PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THEORY OF MACHINES (2151902)

Semester/Year: -_______/________ Batch: - ____________

Name of faculty: - ____________________________ T/P: - ____________

INDEX
S. No. of Date of
No.
Date Title Marks Signature
Pages Assessment

Performance on gravity controlled

1
governor.

Performance on spring controlled

2
governor.

3 Analysis of gyroscopic effect.

4 Analysis of clutch.

5 Analysis of brakes.

6 Power measurement using dynamometers.

.
Dynamic force analysis of 4-bar
7 mechanism and slider crank mechanism
(analytical method).
Design of flywheel for IC engine and
8
punching press.

9 Measurement of mass moment of inertia.

Measurement of radius of gyration of

10
various components.
 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (2151902) Date: _______________

PRACTICAL - 01

Title: -Performance on gravity controlled governor.

Aim: - To know function of governor, types of governor and plotting the characteristic curves for
different gravity controlled governor.

Objective: - To understand the basic idea of the working principle of the gravity governor and its
applications.

Outcome: - After successfully completion of practical the student will be able to know the importance of
requirement of the governor and its function as well as applications.

Theory: - The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there is variation
in the load e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary
to increase the supply of working fluid and when the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and
thus less working fluid is required. The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the
engine with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.

The governors may, broadly, be classified as:

1. Energy conservation governor and
2. Energy dissipation governor.
The energy conservation type of governor may further be classified as follows:
1. Centrifugal governor and
2. Inertia governor
The centrifugal governors may further be classified as follows:
1. Pendulum type: - Watt governor
2. Loaded type:
i. Dead weight governor (gravity governor): - Porter governor and Proell governor
ii. Spring controlled governors: -Hartnell governor, Hartung governor, Wilson-
Hartnell governor and Pickering governor

Watt Governor:- The simplest form of a centrifugal governor is a Watt governor. It is basically a conical
pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of negligible mass. The arms of the governor may be connected
to the spindle in the following three ways:
(a) The pivot may be on the spindle axis.
(b) The pivot may be offset from the spindle axis and the arms when produced intersect at O.
(c) The pivot may be offset, but the arms crosses the axis at O.

Porter Governor:- The porter governor is a modification of a Watt‟s governor, with central load attached
to the sleeve. The load moves up down the central spindle. This additional downward force increases the
speed of revolution required to enable the balls to rise to any to any pre-determined level.

Proell Governor: - The porter governor is known as a Proell governor if the two balls (masses) are fixed
on the upward extensions of the lower links which are in the form of bent links.

Observation:
 Mass of the ball (m) = ____________kg.
 Weight of the ball (w) = ____________N.
 Height of the governor (h) = ____________m.
 Maximum equilibrium speed (N1) = ____________ r.p.m.
 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Minimum equilibrium speed (N2) = ____________ r.p.m.

 Frictional force (F) = ____________ N.
 Mean equilibrium speed (N) = (N1 + N2)/2 = ____________ r.p.m
 Mass of the central load = ____________ kg.
 Weight of the central load (W) = ____________ N.
 Angle of inclination of the arm to the vertical (α ) = ____________
 Angle of inclination of the link to the vertical (β ) = ____________

Equilibrium radius:-

Radius at which Fc = Fr

Where Fc= centrifugal force (outward) = m 2 r

ar  M  f 1  k 
Fr= restoring force (inward) = mg 1  
bh  2m

Where:
tan 
k
tan 
f =frictional force
r
For Watt Governor: - a = b; M = 0; f = 0; Fr  mg
h
r  M  f 1  k 
For Porter Governor:- a=b; Fr  mg 1  
h  2m

ar  M  f 1  k 
For Proell Governor:- ab Fr  mg 1  
bh  2m

At equilibrium Fc = Fr

2N
 m 2 r  Fr and 
60

895a  M  f 1  k 
 N2  1
h  2m 

895
For Watt Governor - N2 
h
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

895  M  f 1  k 
For porter Governor - N2  1
h  2m 

895a  M  f 1  k 
For Proell Governor - N2  1
h  2m 

Observation Table: -

X=

Y=

ro =

S. No. N (rpm) Lift ‘h’ (m) Mass (kg)

Conclusion:-

Questions: -
1. What is the function of a governor? How does it is differ from that of a flywheel?

