

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21). Can we return NULL value using stored proc?

Ans: No, Stored procedures are not allowed to return the NULL value.
If you will try to return null value the you will get message as shown in the above
screenshot.

Set-18: Sql Server Temp Table Interview

Questions

1). What are the 2 types of Temporary Tables in SQL Server?

1. Local Temporary Tables
2. Global Temporary Tables
2). What is the difference between Local and Global Temporary Tables?
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 Local Temporary Tables:

1 Prefixed with a single pound sign (#).

. Local temporary tables are visible to that session of SQL Server which has created
2 it/Exists only for duration of the connection/compound statement.
. Local temporary tables are automatically dropped, when the session that created the
temporary tables is closed.
3

. Global Temporary Tables:

1. Prefixed with two pound signs (##).

2. Global temporary tables are visible to any user and any connection after being
created.
3. Global temporary tables are also automatically dropped, when the session that
created the temporary tables is closed.
4). In which database, the temporary tables get created?
TEMPDB database.

5). How can I check for the existence of a temporary table?

IF object_id('tempdb..##TEMPTABLE') IS NOT NULL

6). Table Variables vs. Temp Tables?

 Table var doesn't have to be memory-resident. Its pages can be moved to tempdb if
memory is low
 Rollback doesn't affect table vars
 Table vars don't participate in transactions or locking
 Any DML operations done on table variables are not logged
 No statistics are maintained on table variables

7). Can you create foreign key constraints on temporary tables?

No

8). Do you have to manually delete temporary tables?

No, temporary tables are automatically dropped, when the session that created the
temporary tables is closed. But if you maintain a persistent connection or if connection
pooling is enabled, then it is better to explicitly drop the temporary tables you have created.
However, It is generally considered a good coding practice to explicitly drop every
temporary table you create.
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Set-19: Sql Server 2016 Interview Questions

Q 1 : What are the new features of sql server 2016?

Ans: Here are the Great Features of SQL server 2016

* Query Store
* Live Query Statistics
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* Native JSON Support

* Temporal Database support
* Always Encrypted
* Row Level Security
* PolyBase into SQL Server
* Column Store
* BI for Mobile Devices
* Data Stretch to MS Azure
* SSDT (All in One)
For more Click here(detailed)
Q 2 : What is Query Store in Sql Server 2016?
Ans : Click here to see answers
Q 3: Name any three view which are related to Query Store?
Ans : All data that query store stores is available through the following views:
* sys.query_store_query_text
* sys.query_store_plan
* sys.query_context_settings
* sys.query_store_query
* sys.query_store_runtime_stats_interval
* sys.query_store_runtime_stats
Q 4 : What do you understand by LQS?
Ans : LQS stand for Live Query Statistics, SQL Server 2016 has a new feature, called LQS, that
allows you to view what is happening during the query execution. LQS lets you view a list of
active queries and associated statistics such as current CPU/memory usage, execution time,
query progress, and so on.
Q 5 : SQL Server 2016 coming with XML alternate which is known as?

Ans : JSON
Q 6 : Why JSON is becoming important than XML, even for MS SQL Server?
Ans : One of the biggest reasons JSON is becoming more important than XML is that XML has
to be parsed with an XML parser, while JSON can be parsed by a standard JavaScript function.
And it is very light-weight, this makes it easier and faster than working with XML.
Q 7 : What do you understand by Temporal data support, a new freature introduce in
SQL Server 2016?
Ans : SQL Server 2016 introduces support for temporal tables as a database feature that
provides built-in support for provide information about data stored in the table at any point in
time rather than only the data that is correct at the current moment in time. Temporal is a
database feature that was introduced in ANSI SQL 2011 and is now supported in SQL Server
2016
Q 8 : What is Row-Level Security, in SQL Server 2016(new feature)?
Ans : Row-Level Security (RLS) enables developers and DBAs to control access to rows in a
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database table. Using RLS, you can store data for different customers, departments, or
tenants in the same table, while restricting access to rows based on a query’s execution
context. For example, you could filter rows returned by “SELECT * FROM myTable” according
to the identity of the logged-in user or the value of a session-scoped variable like
CONTEXT_INFO.
Q 9 : What are the difference between SQL Server 2014 and 2016?

Q 10 : What do you understand by Polybase in SQL Server?

Q 11 : SQL Server 2016 came with new way to drop object if exist, Explain it.(DROP IF
EXIST)
Q 12 : What are the benefits/advantages of this release(SQL Server 2016)? Can you
summarize?
Ans:

# Enhanced in-memory performance provides up to 30x faster transactions, more than 100x
faster queries than disk-based relational databases and real-time operational analytics.
# New Always Encrypted technology helps protect your data at rest and in motion, on-
premises and in the cloud, with master keys sitting with the application, without application
changes.
#Stretch Database technology keeps more of your customer’s historical data at your
fingertips by transparently stretching your warm and cold OLTP data to Microsoft Azure in a
secure manner without application changes.
#Built-in advanced analytics provide the scalability and performance benefits of building
and running your advanced analytics algorithms directly in the core SQL Server
transactional database.
#Business insights through rich visualizations on mobile devices with native apps for
Windows, iOS and Android.
#Simplify management of relational and non-relational data by querying both with T-SQL
using PolyBase.
#Faster hybrid backups, high availability and disaster recovery scenarios to back up and
restore your on-premises databases to Microsoft Azure and place your SQL Server
AlwaysOn secondaries in Azure.

Set-20: Sql Server Constraints Interview

Questions
SQL Constraints
NOT NULL - Surely field gets value for every row
DEFAULT- If u didnt give a value it default value will be given to field.
PRIMARY KEY- not null+unique
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FOREIGN KEY- references a column of another table(mostly primary key)

UNIQUE- All the field values must be different, but it allow one null value.
CHECK CONSTRAINT-kinda integrity constraint (specifies a requirement that must be met
by each row in database)

1). Define Constraints?

A constraint is a table column property with performs data validation. Using constraints, you
can maintain data integrity by preventing invalid data from being entered.
2). What do you understand by Data integrity?
Data integrity is the consistency and accuracy of the data which is stored in a database.
3). Can you add constraints to a table that already has data?
Yes, But it also depend on data, like if a column containing null values and you adding not
null constraint then first you need to replace all
alues.
4). How many primary keys can exist on a table?
One
5). What is a Foeign Key?
A FK in one table points to a PK in another table
It prevents any actions that would destroy links between tables with the corresponding data
values
FK are used to enforce referential integrity
6). Difference between Primary key and Unique key constraints?
1) Unique constraints will allow a null value. If a field is nullable then a unique constraint will
allow at most one null value.
2) SQL server allows many unique constraints per table where it allows just primary key per
table.
7). Can we apply Uniquey key constraints on multiple columns?
Yes! Unique key constraints can be applied on a composit of multiple fields to ensure
quiqueness of records.
Example : City + State in the StateList table
8). When you create an Unique key constraints then by default which index will be
created by DB?
Nonclustered index would be created automatically when you will create a unique key
constraints.
9). When you create an Primary key constraints then by default which index will be
created by DB?
Clustered index would be created automatically when you will create a Primary key
constraints.
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10).What do you understand by Default constraints?

A default constraint enters a value in a column when one is not specified in the Insert or
Update statement.

11). What are the type of data integrity?

In relational database, there are three type of integrity
1. Domain Integrity( data type, check constraints)
2. Entity Integrity (primary key, unique constraints)
3. Referential Integrity (handled by foregn key constraints)
12). If you does't want to check the referential integrity at the time you create the
foreign key then which keyword you will use?
Then I will use WITH NOCHECK

Set-21: Sql Server Storage/Size Interview

Questions
1).What is the fundamental unit of storage in SQL Server data files and it's size?
Ans: A page with a size of 8k
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2). How many (maximum) no. of columns can be created in a MS SQL Table?
Ans: Max Columns per 'nonwide' table: 1,024
Max Columns per 'wide' table: 30,000

3). What is the difference between Wide and Nonwide tables in SQL Server?
Ans: 1) Wide table can contain 30,000 columns, Non-wide table(basic table) can contain
only 1024 columns.
2) Wide Tables are considered to be denormalized tables, Non-wide tables are considered
to be Normalized tables.
3) Wide tables are used in OLAP systems, Narrow tables are used in OLTP system.
4) Wide table is new feature in SQL Server 2008. To over come the problem of having only
1024 columns in Narrow tables.
5) Wide tables don't work with transactional or merge replication, but Non-wide can work.