2. Discuss the controlling force and stability of a governor and show that the stability of a governor
depends on the slope of the curves connecting the controlling force (Fc) and radius of rotation(r)
and the value (Fc/r)

REFERENCES:
1. Theory of machines and mechanism by J.J.Uicker
2. Theory of machine and mechanism by S.S.Ratan

Marks Obtained Signature by faculty Date of checking

 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (2151902) Date: _______________

PRACTICAL - 02

Title: -Performance on spring controlled governor.

Aim: -To perform experiment on Hartnell Governor to prepare performance characteristic Curves, and to
find stability & sensitivity.

Objective: - To understand the basic idea of the working principle of the spring controlled governor and
its applications.

Outcome: - After successfully completion of practical the student will be able to know the importance of
requirement of the governor and its function as well as applications.

Theory: - The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there is variation
in the load e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary
to increase the supply of working fluid and when the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and
thus less working fluid is required. The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the
engine with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.

The governors may, broadly, be classified as:

3. Energy conservation governor and
4. Energy dissipation governor.
The energy conservation type of governor may further be classified as follows:
3. Centrifugal governor and
4. Inertia governor
The centrifugal governors may further be classified as follows:
3. Pendulum type: - Watt governor
4. Loaded type:
iii. Dead weight governor (gravity governor): - Porter governor and Proell governor
iv. Spring controlled governors: - Hartnell governor, Hartung governor, Wilson-
Hartnell governor and Pickering governor

Hartnell Governor: - A Hartnell governor is a spring loaded governor. It consists of two bell crank
levers pivoted at the point to the frame. The frame is attached to the governor spindle and therefore
rotates with it. Each lever carries a ball at the end of the vertical arm and a roller at the end of the
horizontal arm. A helical spring in compression provides equal downward forces on the two rollers
through a collar on the sleeve. The spring force be adjusted by screwing at nut up or down on the sleeve.

Observation:-
 Mass of the each ball (m) = ____________ kg.
 Mass of the sleeve (M) = ____________ N.
 Minimum radius of rotation (r1) = ____________ m.
 Maximum radius of rotation (r2) = ____________ m.
 Angular speed of the governor at minimum radius (ω1) = ____________ rad/s.
 Angular speed of the governor at maximum radius (ω 2) = ____________ rad/s.
 Spring force exerted on the sleeve at ω1 (S1) = ____________ N.
 Spring force exerted on the sleeve at ω2 (S2) = ____________N.
 Length of the vertical or ball arm of the lever (X) = ____________ m.
 Length of the horizontal or sleeve arm of the lever (Y) = ____________ m.
 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Distance of fulcrum „O‟ from the governor axis or the radius of rotation when the governor isin
mid-position (r) = ____________ m.
 Minimum equilibrium speed (N1) = ____________r.p.m.
 Minimum equilibrium speed (N2) = ____________r.p.m.
 Frictional force (F) = ____________ N.
 Angle of inclination of the arm to the vertical (α ) = ____________
 Angle of inclination of the link to the vertical (β ) = ____________

Equilibrium radius:-

For spring controlled Hartnell Governor:-

s  Spring stiffness
S 2  S1 h r  r1
s and  2
h Y X
 h  r2  r1 
Y
X
 S 2  S1 
 Y  Fc 2  Fc1  X
 2 
S  S1
 Fc 2  Fc1 
X
 2
2 Y
 hs  2 Fc 2  Fc1 
X
Y
S  2 Fc 2  Fc1 
Y X
 ( r2  r1 )
X Y
 Fc 2  Fc1   X 
2

S  2  r r 
 Y 
 2 1   
 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Procedure:-To find stiffness„s‟ of Hartnell governor: -

 Measure X, Y and radius ro.
 Run the governor and gradually increase speed, after some time the sleeve starts lifting.
 Stop increase of speed and note the lift of the sleeve and speed.
 Again increase speed until it starts lifting and stop increase of speed .Note the lift and speed.
 Repeat the experiment four times.
 Calculate the radius at different speed from equation:

r  r0 Lift

X Y
Observation Table: -

X=

Y=

ro =

S. Spring
N (rpm) Lift ‘h’ (m) Mass (kg)
No. constant
1

Conclusion:-„S‟ is almost constants.

Questions: -
3. What is the function of a governor? How does it is differ from that of a flywheel?