4). Maximum how many rows can be in the SQL Server tables?
Ans: According to Microsoft specification:
Rows per table: Limited by available storage
But there are some cases where SQL Server will prevent you from adding more rows

 If you have an IDENTITY column and you hit the end of the range for the data type,
e.g. 255 for TINYINT, 2,147,483,647 for INT, some ungodly number th
9 - possibly the number of inches to the sun and back - for BIGINT, etc. When you try to
insert the next row, you'll get error message 815 about overflowing the type.
 If you have a heap with a non-unique index, or a clustered index that is not unique,
you won't be able to store more than 2 * 2,147,483,647 unique index key
combinations. When you try to insert (2 * 2,147,483,647) + 1 rows with a value of 1 in
an INT column that is the only column in a clustered index, you will get error
message 666 about exhausting the uniqueifier. This is because the uniqueifier (which
helps SQL Server identify a row when there is no true key) is only 4 bytes, which
means it can't exceed the capacity of an INT (it does use both positive and negative,
unlike IDENTITY unless configure it as such, which is why you get double). Now why
you would ever do this, <shrug>... but you could.
 In the VLDB space, a database can only be 524,272 terabytes. Again a very edge case,
but if you have a humongous data warehouse then obviously at some point the
number of rows - depending on row size - will put you near this limit.
5). What is the maximum size of a varchar(max) variable?
Ans: Maximum size for a varchar(max) is 2GB, or looked up a more exact figure (2^31-1, or
2147483647).

6). What are the difference Between varchar(8000) and varchar(max)?

 Varchar(8000) stores a maximum of 8000 characters. Varchar(max) stores a maximum

of 2 147 483 647 characters.
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 VARCHAR(MAX) uses the normal datapages until the content actually fills 8k of data
as varchar(8000). When overflow happens, data is stored as old TEXT, IMAGE and a
pointer is replacing the old content.
 Columns that are of the large object (LOB) data types ntext, text, varchar(max),
nvarchar(max), varbinary(max), xml, or image cannot be specified as key columns for
an index
 VARCHAR(MAX) has some ambiguity, if the size of the cell is < 8000 chars, it will be
treated as Row data. If it's greater, it will be treated as a LOB for storage purposes.
You can know this by querying RBAR.
7). How can i query my sql server to only get the size of database?
Ans: Use "YourDatabaseName"
exec sp_spaceused

8).What would be the LEN and DATALENGTH of NULL value in SQL Server?
Ans: Both above function will return NULL as the length of NULL.

9).How much size “Null” value takes in SQL Server?

Ans:

 If the field is fixed width storing NULL takes the same space as any other value - the
width of the field.
If the field is variable width the NULL value takes up no space.
10). What would be the output of the following script?
Select LEN('A value') --Without space at end
Select LEN('A value ') --With 2 space at end
Ans: Both will return 7 because LEN function not including trailing spaces in SQL Server.

11).How you will find the LEN in above case?

Ans: We can use following tick
Select LEN('A value ' + 'x') - 1

12).Difference between Len() and DataLength()?

Ans: DATALENGTH()- returns the length of the string in bytes, including trailing spaces.
LEN()- returns the length in characters, excluding trailing spaces.
For example
SELECT LEN('string'), LEN('string '), DATALENGTH('string'), DATALENGTH('string '),
LEN(N'string'), LEN(N'string '), DATALENGTH(N'string'), DATALENGTH(N'string ')

will return 6, 6, 6, 9, 6, 6, 12, 18

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Set-22: Sql Server Very Basic Interview

Questions
1).What are the different locks in Sql Server?
Ans: There are six types of locks

 Intent
 Shared
 Update


Exclusive
 Schema
Bulk Update
2). What are the different types of BACKUPs available in SQL Server 2005?
Ans: In SQL Server 2005 Backup Types are

 Full
 Transaction Log
 Differential


Partial
 Differential Partial
 File and Filegroup
Copy Only Database Backups
3). What are Data files?
Ans:This is the physical storage for all of the data on disk. Pages are read into the buffer
cache when users request data for viewing or modification. After data has been modified in
memory (the buffer cache), it is written back to the data file during the checkpoint process.

4). What is SQL Profiler?

Ans: SQL Profiler is a graphical tool that allows system administrators to monitor events in
an instance of Microsoft SQL Server. You can capture and save data about each event to a
file or SQL Server table to analyze later.
5). What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE statement?
Ans: A DELETE statement enables you to selectively remove data from a table, whereas The
TRUNCATE statement unconditionally removes all rows from a table.
6). What are the types of transaction levels in SQL SERVER?
Ans:There are four transaction levels in SQL SERVER.

 Read committed
 Read uncommitted
 Repeatable read

Serializable
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7).What is the difference between a DDL trigger and a DML trigger?