4. Discuss the controlling force and stability of a governor and show that the stability of a governor
depends on the slope of the curves connecting the controlling force (Fc) and radius of rotation(r)
and the value (Fc/r)

REFERENCES:
3. Theory of machines and mechanism by J.J.Uicker
4. Theory of machine and mechanism by S.S.Ratan

Marks Obtained Signature by faculty Date of checking

 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (2151902) Date_______________

PRACTICAL – 03

Title: - To perform an experiment on gyroscope.

Aim: - Experimental verification of gyroscopic effect .

Objective: - To understand the basic idea of the working principle of the gyroscope and its applications.

Outcome: - After successfully completion of practical the student will be able to know the importance of
requirement of the gyroscope and its function as well as applications.

Apparatus: - Motorized gyroscope, digital tachometer, known weights, stopwatch.

Background: - Schematic arrangement of gyroscope is installed in lab. The motor is compact to the disc.
Two ball bearings housed in the frame no. 1. This frame can rotate about YY axis in bearing provided in
the type frame no. 2 yoke. Thus freedom of rotating about three perpendicular axes is given to the rotor.

Technical data: -
(1) Weight of rotor: - 4.892 kg
(2) Rotor diameter: - 300 mm
(3) Rotor thickness: - 8.8 mm
(4) Moment of inertia of the disc coupling and motor rotor about central axis: - ________ kg.cm2
(5) Distance of bolt of weight pan from disc center: - 170.4mm
(6) Motor: - 1/6 H.P. single phase 6500 rpm- AC/DC
(7) Autotransformer: - 2 amp, provided for speed regulation

Rule no. 1: -
“The spinning body extends a torque or couple in such a direction which tends to makes the axis of spin
of the procession.”
1. Balance the initial horizontal position of the rotor.
2. Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the auto transformer and weight until it
attains constant speed.
3. Process the yoke frame no. 2 about vertical axis.
4. It will be observed that the rotor frame saving about the horizontal axis by motor side.
5. Rotate the vertical yoke axis in anti-clockwise direction seen from about and observed at
the rotor frame obeys the rule.

Rule no. 2: -
“The spinning body processes in such a way as to make the axis of the spin coincide with that of the
couple applied through access.”
1. Balance the rotor position on the horizontal frame.
2. Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the auto transformer and wait till the disc
rotates.
3. Put weights 1.475 kg and 0.604 kg in weight pan and start the stop watch to note the time
in seconds.
4. The vertical yoke processes about the axis as per the rule no. 2.
5. Speed may be measured by techno meter provided on control panel.
Observation table: -
 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

= angular velocity of precession

Angular velocity

C = gyroscopic couple

F = Force applied = ___________

L = Distance of bolt of weight pan from disc center: - 170.4 mm

Angle of Time
S. Average N
rotation taken for
No. time (rpm) (rad/sec)
( ) rotation ( in rad.)

1 90o

2 90o

3 90o

4 90o

Calculate the Percentage of deviation between theoretically and experimentally calculated gyroscopic
couple.

_______________

Conclusion: -

Questions: -
1. What do you understand by gyroscopic couple? Derive a formula for its magnitude.
2. Explain the application of gyroscopic principles to aircrafts.
3. A uniform disc having a mass of 8 kg and a radius of gyration of 150 mm is mounted on one
end of a horizontal arm of 200 mm length. The other end of the arm can rotate freely in a
universal bearing. The disc is given a clockwise spin of 250 rpm as seen from the disc end of the
arm. Determine the motion of the disc if the arm remains horizontal.

References: -
1. Theory of machines by S.S. Rattan.
2. Theory of machines by R.S. Khurmi.
3. Theory of machines and mechanisms by John J Uicker.

Marks Obtained Signature by faculty Date of checking

 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (2151902) Date_______________

PRACTICAL – 04
CLUTCHES

1. What is a clutch? Explain the different type of clutches and their applications.
2. Explain the different friction materials which are used in the clutches.
3. A single plate clutch consists of a pair of contacting surfaces the inner and outer diameter of
friction disc are 125 and 250 mm respectively. The coefficient of friction is 0.25 and the total
axial force is 15 kN. Calculate the power transmitting capacity of clutch at 500 rpm. Using (1)
Uniform pressure theory and (2) Uniform wear theory.

4. A multi-disc clutch consists of steel and bronze plates. It transmits 15 kW at 1400 rpm. The inner
and outer diameters of the contacting surfaces are 100 mm and 200 mm respectively. The
coefficient of friction is 0.15 and the permissible intensity of pressure is 0.5 N/mm2. Assuming
Uniform wear theory, calculate the number of steel and bronze disks.

5. Explain the cone clutch and derive the expression for the torque transmitting capacity using (1)
Uniform pressure theory and (2) Uniform wear theory.
6. A leather faced cone clutch transmits power at 500 rpm. The semi cone angle is 12.5o. the mean
diameter of the clutch is 300 mm, while the face width of the contacting surface of the friction
lining is 100 mm. The coefficient of friction is 0.2 and maximum intensity of pressure is limited
to 0.07 N/mm2. Calculate the operating force and the power transmitting capacity.
7. What is a centrifugal clutch? Derive the torque transmitting capacity of the centrifugal clutch.
8. A centrifugal clutch, transmitting 18.5 kW at 720 rpm consists of four shoes. The clutch is to be
engaged at 75% of the running speed. The inner radius of the drum is 165 mm, while the radius to
the centre of gravity of the shoe, when the clutch is engaged, is 140 mm. The coefficient of
friction is 0.25. Calculate the mass of each shoe.

References: -
1. Theory of machines by S.S. Rattan.
2. Theory of machines by R.S. Khurmi.
3. Theory of machines and mechanisms by John J Uicker.

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 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (2151902) Date_______________

PRACTICAL – 05
BRAKES

1. What is a brake? What is the difference between a brake and a clutch?

2. List and explain mechanical brakes and also derive condition of self locking for simple shoe or block
brake.

3. Determine the maximum torque for a shoe brake shown in figure below .The diameter of the brake
drum is 400 mm and the angle of contact is 96. The applied force is 3 kN on each arm and the
coefficient of friction between the drum and the lining is 0.35.

4. A simple band brake is shown in figure below applied to a shaft carrying a flywheel of 250 kg mass
and of radius of gyration of 300 mm. The shaft speed is 200r.p.m. The drum diameter is 200 mm and
the co efficient of friction is 0.25. Determine:
a. The brake torque when a force of 120 N is applied at the lever end.
b. Number of turns of the flywheel before it comes to rest.

5. A simple band brake is operated by a lever of length 500 mm. The brake drum has a diameter of 500
mm and the brake band embraces 5/8 of the circumference. One end of the band is attached to the
fulcrum of the lever while the other end is attached to a pin on the lever 100 mm from the fulcrum. If
the effort applied to the end of the lever is 2 KN and the coefficient of friction is 0.25, find the
maximum braking torque on the drum.

6. A band and block brake has 14 blocks each of which subtends an angle of 14°at the centre. The brake
is applied to a drum of 0.8 m diameter. The blocks are 100 mm thick. The drum and flywheel
mounted on the same shaft has a mass of 2000 kg and combined radius of gyration of 500 mm. The
two ends of the bands are fastened to pins on the opposite sides of brake lever at distances 35 mm and
 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

140 mm from the fulcrum. An effort of 250 N is applied at a distance 800 mm from the fulcrum. The
co-efficient of friction between the blocks and drum is 0.3 Determine (i) Maximum braking torque
(ii) angular retardation of the drum (iii) Time taken by the system to come to stop from the rated
speed of 300 rpm.

References: -
1. Theory of machines by S.S. Rattan.
2. Theory of machines by R.S. Khurmi.
3. Theory of machines and mechanisms by John J Uicker.

Marks Obtained Signature by faculty Date of checking

 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (2151902) Date: _______________

PRACTICAL – 06
DYNAMOMETERS

1. What is a dynamometer? How the dynamometer differs from the brake?

2. Classify the dynamometers and explain with neat sketch.

3. The following data refers to a laboratory experiment with rope brake:

 diameter of the flywheel rim = 1m
 diameter of the rope = 10m
 dead weight on the brake = 50 kg
 speed of the engine = 180 rpm
 spring balance reading = 120 N
Find the power of the engine.

4. In a belt transmission dynamometer, the driving pulley rotates at 300 rpm. The distance between
the centre of the driving pulley and dead mass is 800 mm. The diameter of each of the driving as
well as the intermediate pulleys is equal to 360 mm. find the value of the dead mass required to
maintain the lever in a horizontal position when the power transmitted is 3 kW. Also find its
value when the belt just begins to slip on the driving pulley, µ being 0.25 and the maximum
tension in the belt is 1200 N.