Ans: A DDL trigger executes in response to a change to the structure of a database (for
example, CREATE, ALTER, DROP).
A DML trigger executes in response to a change in data (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).

8). What database does SQL Server use for temporary tables?
Ans: TempDB

9). What is a linked server?

Ans: A linked server enables you to work with other SQL Servers as well as databases other
than SQL Server databases, right from within Management Studio.

10). Define Synonym?

Ans: Synonym is an alternative method to creating a view that includes the entire table or
view from another user it to create a synonym.
A synonym is a name assigned to a table or view that may thereafter be used to refer to it.
11). What is an active database?
Ans: Active database is a database that includes active rules, mostly in the form of ECA
rules(Event Condition rules). Active database systems enhance traditional database
functionality with powerful rule processing cabalities, providing a uniform and efficient
mechanism for database system applications
12). What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE?
Ans: HAVING can be used only with the SELECT statement. HAVING is typically used in a
GROUP BY clause. When GROUP BY is not used, HAVING behaves like a WHERE clause.
Having Clause is basically used only with the GROUP BY function in a query whereas WHERE
Clause is applied to each row before they are part of the GROUP BY function in a query.
13). What are the purpose of Normalization?
Ans: Minimize redundancy in data.
Remove insert, delete and update anamoly during the database activities.
Reduce the need to reorganize data it is modified or enhanced.
Normalization reduces a complex user view to a set of small and stable subgroups of fields
or relations.
14). What are the types of database recovery models?
Ans: There are 3 types of database recovery models available

 Full
 Simple
 Bulk Logged
15). What the difference between UNION and UNIONALL?
Ans: Union will remove the duplicate rows from the result set while Union all does'nt.
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16).What is the difference between a local and a global variable?

Ans: A Local temporary table exists only for the duration of a connection or, if defined
inside a compound statement, for the duration of the compound statement.
A Global temporary table remains in the database permanently, but the rows exist only
within a given connection. When connection are closed, the data in the global temporary
table disappears. However, the table definition remains with the database for access when
database is opened next time.

17). What is NOT NULL Constraint?

Ans: A NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values. The not
null constraints are used to enforce domain integrity, as the check constraints.

18). What is log shipping?

Ans: Log shipping is the process of automating the backup of database and transaction log
files on a production SQL server, and then restoring them onto a standby server. Enterprise
Editions only supports log shipping. In log shipping the transactional log file from one
server is automatically updated into the backup database on the other server.

19). Define Joins?

Ans: A Join combines columns and data from two or more tables (and in rare cases, of one
table with itself).
20). What is Cross Join?
Ans: A cross join that does not have a WHERE clause produces the Cartesian product of the
tables involved in the join. The size of a Cartesian product result set is the number of rows
in the first table multiplied by the number of rows in the second table.
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Set-23: Sql Server 2017 Interview Questions

What do you understand by Adapative query processing launched in SQL Server

2017?
SQL Server 2017 and Azure SQL Database introduce a new generation of query processing
improvements that will adapt optimization strategies to your application workload’s
runtime conditions.

Name all three Adaptive query processing features?

In SQL Server 2017 and Azure SQL Database there are three adaptive query processing
features by which you can improve your query performance:
Batch mode memory grant feedback.
Batch mode adaptive join.
Interleaved execution.

Write T-SQL statement to enable adaptive query processing?

You can make workloads automatically
aptive query processing by enabling compatibility level 140 for the database. You can set
this using Transact-SQL. For example:
ALTER DATABASE [WideWorldImportersDW] SET COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL = 140;
Name the new string function which is very useful to generate csv file from a table?
CONCAT_WS is new function launched in SQL Server 2017 its takes a variable number of
arguments and concatenates them into a single string using the first argument as separator.
It requires a separator and a minimum of two arguments.
It is very helpful in generate comma or pipe seprated csv file content.
Example:

What do you understand by TRANSLATE in SQL Sever 2017?

TRANSLATE is a new string function launched in SQL Server 2017, It is very helpful to
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replace multiple character with multiple character respectively. It will return an error if
characters and translations have different lengths.
In below example we are using traditional REPLACE function, and for same task we will use
TRANSLATE function lets see the difference.

What is the use of new TRIM function?

It Removes the space character char(32) or other specified characters from the start or end
of a string.

Is SQL Server 2017 support Python?

Yes
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PART 1 : SQL SERVER INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1). What is RDBMS?

2). What are the properties of the relational tables?

3). What is Normalization?

4). What is De-Normalization?

5). What is Self Join?

6). What is Cross Join?

7). What are the different types of cursor?

8). What is a default constraint?

9). How to strip all non-alphabetic characters from string in SQL Server?
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10). How do I find a value anywhere in a SQL Server Database?

11). Suppose that you have a table with AreaID but for that column you forgot set Identity.
later you got it. Now you want to set identity without effecting the current records, and you
only enabled Identity with seed 1. Then what would be the next value for AreaID in our
below table example?

11.1). How to pass an array(or a table variable) into a SQL Server stored procedure?

12). When should you use "with (nolock)"?

13). Is it possible to insert into two tables at the same time?

14). Preferred Method of Storing Passwords In Database?

15). Can a view be updated/inserted/deleted? If Yes – under what conditions?

16). Where the integrity constraints are stored in data dictionary?

17). How many LONG columns are allowed in a table? Is it possible to use LONG columns in
WHERE clause or ORDER BY?
18). What is Collation?

19). What is SQL Server Agent?

20). How to convert Rows to Columns in SQL Server?

21). What is the difference between ROW_NUMBER and Ranking function in SQL SERVER?

22). Difference between Where clause and Having clause in SQL Server?
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23). What is data dictionary?

24). Explain the use of SSIS in BI?

25). In Linq Query why from clause come first as select statement ?

26). What is collation?

27). How to convert a table data in XML format in sql server?

28). What are the different types of locks?

29). What are Pessimistic and optimistic Locks?

30). What is the difference between an Update and Exclusive lock?

31). What is the difference between table and view in sql server?

32). What is NOLOCK hint?

33). What is NOT NULL Constraint?

34). What is the difference between DATETIME2 and DATETIME?

35). Explain Geography datatype in SQL Server?

36). What is nolock hint in sql server 2008?

37). What are the different types of SQL Commands?

38). What is the difference between a DDL trigger and a DML trigger?

39). What are the types of transaction levels in SQL SERVER?

40). Which TCP/IP port does SQL Server run on? How can it be changed?

41). What is @@ERROR?

42). what is the difference between count(*) and count(1)?

43). What are the difference between clustered and a non-clustered index?

44). What's the maximum size of a row?

45). What is HINT?

46). How do you delete duplicate records?

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47). How do you delete all tables?

48). What is Aggregate function?

49). What is the difference between a query and stored procedure?

50). What will be the result of this query. select * from TableName order by 1 .Will this query
throw an error?
50.1). How to get specific string/Date from a string in SQL Server using TSQL?

51). What are the different index configurations a table can have?

52). What are the different types of BACKUPs avaialabe in SQL Server 2005?

53). What are the different locks in Sql Server?

54). What is OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)?

55). What's the difference between a primary key and a unique key?

56). What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE statement?

57). What is SQL Profiler?

58). What are Data files?

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59). What is difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE commands?

60). When is the use of UPDATE_STATISTICS command?

61). What is the default port of Microsoft SQl Server?

62). What is Data Compression in sql server 2012?

63). What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE?

64). What is a linked server?

65). What database does SQL Server use for temporary tables?

66). What are different Types of Sub-Queries?

67). What are the authentication modes in SQL Server? How can it be changed?

68). Which command using Query Analyzer will give you the version of SQL server and
operating system?
69). What is service Broker?

70). What is the difference between HAVING and WHERE clause?

71). What is a B-Tree?

72). What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE?

73). What is an active database?

74). .........?

75). Can a stored procedure call itself or recursive stored procedure? How much level SP
nesting is possible?
76). What is Log Shipping?

77). Name 3 ways to get an accurate count of the number of records in a table?

78). What does it mean to have QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON? What are the implications of
having it OFF?
79). What is the difference between a Local and a Global temporary table?

80). What is the STUFF function and how does it differ from the REPLACE function?
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81). What is the difference between TEMP tables and Variable Tables?

82). What are the different String Functions in SQL Server?

83). What are the different Index configurations a table can have?

84). What is a Filtered Index?

85). What are indexed views?

86). What is the restriction on Indexed view?

87). What are Statistics? How can you find it in SQL Server?

88). How you can remove time part of datetime in SQL Server?

89). NOT IN vs NOT EXISTS?

90). What are the different Mathematical Functions in SQL Server?

91). What is the difference between COUNT and COUNT_BIG?

92). What is WITH CHECK OPTION on view?

93). What is the difference between INSTEAD OF TRIGGER and AFTER Trigger?

94). How is the ACID property related to the database?

95). What are the different normalization forms?

96). What are different part of a SQL Page?

97). What is the difference between a local and a global variable?

98). What is PRIMARY KEY?

99). What is UNIQUE KEY constraint?

100). What is FOREIGN KEY?

101). What is CHECK Constraint?

102). What is the real time example of RIGHT Outer Join?

103). What are the types of database recovery models?

104). What is NOT NULL Constraint?

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105). What are the different data types in SQL Server?

106). What is blocking?

107). What are the different Date functions in SQL Server?

108). How to get @@ERROR and @@ROWCOUNT at the same time?

109). What is a Scheduled Jobs or what is a Scheduled Tasks?

110). What are the advantages of using Stored Procedures?

111). What is a table called, if it has neither Cluster nor Non-cluster Index? What is it used
for?
112). Can SQL Servers linked to other servers like Oracle?

113). What is BCP? When does it used?

114). How to implement one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships while

designing tables?
115). What is an execution plan? When would you use it? How would you view the
execution plan?
116). What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?

117). What is the difference between VARCHAR and VARCHAR (max)?

118). ..?

119). What are different types of Collation Sensitivity?

120). What is a Stored Procedure?

121). What are the different types of collation sensitivity?

122). What is dirty read?

123). How do you check collation and compatibility level for a database?

124). What is a covered Index?

125). What is the maximum row size for a table?

126). When I delete data from a table, Does SQL Server reduce the size of table?
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127). How do you rebuild master database?

128). What is PIVOT and UN-PIVOT?

129). What is EXCEPT operation?

130). What are GROUPING Sets?

131). What are the row constructors inside SQL Server?

132). What are table valued parameters?

133). How do you identify and resolve deadlock?

134). What are Spare columns?

135). How to get last inserted id?

136). Which is database shrinking?

137). What is the maximum number of columns a table can have?

138). What are included columns?

139). What is INTERSECT operation?

140). What is RAID?

141). What are the limitations of Select Into clause?

142). What is FileStream in SQL Server?

143). What do you mean by TableSample?

144). What are the disadvantages of using Stored Procedure?

145). What is the difference between COMMIT and ROLLBACK?

146). What is Transaction?

147). How do you do Error Handling in SQL server?

148). What is RAISEERROR?

149). What is SQL INJECTION?

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150). How do you find list of schema names and table names from the database?

151). Why can be there only one clustered index?

152). Can we create view on TEMP table?

153). Can we use constraints on TEMP Table?

154). How to recompile a stored procedure at run time?

155). Does the order of columns in UPDATE statement matters?

156). What are the different types of System database inside SQL Server?

157). What is the use of Transaction Log file?

158). What is the difference between view and Materialized view?

159). What is database mirroring?

160). How does SQL Server database engine work?

161). What is the maximum number of indices per table?

162). What are the purpose of Normalisation?

163). What does the Merge Statement do?

164). What are the new data types introduced in SQL Server 2012?

165). Define Hierarchyid data type?

166). What are synonyms?

167). What is CTE?

168). What are the advantages of CTE?

169). Can we write Sub Queries into Simple Select Using join and CTE?

170). Can CTE be recursive? Till what level it can be nested?

171). What is LINQ?

172). What is XML?

173). How can you find tables without Indexes?

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174). How do you find the size of index?

175). How do you copy data from one table to another table?

176). What is ROW_NUMBER()?

177). What is ROLLUP clause?

178). What are ranking functions?

179). How do you stop a log file from growing too big?

180). How do we use DBCC commands?

181). What is CDC?

182). What are the main performance differences between varchar and nvarchar SQL Server
data types?
183). What is the difference between varchar and nvarchar?

184). How do I insert multiple rows WITHOUT repeating the “INSERT INTO dbo.Blah” part of
the statement?
185). What is the difference between Index Seek and Index Scan?

186). Can we insert data if the clustered index is disabled?

187). What is standby server?

188). How do you disable Index?

189). How do you enable index?

190). What are the steps to create a Table Partition?

191). What are the basics of Table Partitioning in SQL Server?

192). How do you copy tables, schemas, and views from one sql server to another SQL
Server?
193). Where are SQL Server user names and passwords stored in?

194). Can we have Triggers on Temp table and Variable Table?

195). What is the syntax for encrypting a column in SQL Server?

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196). How do you send email on SQL Server?

197). What is query optimization ?

198). How many maximum Identity columns we can have in a single table?

199). How to find all Triggers in database?

200). Can we add constraint on Variable Table?

201). What is Schema?

202). Can we create multiple constraints on a single column?

203). Can we rename table and column using ALTER command?

204). How to rename Table and Column?

205). How to rename Database?

206). What is the disadvantage of Index?

207). How can we find the table size?

208). How to find N highest salary?

209). What is the difference between data mirroring and log shipping?

210). What are the different backup options within SQL Server?

211). How to add DEFAULT constraint on existing column? Write query

212). How to add NOT NULL constraint on existing column? Write query

213). How do you find why query is running slow?

214). How to create foreign key constraints on temporary table?

215). What is Dynamic SQL?

216). Can we create a table name as Table?

217). What is the difference between CAST and CONVERT Function?

218). What Are Binary String Data Types?

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219). How to execute Dynamic SQL? 220). Can we use Variable table in Dynamic SQL? 221).

How to execute queries stored in a table? 222). How can you capture the length of column

when it is text, image and ntext data type? 223). Is it possible to import data using TSQL?

224). How can you prevent TSQL code from running on a Production server? 225). Define

Unique Key? 226). What is the use of SP_Helptext , SP_HelpIndex stored procedure? 227).

Can we change order of triggers? 228). What do you understand by Joins in SQL Server? 229).

How to disable Auto Commit in SQL Server? 230). Can we recover deleted data? 231). How to

delete Top 100 records from a table? 232). How to delete two tables using one Drop

command? 233). Can I create CTE in Trigger? 234). Can we create Variable table in Trigger?

235). Can we use cursors in Trigger? 236). Can we call Stored Procedure in Trigger? 236). Can

we call Stored Procedure in Trigger? 236.1). Can we call Stored Procedure in a View? 237).

Can I create Triggers on TEMP table? 238). Can we use PRINT Command in Triggers? 239).

How Triggers are fired? 240). Why do we use DECLARE for cursor and Variable table?
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241). How to take database online –offline?

242). How to copy data using Bulk copy when columns data type doesn’t match?

243). What is SP_Configure commands and SET commands?

244). Can Inserted table have multiple records?

245). Can we perform DML & DDL operation on Inserted and Deleted tables?

246). What is the advantage of Index?

247). Which is fast UNION or UNION ALL?

248). Can we create clustered index on view?

249). Can we create computed columns?

250). Can we change the Column Sequence order inside table?

251). Truncate is DDL or DML?

252). Can we create view from view?

253). What the difference between UNION and UNIONALL?

254). How to join two tables from different database?

255). Can we use ORDER BY Clause in UNION?

256). What is difference between Deterministic and Non Deterministic Functions?

257). What is Synchronous and asynchronous function?

258). Can we add Identity column after creating the table?

259). Can we drop Identity column?

260). Can we store Image, MP3 and binary data in SQL Server?

261). How can we disable Identity column?

262). Can Foreign key column have NULL?

263). How to find column description of a table?

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264). How to delete Duplicate records? 265). How to find employees hired in last

month? 266). How to find all rows that contains only numeric data? 267). How to find

primary key name if not given by the user for a particular column? 268). Can we add

two columns using ALTER command? 269). How to get row number without

ROW_NUMBER function? 270). What is Partitioned View? 271). What is the difference

between UNIQUE Key and Primary Key? 272). How to find who deleted/ dropped from

Transaction log? 273). Can we ALTER two columns using ALTER command? 274). How

to clean Buffer in SQL Server? 275). How to clear Execution Plan cache? 276). How

can we check for existence of any object in database? 277). What is meant by differed

name resolution in SQL Server? 278). How to find Organization Employee Hierarchy

using SQL? 279). How does a recursive CTE works? 280). What is Auditing inside SQL

Server? 281). What is the difference between GETDATE() and SYSDATETIME()? 282).

How do you check if Automatic Statistic Update is enabled for a database? 283). What

are the limitations of view? 284). How to find department with highest number of

employees? 285). What are different operation available on ONDELETE and

ONUPDATE? 286). What are the uses of System tables? 287). What are WAIT Types?
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288). What is Data Page?

289). What is FILL Factor?

290). Sql server difference between view and stored procedure?

291). Sql server difference between unique and nonunique index?

292). Sql server difference between update lock and exclusive lock?

293). Sql server difference between windows authentication and sql server authentication?

294). Sql server difference between sysobjects and sys.objects?

295). Sql server difference between session and connection?

296). Sql server difference between set and select variable?

297). Sql server difference between shrink database and shrink files?

298). Sql server difference between revoke and deny?

299). Sql server difference between rank and dense_rank?

300). Sql server difference between gdr and qfe?

301). Sql server difference between db_owner and dbo?

302). Sql server difference between log shipping and mirroring?

303). Sql server difference between isnull and coalesce?

304). Differences between ISNULL and IS NULL?

305). Difference between hadoop and sql server?

306). Difference between PatIndex and CharIndex function in SQL SERVER?

307). What is the difference between SQL Server standard and web edition?

308). Difference between numeric,float and decimal in sql server?

309). Difference between binary and varbinary datatype in Sql server?

310). Sql server difference between count(*) and count(1)

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311). Sql server difference between exec and sp_executesql?

312). Difference between blocking and deadlock sql server?

313). Difference between detach and take offline in sql server?

314). Difference between Index Scan / Index Seek in sql server?

315). What is the difference between TRY_CONVERT and Convert?

316). Write down the query to get the list of tables changed with in the database in last 5
days?
317). Write a query to insert your name 1000 times without Using While Loop in SQL
Server?
318). SQL Server 2016 came with new way to drop object if exist, Explain it.(DROP IF EXIST)

319). Can you drop the database on which you are using/working currently, in same
session?
320). Write down the T-SQL Script to print then number from 1 to 10?

321). What is the difference between Wide and Nonwide tables in SQL Server?

322). What do you understand by index_id = 0 and Index_id = 1, related

to sys.indexes table? What they represent?
323). What are NDF files in SQL Server?

324). What is the difference between DateTime and DateTimeOffset data types in SQL
Server?
325). What is Slot Array in Sql Server? How it is related to Database Page?

326). What is the extension for trace file in SQL Server Profiler?

327). How to pass an array(or a table variable) into a SQL Server stored procedure?

328). What is forwarding pointer in SQL Server? How it is helpful in performance

optimization?
329). How you will trace all event only from a selected Database or Procedure using SQL
Server Profiler?
330). What is the difference between SQL, PL-SQL and T-SQL?
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331). Name any three standard trace templates provided by SQL Server Profiler?

332). Can you edit Sql Profiler existing/default templates?

333). How to strip all non-alphabetic characters from string in SQL Server?

334). Database dot dot TableName(Database..TableName) will point to which schema in

SQL Server, Is this way to select data will fail or not?
335). Write down the query to get list of all supported language by SQL Server?

336). Name the SQL Server functions used to encrypt and decrypt password?

337). What would be the output of the following script?

DECLARE @Name VARCHAR(20)

SET @Name = 'विकास अहलाव त'
SELECT @Name

338). What is the backup strategy in your organization? (TCS)

339). How to split a comma-separated value to columns?

340). What would be the output of following SQL Script.

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341). What is the difference between Master, MSDB,TempDB and Model Databases?

342). What is the main rule of first normal form? second form ? third form?

343). What is the difference between Data files and Log Files in Sql Server?

344). How you will select all records using TOP keyword in SQL Statement, even you don't
know the count of table?
345). How you will change the font size/style in SQL Server?

346). What will be the output of the following query?

347.) Suppose you have following table"TestUpdate".

SELECT * FROM Testupdate
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What would be the output of following query?

UPDATE Testupdate SET ID = ID + (SELECT MAX(ID) FROM Testupdate)
SELECT * FROM Testupdate
348). Suppose you have above table"TestUpdate". then what would be the output of
following query?
UPDATE Testupdate SET ID = ID + (SELECT MAX(ID) FROM Testupdate)

GO 2

SELECT * FROM Testupdate

349). Will Non-Clustered Index used every time by SQL Server Engine? Asked in
HCL/Unitedhealth Group
350). What do you understand by Column Density in SQL Server?

351). How column Density is effect to Index?

352). What Execute in SQL Server First?

A) WHERE
B) SELECT
C) ON
D) FROM
E) TOP
353). What do you understand by "sql_variant" datatype in SQL Server?

354). What do you understand by "Sp_MSforeachtable", Please explain?

355). What will execute first tell the order of every keyword used in below
query?(Wipro/Sapient)

356). Write query to show marks as below

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357). What do you understand by sp_MSForEachTable?

358). How you will replace "A" with "B" and "B" with "A" in following string "ABAB"?(HCL)

359). How you will print table using SQL query?(HCL)

360). What would be the output of following script. (asked in TCS with more nested
question)
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361). How to Generate Sequence without using Ranking functions in SQL Server?

362). Repeat Rows N Times According to Column Value in SQL Server?

363). Which built-in function returns the number of active transactions?

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