5. Explain the epicyclic-train dynamometer and Bevis-Gibson torsion dynamometer with neat
sketch.

6. A torsion dynamometer is fitted to a propeller shaft of a marine engine. It is found that the shaft
twists 2o in a length of 20 m at 120 rpm. If the shaft is hollow with O.D. = 400 mm and I.D.
=300 mm, and modulus of rigidity of shaft material is 8x10 10 N/mm2.Find the power of the
engine.

References: -
1. Theory of machines by S.S. Rattan.
2. Theory of machines by R.S. Khurmi.
3. Theory of machines and mechanisms by John J Uicker.

Marks Obtained Signature by faculty Date of checking

 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (2151902) Date: _______________

PRACTICAL - 07
DYNAMIC FORCE ANALYSIS

1. The dimensions of a four bar mechanism are: AB = 500 mm, BC = 660 mm, CD = 560 mm and
AD = 1000 mm. The link AB has an angular velocity of 10.5 rad/s counter-clock wise and an
angular retardation of 26 rad/s2 at the instant when it makes an angle of 60o with AD, the fixed
link. The mass of the links BC and CD is 4.2 kg/m length. The link AB has a mass of 3.54 kg, the
centre of which lies at 200 mm from A and moment of inertia of 88500 kg.m2. Neglecting gravity
effects, determine the instantaneous value of the drive torque required to be applied on AB to
overcome the inertia forces. Solve the problem with and without consideration of friction.

2. In a four link mechanism ABCD, the link AB revolves with an angular velocity of 10 rad/s and
angular acceleration of 25rad/s2 at the instant when it makes an angle of 45o with AD the fixed
link. The length of the link are AB = CD = 800 mm, BC = 1000 mm and AD = 1500mm. the
mass of the link is 4 kg/m length. Determine the torque required to overcome the inertia forces,
neglecting the gravitational effect assume all link to be of uniform cross section. Solve the
problem with and without consideration of friction.

3. A four link mechanism is as shown in figure. Links 3 and 4 experience two forces F3 and F4
acting at point Q and P respectively. For equilibrium of the it is required to find a force F2 acting
at a point S on link 2, having a line of action as shown in figure.

4. Determine the force FA required for dynamic equilibrium at a constant velocity of V A = 3.84 m/s
for the mechanism as shown in figure. Link 3 weighs 998.8 g and IG3 = 54.36 g.cm.s2. Assume no
friction and that the linkage is in a horizontal plane so that gravity acts normal to the plane of
motion.
Scale drawing with RBA = 25 cm, RGA = 12.5 cm, RAO = 20 cm and RBO 15 cm.
 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5. Static and dynamic force analysis on different parts of Reciprocating Engine by analytical method
and verification by graphical method (Klein‟s construction).

The following data relate to a horizontal reciprocating engine:

Mass of reciprocating parts = 120 kg, Crank length = 90 mm, Engine speed = 600 rpm

Connecting rod:
Mass = 90 kg, Length between centers = 450 mm, Distance of centre of mass, Length from big
end to CG = 180 mm, Radius of gyration about an axis through centre of mass = 150 mm

Find the magnitude and the direction of the inertia torque on the crank has turned 30 0from the
inner-dead centre.

References: -
1. Theory of machines by S.S. Rattan.
2. Theory of machines by R.S. Khurmi.
3. Theory of machines and mechanisms by John J Uicker.

Marks Obtained Signature by faculty Date of checking

 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (2151902) Date_______________

PRACTICAL – 08
FLYWHEEL
1. Define the flywheel and state its importance. What are the types of flywheels?
2. Define these terms: Coefficient of fluctuation of speed and coefficient of fluctuation of energy.

3. Derive a relation for the coefficient of fluctuation of speed in terms of maximum fluctuation of
energy and the kinetic energy at mean speed

4. The mass of a flywheel is 5000 kg with radius of gyration 2 m and the mean speed of an engine is 240
rpm. If the fluctuation of energy is 100 kN-m, find the maximum and minimum speeds of the
flywheel.

5. Explain the turning moment diagram for 4 cylinder four stroke cycle internal combustion engine.

6. Explain in brief the working of flywheel in punching Press.

7. What are turning moment diagrams? What information can be avail from them?

8. A flywheel, which is rotating at a maximum speed of 250 r.p.m. and is having radius of gyration as
0.5 m, is attached to a punching press. The press is driven by a constant torque electric motor and
punches 750 holes per hour. Each punching operation requires 14000 N-m of energy and takes 1.8
seconds. If the speed of the flywheel is not to fall below 225 r.p.m. find: (a) Power of the motor and
(b) Mass of the flywheel

9. The turning moment diagram for a multi cylinder engine has been to drawn to a scale of 1 mm to 500
N-m torque and 1 mm to 6° of crank displacement. The intercepted areas between output torque curve
and mean resistance line taken in order from one end in sq. mm are, -30,+410,-280,+320,-330,+250,-
360,+280,-260 sq. mm when the engine is running at 800 RPM. The engine has a stroke of 300mm
and the fluctuation of speed is not to exceed 2% of the mean speed. Determine a suitable diameter
and cross section of the Flywheel rim for a limiting value of the safe centrifugal stress of 7 MPa. The
material density may be assumed as 7200 Kg/m3. The width of Rim is to be 5 times the thickness.

10. The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is drawn to a vertical scale of 1 mm = 5 N.m and a
horizontal scale of 1 mm = 1o. The turning moment repeats itself after every half revolution of engine.
The areas above and below the mean torque line are 305, 710, 50, 350, 980 and 275 mm2. The
rotating parts amount to a mass of 40 kg at a radius of gyration of 140 mm. Calculate the coefficient
of fluctuation of speed if the speed of the engine is 1400 rpm.

References: -
1. Theory of machines and mechanism by J.J.Uicker.
2. Theory of machine and mechanism by S.S.Ratan.

Marks Obtained Signature by faculty Date of checking

 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (2151902) Date_______________

PRACTICAL – 09

Title: - To find mass moment of inertia of compound pendulum.

Aim: - To Find mass moment of inertia of connecting rod (compound pendulum) by using oscillation
method.

Apparatus: - A connecting rod, a foot rule, a knife edge, weighing pans.

Objective: - To calculate radius of gyration and mass moment of inertia of compound pendulum.

Outcome: - After successfully completion of practical the student will be able to calculate radius of
gyration and mass moment of inertia of any object.

Theory: - A body in which mass is distributed can be suspended at either end, and is allowed to oscillate
in the vertical plane. Such body is known as compound pendulum. Here we take the connecting rod of
internal combustion engine. It is a compound pendulum when suspended on knife edge. The moment of
inertia is required to determine applied couple in order to rotate the body.

Procedure: -
 Measure the distance between two suspension points say L = _______ cm

 Keep the connecting rod small end on the knife edge and give small oscillation. Take
three set of reading and find the average time.

 Now put the big end of the connecting rod on the knife edge and give small oscillation.
Measure the time by stop watch for 20 oscillations.

Observation table: -

Avg. time
Name of end Observation no. No. of oscillation Time (second)
(second)

1.

2.
Small end
3.

1.

2.
Big end
3.
 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Conclusions: -

Question: -
1. Define „Inertia force‟ and „Inertia torque‟.
2. The inertia of the connecting rod can be replaced by two masses concentrated at two points and
connected rigidly together. How to determine the two masses so that it is dynamically
equivalent to the connecting rod?

References: -
1. Theory of machines and mechanism by J.J.Uicker.
2. Theory of machine and mechanism by S.S.Ratan.

Marks Obtained Signature by faculty Date of checking

 PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Theory of Machines (151902) Date_______________

PRACTICAL – 10

Title: - To perform an experiment on Bifilar to find radius of gyration a rectangular bar.

Aim: -To find the radius of gyration of bodies like connecting rod, Asymmetric casting, spoked wheel
etc. which is quite difficult to found from its dimensions.

Objective: - To calculate the radius of gyration and moment of inertia.

Outcome: - After successfully completion of practical the student will be able to perform the experiments
to calculate the radius of gyration of any complicated body.

Theory: - Bifilar Suspension: The bifilar suspension is usually used for finding the moment of inertia of
any complex mechanical component. In this case wires are attached at equal distances from the centre of
gravity of the connecting rod so that the tension in each wire is same.

Observation table: -
√

S. Time taken Average Time Period K

No. of cycles (n) % Deviation
No. for n cycles time (tp) Kexp Kth
1

Conclusion:-

Question: -
1. What is torsion pendulum (Trifilar suspension)? Derive the formula for its periodic time.

References:
1. Theory of machines and mechanism by J.J.Uicker.
2. Theory of machine and mechanism by S.S.Ratan.

Marks Obtained Signature by faculty Date of checking

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING